Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Antimicrobial Activity of Curcuma longa Rhizome Ethanolic Extract Mediated Sonicated Biogenic Bismuth- Silver Oxide Nanocomposites: Characterization and Isolation of Turmeric Oil from Rhizomes.
Get PDFCurcuma longa is also known as turmeric which is a popular medicinal spice used in cooking and treatment of diseases in India. Nanoparticles synthesized using natural products have gained attraction due to their cost- effectiveness and environmental compatibility. Silver Oxide and Bismuth nanoparticles have been synthesized and have been studied for their applications in biotechnology. In this study, a combination of bismuth and silver oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized using the ethanolic extract of C. longa and have been evaluated for their antimicrobial applications. The antimicrobial activity of the nanocomposites were successfully verified as against 7 out of 8 bacterial pathogens. The ethanolic extract of the turmeric rhizomes was characterized preliminary for the presence of steroids, terpenoids and volatile organic carbons. The UV- Vis, FT- IR spectroscopies and GC- MS of turmeric oil were employed to study the components of turmeric oil obtained via heating. Subsequently the extraction protocol was optimized without heating and HPTLC fingerprinting of turmeric oil isolated from ethanolic extract of turmeric rhizomes without heating were carried out. It is assumed that the essential oil isolated from the ethanolic extract of turmeric rhizomes acted as a reducing agent in fabrication and formation of the nanocomposites.
Keywords: Curcuma longa, Nanocomposites, Natural products, Bismuth, Silver Oxide, oil
Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained release tablet of Trazodone hydrochloride by using Synthetic Polymer RS100 and RL 100
Get PDFSustained release tablet was prepared by wet granulation method using synthetic polymer RS 100 and RL 100. The prepared tablet was also evaluated for their diameter, thickness, drug content, Hardness, friability, weight variation. The thickness and diameter of tablet ranges from 5.43 ±0.288 to 5.76 ±0.05 and 09.68±0.577 to 10.04 ±0.04 respectively. Drug content was studied and its ranges from 92.03 to 98.60 %. Hardness was studied its ranges 5.5 to 6.5 kg/cm2, Friability ranges 0.71 to 0.95%, Weight variation ranges between 434±1.49 to 460±1.23. FTIR and DSC analysis does not show any interaction of drug with Excipients. Formulation was optimized on the basis of acceptable pre and post compressional parameters. The results of dissolution studies indicated that Batch F4 exhibited drug release of 88.06% at the end of 12 hr. to provide sufficient concentration for achieving satisfactory therapeutic value for extended period of time. The drug release from Batch F4 formulation was sustained 12hr. Fitting in-vitro drug release data from optimized matrix formulation to zero order followed by Higuchi model indicated that diffusion could be mechanism of drug release. The n value indicates a non – fiction or anomalous diffusion pattern. This means that both the diffusion and erosion mechanism were prevalent.
Keywords: Trazodone hydrochloride, Wet granulation, RS100, RL100, sustained release
Environmental and Health Risks Associated with Biomedical Waste: A Case of University Teaching Hospital of Butare, Huye, Rwanda
Get PDFThis study investigated the environmental and health risks associated with biomedical waste in CHUB, Huye District, Rwanda. In the majority of countries across the world, the preservation of the environment and public health depends on the proper biomedical waste collection and disposal. It has been reported that the management of biomedical wastes results in needless deaths of individuals each year. The study had four objectives: (1) To assess the biomedical waste generation and disposal practices across all departments at CHUB;(2) To investigate the implementation and enforcement of biomedical waste management regulations ;(3) To assess the risks related to biomedical waste to humans and the environment.; and (4) To find out the level of knowledge among healthcare workers on biomedical waste management. With a cross-sectional study design survey and observation methods, data were collected from clinical service of inpatient departments, and the study population was 196 health workers. The WHO rapid assessment tool for waste management and water sanitation was adapted and used. The results of this study showed a great amount of biomedical waste are well segregated (92%), and color coding is respected during biomedical wastes collection and disposal (100%) but a significant part of biomedical liquid wastes are disposed of directly to hand-wash sink water evacuation (14%). Significant cases of needle stick injuries were also observed (21%) and internal regulations and protocols on biomedical waste management are available in most clinical services. The study recommends that regular training of health professionals in biomedical waste management, including transport and disposal essentials, connect remaining clinical departments to the specialized pit dedicated to biomedical liquid wastes to avoid any risk of direct contamination or environmental contamination; and documentation on the type of biomedical waste generated in all clinical services is an important point to be improved.
Keywords: Biomedical wastes, Environmental risk, Waste segregation, Color-coding System, Infection Prevention Control, Environmental risks, University Teaching Hospital of Butar
Evaluating the Efficacy of Tukhm Turb (Raphanus sativus L. Seeds) in Melasma: Insights from Recent Research and Traditional Unani Literature
Get PDFMelasma is a common pigmentary skin condition that predominantly affects individuals with darker or light brown skin tones, with a prevalence of up to 70% in pregnant women. Ibn e Sina, a renowned Unani scholar, described Kalaf as a skin discoloration resembling melasma in its clinical features. The Unani system of medicine, known for its plant-based remedies, highlights the potential of Tukhm Turb (Raphanus sativus seeds), a member of the Brassicaceae family, for treating melasma. According to Unani principles, Tukhm Turb possesses Jālī (detergent), Mulaṭṭif (attenuant), Muḥallil (anti-inflammatory), and other beneficial properties. Modern studies corroborate these attributes, demonstrating that Raphanus sativus has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and tyrosinase-inhibiting activities, which are attributed to its phytochemicals such as alkaloids, glucosinolates, brassinosteroids, and flavonoids. This review examines the traditional use of Tukhm Turb for melasma in Unani literature and evaluates findings from recent pharmacological studies, clinical trials, and in-vitro/in-vivo investigations. A systematic search of databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect was conducted, alongside a review of classical Unani texts using keywords like “melasma,” “Kalaf,” “Raphanus sativus,” and “Raphani semen.” The integration of classical and modern evidence suggests that Tukhm Turb may be effective in managing melasma due to its multifaceted pharmacological properties. While promising, further rigorous clinical studies are required to validate its efficacy and establish its potential as a standard treatment for melasma.
Keywords: Alkaloid, Flavonoid, Kalaf, Raphanus sativus, Traditional Medicine, Tukhm Turb
Monoclonal Antibodies: A Brief Review on Delivery Trends
Get PDFImmunoglobulin derivatives which are derived from the monoclonal cell line and which offers a wide range of specificity are the monoclonal antibodies. They are specially produced by the hybridoma technology by the fusion of B-cells with the immortal myeloma cells in presence of PEG. Humanized mAbs are considered to be the fastest growing group in clinical trials. After development, these mAbs undergoes analytical evaluation for their efficient characterization. Developed hybridomas can be preserved for long term use through the cryopreservation techniques. Monoclonal antibodies can be delivered for the therapeutic purpose through the various systemic and non-systemic routes. Large groups of the antibodies are found to be very effective through the oral routes and the ophthalmic routes. Besides the therapeutic application for the treatment of various infectious and autoimmune diseases, these groups of therapeutics show different limitations. Monoclonal antibodies after development suffers from the stability issues and using the various techniques, the stability can be increased. With the advancement of science and technology, we can observe various advances in the monoclonal antibody development like brain targeting is possible through the antibody engineering techniques. Variability and control challenges in the serum based acquisitions, consumption of time, difficulty in the development, potential limitation in the sequence and epitope diversity etc. are some of the challenges associated with the monoclonal antibodies.
Keywords: Immunoglobulin, Hybridoma Technology, Cryopreservation, Antibody Engineerin
Ethosomes: A Revolutionary Approach in Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
Get PDFEthosomes, a novel vesicular carrier system, have emerged as a promising approach in the field of drug delivery. These lipid-based carriers, characterized by their high ethanol content, exhibit unique properties that enhance the delivery of therapeutic agents across biological barriers, particularly the skin. Ethosomes overcome the limitations of conventional delivery systems by improving drug solubility, stability, and permeation. Their ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs makes them versatile carriers for a wide range of pharmaceutical applications, including transdermal, dermal, and systemic delivery. This review explores the composition, preparation methods, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic applications of ethosomes, highlighting their potential to revolutionize drug delivery practices. Furthermore, challenges in their large-scale production and future prospects are discussed to provide a comprehensive understanding of this innovative technology.
Keywords: Ethosomes, transdermal drug delivery, lipid-based vesicles, enhanced skin permeation, nanocarrier
A Review on Floating Tablet
No full textFloating drug delivery systems (FDDS) are designed with a lower bulk density than gastric fluids, enabling them to remain buoyant in the stomach for extended periods without affecting the gastric emptying rate. While floating on the stomach\u27s contents, these systems release medication in a controlled and sustained manner. Once the drug is fully released, the system disintegrates or is emptied from the stomach. This mechanism increases the Gastric Residence Time (GRT), leading to improved control over fluctuations in plasma drug concentration. To achieve this, FDDS must possess sufficient structural integrity to form a cohesive gel barrier and release the drug gradually while maintaining a density lower than that of gastric fluids. These systems are typically developed using effervescent and non-effervescent approaches that rely on buoyancy mechanisms. Such methodologies are particularly beneficial for delivering drugs with a narrow therapeutic window. Our review aims to provide detailed insights into the pharmaceutical principles guiding the design, classification, and preparation of FDDS. It also explores factors influencing their performance, their advantages, applications, limitations, and potential future advancements in this innovative drug delivery system.
Keywords: Floating drug delivery system, Polymer, Gastroretentive system, Prolonged Gastric Retention, Controlled Drug Release
Emerging Applications of Marine-Derived Polymers in Targeted Drug Delivery: A Comprehensive Review of Sources, Structures, and Pharmaceutical Potentials
Get PDFMarine-derived polymers are increasingly recognized as versatile biomaterials for targeted drug delivery. This comprehensive review explores the sources, chemical structures, and pharmaceutical potential of key marine polymers, highlighting how their unique properties enable innovative drug delivery systems across multiple routes of administration. We classify major marine-derived polymers (e.g., alginate, chitosan, carrageenan, fucoidan, marine collagens) and explain their relevance based on biocompatibility, biodegradability, and functional diversity. We then examine their emerging applications in oral, buccal/sublingual, nasal, pulmonary, rectal, vaginal, ocular, and transdermal drug delivery, with two case studies per route illustrating recent preclinical or clinical advances. These case studies demonstrate how marine polymers enhance targeted delivery via mechanisms such as mucoadhesion, stimuli-responsive gelation, nanoparticle formation, and ligand-specific targeting. One illustrative graph and a summary table are included to visualize polymer classifications and key applications. The review also discusses recent innovations and patents, underscoring trends such as marine polymer-based nanocarriers for cancer therapy and microneedle patches for transdermal delivery. In conclusion, marine-derived polymers offer a rich platform for developing targeted, patient-friendly drug delivery systems. Their continued development, supported by growing clinical evidence and technological refinements, is poised to expand the pharmaceutical toolkit for precision medicine. Future prospects include scaled-up production, more in-depth safety profiling, and translational research to bring marine polymer-based delivery systems from bench to bedside.
Keywords: Marine-derived polymers; Targeted drug delivery; Polysaccharides; Chitosan; Alginate; Carrageenan; Mucoadhesive delivery; Nanoparticle
The therapeutic benefit of lemon with its history, phytochemistry, pharmacological, experimental and clinical studies: A comprehensive review with Unani perspectives.
Get PDFBackground: Lemon (Citrus limon), a widely used fruit from the Rutaceae family, has been valued since ancient times for its nutritional and medicinal properties. In Unani medicine, it is recognized for both its therapeutic and protective effects across various body systems. Today, lemon is gaining renewed attention for its pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and culinary applications. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of its biological activities and therapeutic potential, backed by scientific evidence.
Methodology: This paper compiles information from classical Unani texts and modern scientific literature, covering the history, types, physical traits, active constituents, and pharmacological effects of lemon. Given the vast data available, we focused on aspects most relevant to clinical practice.
Observations and Conclusion: Citrus limon shows a wide range of therapeutic effects antidiabetic, anti-obesity, cardioprotective, antiparasitic, anti-allergic, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective with a favorable safety profile. These findings support its value as a medicinal plant and its potential for future use in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical development.
Keywords: Citrus limon, Unani medicine, therapeutic potential, pharmacological activity, lemon juice
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and its Management: A Review of Conventional and Unani Therapeutic Approaches
Get PDFObjective: There are certain clear negative effects linked to traditional therapies for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), such as invasive surgery and 5alpha-reductase inhibitors. On the other hand, there is some evidence that alternative medications are safer and may help individuals with BPH with their sexual dysfunction as well as their quality of life and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). An review of BPH, various approaches to its treatment, and its significance in the Unani system of medicine—one of the alternative medical systems—were the main goals of the current article.
Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Sciences, Google Scholar databases and classical texts of unani medicine were searched for data collection.
Results: BPH, which is classified under the Unani medical system as Waram unuq almathana (bladder neck swelling) and Insidad majra-i-mathana (bladder outlet obstruction), has been treated with herbal remedies for centuries but still needs thorough scientific verification. Notable among the herbs include Linum usitatissimum, Urtica dioica, Tribulus terrestris, and Cucurbita pepo.
Conclusion: For achieving the goal of LUTS-free ageing men, and safer and cost-effective future management of BPH, Unani herbal medicine could hopefully prove beneficial.
Keywords: Prostatomegaly; Warm-e-Ghudda-e-Mazi; Micturition; Unani Medicin