Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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A Review on Design and Application of Advanced Superporous Hydrogels in Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery System
No full textSuperporous hydrogels (SPHs) are a promising type of material for gastro-retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS). They are attracting attention because of their ability to swell very quickly, their strong mechanical structure, and their long gastric retention. These hydrogels contain a network of interconnected pores that allows them to absorb a large amount of gastric fluid within minutes. As a result, they expand to many times larger than their original size. This rapid swelling helps them stay in the stomach by preventing their passage through the pylorus, which supports a longer residence time and controlled release of drugs at the required site. SPHs can be prepared from natural or synthetic polymers and often include cross-linking agents, gas-forming substances, and bioadhesive components to enhance their function. Their responsiveness to pH and mechanical stress makes them suitable for drugs that are absorbed in specific stomach regions, have poor solubility, or are unstable in the intestine. This review highlights methods of SPH preparation, important design factors, and drug-loading techniques. It also discusses their evaluation in laboratory studies (in vitro) for swelling, strength, and release performance. Despite encouraging results, several challenges remain, including large-scale production, differences in gastric motility, and concerns about polymer-related toxicity. Overall, SPHs hold significant potential to provide reliable, efficient, and patient-friendly options for oral drug delivery. With further research and improved formulation strategies, they may become a key platform for achieving safe and effective gastro-retentive therapies.
Keywords: Super Porous Hydrogels (SPHs), Rapid swelling, Porous structure, Gastric Retentio
Formulation and Evaluation of Buccal Mucoadhesive Bilayer Tablets of Apixaban
No full textBackground: Apixaban is a factor Xa inhibitor, an anticoagulant; that exhibits low oral bioavailability (around 50%) as a result of its extensive first-pass metabolism, which highlights the need for improved delivery methods.
Aim: This research is carried out to formulate and evaluate a bilayered buccal tablet formulation of Apixaban that adheres to mucosal surfaces.
Materials and Methods: Apixaban was obtained from (NATCO Pharma Limited-Chemical Division, Hyderabad); The specified qualities were achieved in formulations (F1 to F9) by varying the amounts of polymers such as sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M), and Carbopol (934p). To make mucoadhesive bilayered buccal tablets, the direct compression method was employed. Tablets were evaluated for physicochemical properties (thickness, weight, hardness, drug content), mucoadhesive strength, in vitro drug release, and stability. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy assessed drug-excipient compatibility.
Results: The optimized formulation (F7), with its 20 mg of Carbopol, was emerged from a series of testing. Excellent drug uniformity (approximately 99%), and strong adhesive properties. Drug release testing showed nearly 88% release within 180 minutes, following the first-order and Higuchi diffusion model (R² = 0.9904). FTIR confirmed no drug-excipient interactions, and stability studies at 40 °C / 75 % RH demonstrated physical and chemical integrity over three months.
Conclusion: The formulated buccal mucoadhesive bilayer tablets provide a potentially effective, non-invasive route for apixaban administration that circumvents hepatic metabolism and enhance bioavailability.
Keywords: Apixaban, Bilayered Buccal Tablet, Mucoadhesion, Direct compression method, Carbopol.
Integrated Approach of Majoon-e-Falasfa and Halwa Gheekwar in Geriatric Care
No full textAims and Objectives: Old age is the stage of life which is full of health related issues and some other conditions including physiological, pathological, psychological, economic and sociological problems. The classical literature has abundance of text related to natural medicine that could prove to be beneficial in old age group individuals.
The various Unani physician mentioned many compound formulations which are very useful in old age like Majoon-e-Falasfa and Halwa Gheekwar. These medicines provide an extensive range of potentially beneficial drugs having various chemotherapeutic actions which have significantly enhanced human health and well-being.
In Unani classical literature comprehensive explanation of geriatric care is also mentioned under the heading of Tadabeer-e-Mashaikh. Unani literature record numerous single and compound plant based medicines, herbo-mineral, formulations for general wellbeing and in disease-specific conditions relating to geriatrics. In this paper, the authors have tried to highlight the use of unani compound formulation use for geriatric care.
Keywords: Unani medicine, Tadabeer-e-Mashaikh, Health, Majoon-e-Falasfa and Halwa Gheekwa
Formulation and Evaluation of Solid Dispersion Tablets of Aceclofenac
Get PDFFormulating the solid dispersion (SD) of the weakly water-soluble medication aceclofenac using various matrix types and creating tablets from the prepared SD of aceclofenac were the goals of this work. The solution approach was used to prepare the SD of aceclofenac utilizing a variety of matrices, including lactose, mannitol, and urea. The HPMC E15 LV polymer was used in the direct compression method to create the tablets. The granules were assessed by measuring their Carr\u27s index, Hausner ratio, bulk density, tapped density, and angle of repose. The results are satisfactory. The tablets\u27 hardness, friability, drug content, and in-vitro release were measured and examined. A pure drug\u27s release study was carried out. It was evident from the results that pure aceclofenac dissolved relatively slow. The time at which aceclofenac dissolved was extremely quick when it was produced in SD form. Aceclofenac SD tablets were made, and a release analysis was conducted based on the different matrices employed in the process, such as urea, lactose, and mannitol. The SD of aceclofenac tablets with urea produces noticeably better results in the release studies compared to lactose and mannitol. Thus, long-term stability research is necessary for this formulation\u27s future development.
Keywords: Solid Dispersion, Aceclofenac, Lactose, Urea, Mannito
Nano technology-based drug delivery systems and herbal medicine
Get PDFNanotechnology has revolutionized the field of herbal medicine by enhancing the bioavailability and efficacy of phytoconstituents. This review article discusses the application of nanotechnology in herbal medicine, including the use of nanoparticles, liposomes, and nanoemulsions for targeted drug delivery. The advantages of nanotechnology-based herbal formulations, such as improved solubility, stability, and bioavailability, are highlighted. Additionally, the review discusses the potential of nanotechnology in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of herbal medicines, including their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. The article also explores the various types of nanocarriers used in herbal medicine, including polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers. The role of nanotechnology in enhancing the permeability and retention of herbal medicines in the body is also discussed. Overall, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the application of nanotechnology in herbal medicine, highlighting its potential in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability of phytoconstituents.
Keywords: Nanotechnology, Herbal medicine, Liposomes, Nanosuspension, Nano emulsion
Consumer Preferences and Perceptions of Ayurveda Toothpaste: A Shift towards Natural Oral Care
Get PDFGrowing demand for natural and holistic personal care products results from consumers of today being more knowledgeable and proactive about their health. In the sphere of oral care, this change has resulted in a new classification— Ayurvedic toothpaste. Ayurvedic toothpaste is made using Ayurvedic principles, an ancient Indian school of medicine stressing natural components to promote whole well-being. Ayurvedic toothpaste is made of plant extracts, essential oils, and naturally occurring minerals recognized for their healing qualities unlike regular toothpaste, which often includes synthetic chemicals and artificial additives. Many customers of contemporary oral care choose Ayurvedic toothpaste as they believe chemical-based toothpaste to be possibly dangerous. While providing good defense against typical dental problems like cavities, plaque buildup, bad breath, and gum disorders, herbal formulations are said to be milder on the teeth and gums. Ayurvedic toothpaste is also popular for those looking for a natural and sustainable method of oral care as it combines elements with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and strengthening qualities. Ayurvedic toothpaste is becoming more and more popular as knowledge of the advantages of herbal substitutes keeps growing and as a safer and better way to preserve oral health. The increasing inclination for such goods reflects a larger trend toward natural and organic personal care solutions, therefore supporting the relevance of old knowledge in contemporary medicine. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the core advantage of herbal tooth paste comparing with conventional toothpaste. This paper examine various factors which affect customer buying decision in the category of toothpaste category.
Keywords: Herbal, Ayurvedic, Dental care, Customer preferences
Therapeutic importance of hydrolic fraction of Celtis integrifolia roots for prevention of brain oxidative stress, increase of acetyl cholinesterase activity and tissues damage in monosodium glutamate-induced neurodegenerative-like diseases in mice
Get PDFBackground: Celtis integrifolia is a common plant with its roots traditionally used to alleviate nervous problems. The current study aimed to assess the potential effects on cholinergic activity and oxidative status in the brain, as well as its impact in preventing neurological damage in neurodegenerative diseases.
Methodology: 35 mice were randomly distributed in seven groups (N=5). They were exposed to the monosodium glutamate (MSG) (2 g/kg/day) and given the hydrolic fraction at different doses for 21 days. The day after, CAT, SOD and GSH, NO and MDA concentrations in brain as well as the AchE activity were measured using colorimetric methods. The histoarchitectures of brain regions were also examined.
Results: Compared to non-treated mice exposed to MSG (Negative), the findings of this study revealed that plant extract significantly increased the antioxidant enzymes activity (CAT, SOD and GSH) and significantly decreased the NO and MDA concentrations in brain mice exposed to MSG. Furthermore, the extract significantly increased levels of AChE activity compared to the negative control. Moreover, hydrolic fraction of C. integrifolia significantly prevented necrosis in the Ca1 and Ca3 regions hippocampal, cortex, amygdala and gyrus as well as loss of hilum of dentate gyrus in mice exposed to MSG.
Conclusion: In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the hydrophilic fraction of Celtis integrifolia root has a neuroprotective effect in MSG-induced neurodegenerative-like diseases.
Keywords: Celtis integrifolia; antioxidant; Brain histoarchitecture.
Machine Learning-Assisted Simultaneous Estimation of Aspirin and Dipyridamole Using UV–Visible Spectrophotometer
Get PDFSimultaneous estimation of Aspirin (ASP) and Dipyridamole (DIP) was developed using UV– visible spectrophotometer. Multicomponent analysis mode was used for the estimation of both drugs at their respective wavelength maxima. Both drugs were found to be linear within the concentration range of 5-30 µg/mL. The correlation coefficient (R2 value) of ASP and DIP were found to be 0.995 and 0.996 respectively. Method validation parameters such as accuracy, precision, and recovery studies were found to be within acceptable ICH limits. H point standard addition method (HPSAM) was developed for the estimation of both the drugs at the selected isosbestic points namely 218 and 226nm. Python code was developed to calculate the validation parameters of the developed methods. The percentage purity for both methods was found to be within the range of 94.4 to 106.84%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of ASP and DIP was found to be 2.26 and 2.21 respectively and the percentage recovery was in the range from 93.41 to 94.59%. Green metrics was performed using AGREE software and the developed methods show greenness with a score of 0.79. Both the methods were found to be accurate and precise. The developed Python code offers additional support in plotting the graph and in the calculation of different parameters. An attempt was made to develop an APP using the optimized Python code for calculating HPSAM and Multi-component method validation parameters.
Keywords: Simultaneous estimation, HPSAM, isosbestic points, UV Vis spectroscopy, Python, Multicomponent Analysi
Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of Root Extracts of Argemone mexicana Linn
Get PDFArgemone mexicana is an indigenous plant often called prickly poppy. It is part of the Papaveraceae family. Argemone mexicana is recognized for its medicinal advantages within traditional medicine systems. In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in researching the therapeutic properties of this plant, which is reported to exhibit antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effects. Furthermore, the plant has been documented for additional actions such as larvicidal effects, wound healing properties, cancer-related effects, antihelmintic actions, and neuropharmacological investigations. Given these medicinal attributes, this plant can be considered a significant resource of therapeutic compounds. Phytochemicals were also identified to clarify the potential reasons behind the pharmacological effects. Extracts from the leaves were analyzed for primary phytochemicals using established methods. From the current research, we conclude that the phytochemical analysis of the Argemone mexicana Linn root extracts indicated the presence of alkaloids, phenols, sugars, terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids, and tannins.
Keywords: Argemone Mexicana, Traditional medicine, Phytochemicals, alkaloids and flavonoids
Pharmaceutical Skin Care: Skin Structure, Barrier Function, and Advanced Drug Delivery Modes
Get PDFThe skin, as the largest organ of the human body, plays a vital role in protection, Thermoregulation, and sensory perception. It also serves as a complex and selective barrier to external agents, making it both a challenge and an opportunity for pharmaceutical interventions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the skin’s anatomy and physiology, highlighting the structural features of its three primary layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Special emphasis is placed on the stratum corneum, the outermost layer, which poses the main barrier to drug penetration. Understanding the skin’s functional dynamics is essential for optimizing topical and transdermal drug delivery. The article explores conventional and advanced drug delivery systems utilized in dermatological and cosmetic formulations, including creams, ointments, gels, patches, liposomes, and nanoparticles. Recent advancements in nanotechnology and biocompatible carriers have enhanced drug solubility, stability, and targeted delivery, thereby minimizing systemic side effects while improving therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, techniques such as microneedles, iontophoresis, and sonophoresis are discussed for their potential in overcoming the skin barrier and delivering drugs effectively to deeper layers. This review also examines key factors that influence drug permeation, including molecular weight, lipophilicity, formulation pH, and skin condition. Regulatory considerations, formulation challenges, and patient compliance issues are addressed to provide a holistic view of pharmaceutical skin care. By integrating skin biology with novel drug delivery approaches, this article aims to inform the development of more effective, patient-friendly dermatological therapies and cosmeceutical products. Future directions emphasize personalized formulations, innovative delivery systems, and sustainable ingredients to meet the evolving needs of patients and the market.
Keywords: Skin, layers, Formulations, Drug delivery syste