Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Evaluation of Drug Prescription Pattern in Pediatric Out-Patient Department in Science and Technology Hospital Sana\u27a, Yemen
Get PDFBackground: This study evaluates the drug prescription patterns in the pediatric outpatient department at Science and Technology Hospital in Sana\u27a, Yemen, according to WHO indicators for drug prescription.
Objectives: To Evaluate the prescribing practices alignment with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations in the pediatric outpatient department at Science and Technology Hospital in Sana\u27a, Yemen
Method: A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in December 2022, analyzing prescription data from over 681 pediatric encounters.
Results: The average number of drugs prescribed was 3.19 per encounter. Only 11% of the drugs were injections. Antibiotics comprised 16.5% of total prescriptions, but only 4.9% of drugs were prescribed by generic name, and about 72 % of the prescribed drugs were prescribed from the essential drugs list.
Conclusion: According to the findings, only the amount of antibiotics prescribed and the average number of injectable drugs meet the WHO indicators. However, the number of drugs prescribed per encounter, prescribing drugs with generic names, and choosing a drug from the essential drug list are less than the WHO indicator rate. The findings underscore the need to improve prescribing practices to enhance patient safety and reduce the risk of adverse drug reactions in the pediatric population, particularly in private healthcare settings.
Keywords: Drug Prescription, Pediatrics, Clinical Pharmacology, World Health Organizatio
Development and Evaluation of Baclofen Orodispersible Tablets by Sublimation Method
Get PDFPurpose: Baclofen (BCF) is a novel muscle relaxant and antispasmodic drug that belongs to the BCS-III drug class, having low solubility and high permeability used for treating multiple sclerosis symptoms such as spasticity, stiffness, and pain. The aim of the present work is an attempt to develop orodispersible tablets of BCF by using camphor, menthol as sublimating agents and crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate as superdisintegrants.
Methods: The tablets were prepared by direct compression technique. The FTIR and DSC were used to investigate the drug excipients compatibility. The prepared tablets were subject to investigating thickness, hardness, weight variation, friability, drug content uniformity, swelling index, disintegration time and In-vitro drug release studies.
Results: The FTIR and DSC studies suggest that there is no interaction between the drug and excipients. All the pre-compressed parameters were shown in acceptable limits. The formulated batch (F6) tablets containing crospovidone (12%) and camphor (30%), showing rapid disintegration <18 sec and In-vitro drug release was achieving the highest release of 98.94%w/w at the end of 15 min, followed by Korsmeyer and Peppa’s model, shows diffusion co-efficient n = 0.7606, which indicates the drug release from tablets by the non-Fickian diffusion mechanism.
Conclusion: The concentration of sublimating agent in the formulation creates highly porous tablets that significantly increase disintegration and promote faster drug release. Investigation of the research work was concluded that the addition of superdisintegrants and sublimating agents in the formulation of orodispersible tablets by direct compression is a novel technique to speed up drug release and improve patient compliance.
Keywords: Baclofen Orodispesiable Tablets, Sublimation Method, Crospovidone, Peppas model, Non- Fickain diffusion
Effects of valproic acid on the reproductive functions of adult male Wistar rats and consequences for offspring
Get PDFIntroduction: Valproic acid can affect the nervous system as well as other systems such as the endocrine and reproductive systems. Exposure to valproic acid is not without harmful side effects. These undesirable effects can lead to infertility. Objective: To assess the effects of valproic acid on reproductive functions in adult male Wistar rats and consequences for offspring. Materials and methods: Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats, weighing between 100 and 300 g, were used. Treatment was administered orally for sixty days. For the study, three batches, each containing eight adult male Wistar rats, were formed and treated as follows: (1) a control batch given distilled water at 10 ml/kg; (2) and (3) batches treated with valproic acid at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively. The variables studied included physiological measurements, pedigree observations, sexual behavior, fertility, prolificacy and mortinality rates, spermogram and hormone levels. Results: Exposure of adult male Wistar rats to valproic acid at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg led to an alteration in body weight, a significant decrease in the weight of the prostate (p<0.05), testes (p<0.05) and epididymis (p<0.05). Decreases in fertility rate (25%), prolificacy rate (66.67 and 68.75%), and fecundity rate (250 and 275%), as well as an increase in mortinality rate (50 and 45.45%), were observed respectively in batches 2 and 3 treated with valproic acid. This exposure also led to an alteration in sperm parameters. This was illustrated by asthenospermia (p<0.0001), necrospermia (p<0.05), polyspermia (p<0.05) for the 200 mg/kg dose and oligospermia (p<0.05) for the 400 mg/kg dose. Batches treated with valproic acid showed a significant decrease in testosterone levels (p<0.0001) as well as abnormalities such as hemorrhagic syndrome in neonates born to untreated females and alopecia in the pedigree. Conclusion:Prolonged exposure to valproic acid in adult male Wistar rats at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg led to a reduction in prostate, testicular and epididymal weights. This exposure resulted in a decrease in fertility, prolificacy and fecundity and an increase in mortinality. Alterations in sperm parameters and depletion of testosterone levels were noted, as well as abnormalities in ascendants and descendants.
Therapeutic Evaluation of Syrup Nexoliv™ for Liver Health Support
Get PDFBackground: Liver disorders, ranging from hepatitis to cirrhosis, are prevalent globally due to infections, toxins, and metabolic imbalances. Traditional medicine offers numerous herbal formulations known for their hepatoprotective properties. Syrup NexolivTM is a polyherbal formulation composed of 23 medicinal plants traditionally recognized for liver protection, detoxification, and overall hepatobiliary support. This study evaluates the hepatoprotective potential of Syrup Nexoliv (SN) based on its rich phytoconstituents.
Objective: To assess the hepatoprotective effect of Syrup Nexoliv through its pharmacologically active ingredients, focusing on their synergistic roles in liver health.
Methods: Syrup Nexoliv contains key hepatoprotective herbs such as Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata), Kutki (Picrorhiza kurroa), Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa), and Bhui Amla (Phyllanthus niruri), known for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and detoxifying properties. The formulation was evaluated through literature-based evidence highlighting individual and combined therapeutic effects of its components on hepatic cells, liver enzymes, and oxidative stress parameters.
Results: Phytochemical analysis of the ingredients revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as andrographolides, picrosides, berberine, and glycyrrhizin, which exhibit hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant actions. These compounds help in stabilizing hepatic cell membranes, reducing elevated liver enzymes, enhancing bile secretion, and protecting against hepatotoxins. Herbal ingredients like Gilo (Tinospora cordifolia) and Mulethi (Glycyrrhiza glabra) further contribute to immune modulation and liver tissue regeneration. Collectively, these herbs demonstrate a synergistic effect in managing liver dysfunction and supporting hepatic detoxification processes.
Conclusion: Syrup Nexoliv, with its comprehensive blend of hepatoprotective herbs, presents a promising natural therapeutic option for preventing and managing liver disorders. Further clinical studies are warranted to validate its efficacy and safety in liver disease patients, along with its potential role as an adjunct to conventional hepatoprotective therapies.
Keywords: Liver disorders, herbal formulations, Syrup Nexoli
A review on nutraceutical used in treatment of asthma
Get PDFAsthma, a chronic respiratory disease characterized by airway inflammation and obstruction, affects millions globally. Conventional treatments often have limitations and side effects, leading to growing interest in complementary and alternative therapies, including nutraceuticals. This review briefly explores the potential of three traditionally used herbs – liquorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and malabar nut (Adhatoda vasica) – as nutraceuticals in the management of asthma. These herbs possess various bioactive compounds with reported anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory, expectorant, and immunomodulatory properties that may help alleviate asthma symptoms and improve respiratory function. While preliminary research and traditional use suggest promising effects, further rigorous clinical trials are warranted to establish their efficacy, optimal dosage, safety, and potential interactions with conventional asthma medications. This review highlights the need for continued scientific investigation into these nutraceuticals as potential adjuncts in asthma therapy.
Keywords: Asthma, nutraceutical, Malabar nut, Liquorice root, Ginger, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory
Microneedles in Transdermal Drug Delivery: A Comprehensive Review
Get PDFTransdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) present a non-invasive and patient-compliant alternative to conventional routes of administration by facilitating drug transport across the skin barrier. Upon topical application to intact skin, the drug permeates the stratum corneum, diffuses through the underlying epidermal and dermal layers, and subsequently reaches systemic circulation via capillary networks. This approach enables controlled and sustained drug release, enhances bioavailability, and circumvents the limitations associated with oral and parenteral delivery, including first-pass metabolism and injection-associated discomfort. The human skin, comprising the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, poses a formidable barrier, particularly at the stratum corneum, necessitating the use of advanced penetration enhancement techniques. Among these, microneedle-based technologies have emerged as a promising strategy, offering transient and minimally invasive disruption of the skin barrier. Fabricated from biocompatible materials such as silicon, metals, polymers, ceramics, or sugars, microneedles exist in various designs-including solid, coated, dissolvable, and hydrogel-forming types-each tailored for specific drug release profiles. These systems hold potential not only for therapeutic drug delivery but also for diagnostics and cosmetic applications. Regulatory oversight by agencies like the FDA classifies microneedle-based systems as combination products, requiring comprehensive evaluation including sterility, stability, safety, and performance testing. The development of harmonized regulatory frameworks could further facilitate their clinical translation and market integration.
Keywords: Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), Microelectronics and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), White adipose tissue (WAT), Microneedle technology, Polymer
Egg Yolk Oil: A Natural Remedy for Burn Wound Healing
Get PDFBurn wounds are a significant clinical challenge due to their complexity, risk of infection, and the need for effective wound healing agents. In recent years, natural products have gained increasing attention as alternatives or adjuncts to conventional therapies. Egg yolk oil (EYO), derived from the lipid fraction of hen egg yolk, has emerged as a promising bioactive substance in the management of burn injuries. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the effectiveness, mechanisms of action, and possible clinical uses of egg yolk oil in the healing of burn wounds. Egg yolk oil contains essential fatty acids, phospholipids, immunoglobulins, and antioxidants, all of which contribute to its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and tissue-regenerative properties.
Keywords: Egg Yolk Oil, Burn wound, Supercritical extraction, solvent extraction
Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Medicinal Plants in the Management of Inflammatory Diseases: A Review of Mechanisms and Bioactive Compounds
Get PDFInflammatory diseases, such as arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease, present ongoing health challenges due to their chronic nature and the complexity of immune responses involved. While synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used, they are often associated with adverse effects that drive a growing interest in natural therapeutic alternatives. Medicinal plants, recognized for their anti-inflammatory potential, offer promising avenues for safer treatment options. This review explores the current status and systematic strategies for discovering anti-inflammatory drugs from phytoconstituents found in medicinal plants. Bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and polyphenols exhibit significant anti-inflammatory activity by interacting with key molecular pathways. These include the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, downregulation of COX and LOX enzymes, and reduction of oxidative stress. Despite their potential, challenges like bioavailability, lack of standardization pose obstacles to widespread clinical adoption. Recent advances in high-throughput screening, computational biology, and formulation technologies are paving the way for more targeted and efficient phytoconstituent-based drug discovery. This review highlights not only the therapeutic promise of phytochemicals but also emphasizes integrated research strategies necessary for their successful development into clinically approved anti-inflammatory agents.
Keywords: Natural therapeutics, Bioactive compounds, Inflammation management, Oxidative stress reduction
Molecular Docking: An Important Computational Tool in Virtual Screening of Some Imidazole Phenanthroline Derivatives
Get PDFPurpose: To evaluate the antimicrobial potential of few newly synthesized imidazole phenanthroline derivatives using molecular docking simulation approach.
Method: The novel 1H-imidazo [4,5-f] [1,10] phenanthroline compounds developed from the commercially available 1,10-phenanthroline (starting compound) via a series of reactions, were subjected to the molecular docking studies. Using the software program Autodock Vina, all compounds were positioned in the active location of the target enzyme DNA gyrase (receptor) B subunit. The software generates different conformations and calculates a docking score.
Results: The binding interactions and properties of four synthetic compounds (4a–4d) with DNA gyrase were assessed. Compound 4d has the highest docking score of all (-5.286), indicating that it binds to the target DNA gyrase more efficiently than the others. With the most favourable free energy (-55.46), compound 4c appears to have a robust contact with the receptor. Compound 4b (-15.99) makes a significant positive contribution, indicating strong electrostatic interactions. The maximum positive value (6.15), displayed by compound 4a, suggests that whereas covalent contacts may have advantages, they also put more pressure on binding. Compound 4c appears to have strong hydrophobic interactions since it has the largest negative lipophilic contribution (-16.50). Strong van der Waals contributions are seen in compound 4c (-45.03). Compound 4c is structurally favourable for binding since it has the lowest strain energy (3.46).
Conclusion: The synthesized compounds were found to possess good antimicrobial action in the inhibition of enzyme DNA gyrase, which are essential for the survival of the microorganisms.
Keywords: 1,10-phenanthroline, 1H-imidazo [4,5-f] [1,10] phenanthroline, molecular docking, DNA gyrase.
Hair Follicles: Strategic Targets for Promoting Hair Growth
Get PDFThe hair follicle is much more than a simple anchor for the hair shaft: it is a complex micro-organism, richly vascularized, with a great capacity for absorption. This unique anatomical structure has emerged as a promising pathway for the targeted delivery of active substances, particularly for treating hair disorders. Owing to its funnel-shaped architecture and its associated sebaceous and eccrine glands, the follicle provides an extensive contact surface and direct access to the dermal layer. Numerous studies have highlighted its ability to enhance skin penetration and to support the sustained release of active compounds. In addition to its structural advantages, the hair follicle exhibits dynamic biological activity, including a cyclic growth pattern that can influence the permeability and receptivity of the follicular environment. This dynamic behavior opens new avenues for timed and localized drug delivery. Furthermore, innovative carrier systems, such as nanoparticles, microparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and polymer-based vehicles have been developed to optimize transfollicular targeting and improve therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic exposure. This article reviews the morphological and physiological characteristics of the hair follicle, its role in transfollicular uptake, and recent advances in delivery technologies that enable safe, targeted, and efficient administration of active substances to the hair and scalp, for cosmetic and medical purposes.
Keywords: Hair follicle, targeted delivery, carrier systems, transfollicular administration, hair disorder