Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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No Smoking Approach in the Educational Institute cafeteria to strengthen the Health System in Lahore, Pakistan
No full textIntroduction: Tobacco control strategies are structured around three main pillars: prevention, protection, and treatment. Prevention is essential to discourage new individuals, particularly young people, from starting to smoke, and it is primarily carried out through educational initiatives.
Aim of the study: To report the experiences of nursing students from the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan, regarding smoking prevention and cessation activities conducted by a Basic Health Unit team at the Higher Education cafeteria in Lahore, Pakistan.
Method: This descriptive case study was conducted between March and May 2025. Fourth-year nursing students at a primary care unit in Lahore, Pakistan, carried out the activity. The target audience consisted of patients and their caregivers, with approximately 30 individuals present in the Educational Institute cafeteria on the day of the event.
Results: The study reveals a strong post-intervention increase in knowledge regarding the dangers of passive smoking. Before the session, many participants were only partially aware of the risks of secondhand smoke. After the dialogue, mean knowledge scores rose to nearly 7 on a 10-point scale. This indicates that the Higher Education Institute cafeteria model successfully conveys nuanced information. For example, the greater toxin exposure of passive smokers helps dispel common misconceptions.
Discussion: Specific actions often provide only a partial view of the problem, hindering a comprehensive understanding of its origin, development, and the intervention\u27s long-term impact. In the activity carried out, the main limitation was the short period available, which restricted broader contact with the population of that region. This reduced the possibility of identifying the local profile, strengthening bonds, and monitoring the progress of those interested in the cessation plan.
Conclusion: involving nursing students in the implementation of such interventions proves highly enriching, as it integrates theory with practice, reinforces learning, fosters leadership skills, and prepares them for the challenges of professional life. It is important to emphasise that the entire process must be carried out under the supervision of a teacher and with the collaboration of the multidisciplinary health team.
Keywords: No smoking, Cessation, Tobacco, Nicotine, Nursing students, cafeteria, Primary health care, Multi-disciplinary Team
Transferosome Based Delivery of Phytoconstituents in Superficial Fungal Infections: A Comprehensive Review
No full textSuperficial fungal infections, such as dermatophytosis, candidiasis, and pityriasis versicolor, are common worldwide and often affect the quality of life. Their incidence is increasing due to factors such as climate change, global travel, and the extensive use of immunosuppressive therapies. Conventional antifungal agents, including azoles and allylamines, face limitations such as drug resistance, poor skin penetration, and adverse effects. Plant-derived phytoconstituents contain several bioactive compounds with promising antifungal activity; however, their topical use is restricted because of their low permeability through the stratum corneum. Transferosomes, highly flexible lipid vesicles, offer an effective strategy for enhancing the skin delivery of phytoconstituents. This review explains the basic principles of transferosomes technology, discusses the antifungal activities of various plant-derived phytoconstituents, and reviews preparation methods, characterization techniques, and findings from in vitro and in vivo studies. This study aimed to highlight the potential of transferosomes as a novel and efficient approach for delivering phytoconstituents to treat superficial fungal diseases.
Keywords: antifungal, drug delivery, fungal infections, phytoconstituents, topical treatment, transferosome
Customers\u27 Social Interaction and Social Connectedness Process on Social Media Marketing in Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study
No full textHospitals use social media marketing on Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube to build customer awareness and engagement. The hospital\u27s social media engagement strategy needs to be evaluated to inform future marketing efforts. This study aims to analyze the process of social interaction and customer social connectedness in social media marketing This study is an observational analytic that analyzes the level of effectiveness of the use of social media Youtube, Instagram, and Facebook on the standard process of social interaction and social connectedness quantitatively at Muhammadiyah Probolinggo Maternal and Children\u27s Hospital 2024 The results of this analysis show a relationship between the number of content and the number of like responses and positive comments on Instagram media, as well as the relationship between the number of content and like responses on YouTube. The types of content that generate the most social interaction are Instagram educational content, entertainment content on YouTube and Instagram entertainment content. In the social connectedness process, there was no significant correlation between social media engagement initiatives and social connectedness, which could be due to the internal friendship-suggestion algorithm used by the social media platform. Instagram is the most effective platform for establishing social connectedness and customer interaction. YouTube has the potential as a visual education channel, but a strategy is needed to encourage user engagement. Facebook needs to evaluate new content or approaches to stay relevant to its community of followers.
Keywords: social media engagement initiative, social interaction, social connectednes
Advances in Pectin-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Applications and Future Perspectives
No full textPectin is an acidic structural heteropolysaccharide primarily composed of galacturonic acid units. It is mainly extracted from citrus fruits, apples, pears, guavas, and other plant sources using acidic hot-water extraction methods within a pH range of 1.5–3.5. Due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxic nature, pectin has gained significant attention as a promising natural polymer in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and biomedical fields. Pharmacologically, pectin exhibits various therapeutic properties, including hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolemic, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumor activities. It helps regulate blood glucose, reduce cholesterol levels, inhibit microbial growth, and suppress tumour progression. Nutraceutically, pectin functions as both a prebiotic and a probiotic agent, serving as a bioactive dietary fibre that promotes cardiovascular and metabolic health. In biomedical applications, pectin-based formulations have demonstrated great potential for controlled and targeted drug delivery. A wide range of pectin-based systems—such as hydrogels, films, microparticles, nanoparticles, beads, pellets, and tablets—have been developed for oral, buccal, nasal, and ocular delivery. Future research will likely focus on chemical modification, crosslinking, and nano-structuring approaches to enhance pectin’s mechanical strength, stability, and site-specific release properties. Moreover, combining pectin with other biopolymers, such as chitosan, alginate, or gelatin, may yield hybrid or composite systems with improved bioadhesion and controlled-release properties. This study highlights the drug delivery applications of pectin and discusses its future research prospects.
Keywords: Pectin, drug delivery, pharmaceutical applications
Optimization and Formulation of Emtricitabine-Loaded Liposomes Using a Box-Behnken Design
No full textObjective: The goal of this study was to use a Quality by Design (QbD) approach to create and improve liposomal formulations of Emtricitabine, an anti-HIV drug, to make it better at trapping other substances. Methods: A Box-Behnken Design (BBD) with three factors and three levels was used to systematically look at how the independent variables- Soy Lecithin (60–70%), Cholesterol (20–30%), and Palmitic Acid (5–10%)—affected the dependent variable, Entrapment Efficiency (EE %). We made and tested fifteen different formulas. Results: The statistical analysis of the BBD indicated that a Linear model was sufficient to describe the design space, as higher-order models were not significant. The ANOVA for the linear model yielded an F-value of 1.00 (p=0.4289), signifying that the model was not significant in relation to noise. None of the individual factors (Soy Lecithin, p=0.5831; Cholesterol, p=0.2393; Palmitic Acid, p=0.3099) demonstrated a statistically significant effect on EE within the studied ranges. However, the lack of fit was non-significant (p=0.9515), confirming the model\u27s adequacy. A confirmation batch prepared with 70% Soy Lecithin, 20% Cholesterol, and 10% Palmitic Acid yielded an EE of 66.96%, which was within the 95% prediction interval (53.21% - 81.30%) of the predicted value (67.25%). Conclusion: Liposomal formulation of Emtricitabine was optimised and prepared with significant entrapment efficiency, which made possible to test it further through in vitro and in vivo studies.
Keywords: Emtricitabine, Liposomes, Box-Behnken Design, Entrapment Efficiency, Quality by Design, Optimization, Anti-HIV
Effect of Habb-e-Gule-Aak (Unani pharmacopeial compound formulation) and Riyazat in the management of Non-specific Low back pain (Waja’ uz-Zahr): A Case series
No full textBackground: Low back pain has been a significant public health issue since long time, resulting in loss of functional productivity and medical costs. Nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) or pain for which there is no known cause, affects about 85% of sufferers. Although there are conservative treatments accessible in the conventional medical system, like NSAIDs, which produces certain side effects. Unani system of medicine is the ancient system of medicine which deals with prophylactic and therapeutic management of many illnesses with no or least adverse effects.
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of Unani compound pharmacopeial drug i.e., Habb-e-Gule-Aak (HGA) and exercises of lumbo-pelvic muscles (strengthening and stretching) in the management of NSLBP.
Materials and Methods: Five patients with a primary report of chronic NSLBP (>6 months) without radiculopathy were treated with 2 pills of HGA twice daily for 30 days. The effectiveness of therapy was assessed on baseline, 15th day and 30th day using a numeric rating scale (NRS) to measure pain reduction and Oswestry disability index (ODI) to assess the decrease in lower back disability in NSLBP.
Results: HGA and exercises of lumbo-pelvic muscles (strengthening and stretching) significantly reduced pain and disability in NSLBP.
Conclusion: This case series is preliminary research of the use of multiple modalities in the management of NSLBP. It is envisaged that additional experimental research will be done to demonstrate the efficacy of this combination in treating people with NSLBP.
Keywords: Habb-e-Gule-Aak, Ilaj Bit Tadbir, Lower back Exercise, Non-Specific Low back pain, Unani medicin
Oral soft tissue conditions in Down syndrome patients
No full textIntroduction: Down syndrome is an abnormality caused by an extra chromosome 21. Oral soft tissue conditions are one of the most frequently reported clinical features in Down syndrome because their prevalence is relatively high. The purpose of this study was to determine the various oral soft tissue conditions in children with Down syndrome from various literatures. Methods and Material: The literature review was conducted using the Scoping Review method following the frameworks published by Arksey and O\u27Malley (2005) and developed by Levac, et al. (2010) and Peters, et al. (2015). Screening and selection of studies was carried out using PRISMA-ScR. Articles were searched using keywords, boolean operators, limit functions, and inclusion criteria on the Pubmed, EBSCOHost, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar search engines. Results: There were 12 articles that met the criteria and were analyzed. The most commonly reported oral soft tissue conditions in Down syndrome are fissured tongue, macroglossia, and cheilitis. Fissured tongue varies from 28% - 78%, macroglossia varies from 36.8% - 94%, total & angular cheilitis varies from 6.3% - 51%. Incompetent lip, geographic tongue, everted lower lip, chapped lower lip, protruded tongue, gingivitis, and several other soft tissue conditions have also been reported in only a few articles. Conclusion: The most common frequently oral soft tissue conditions reported in the Down syndrome population are fissured tongue varies from 28% - 78%, macroglossia varies from 36.8% - 94%, and total & angular cheilitis varies from 6.3% - 51%.
Keywords: Cheilitis, Down syndrome, Fissured tongue, Macroglossia, Oral soft tissue condition
Artificial Intelligence [AI] and Homoeopathy: Applicability, Reliability, Validity and Limitations of an AI-Aided Homoeopathic Clinic
No full textIndividualization is the cornerstone of homoeopathic practice; however, the process is highly subjective and varies between practitioners due to differences in observation, interpretation, and analysis of symptoms. Recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI), multimodal data collection, and machine learning offer an unprecedented opportunity to enhance precision in homoeopathic case-taking and remedy selection. This conceptual research proposes an AI-Aided Homoeopathic Clinic model integrating 360° multisensory recording, natural language processing (NLP), emotion-tone analysis, gesture recognition, and a curated digital knowledge base of Materia Medica, Repertory, Organon, and clinical literature. The model aims to reduce human errors, increase reproducibility in remedy selection, and strengthen the validity and reliability of homoeopathic prescribing. The paper explores applicability, reliability, validity, limitations, ethical considerations, and future possibilities of AI in homoeopathic practice. This concept has the potential to become a milestone in homoeopathic clinical methodology, guiding the future of precision homoeopathy.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Homoeopathy, Individualisation, Repertory, Materia Medica, 360° Recording, NLP, Machine Learning, Futuristic Medicine, AI-Aided Homoeopathic Clinic
Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation of Lasmiditan in tablet dosage form
No full textHPLC, in particular, offers high resolution, accuracy, and reproducibility, making it indispensable for routine quality control and advanced research applications. Method development in HPLC involves systematic selection and optimization of mobile phase composition, column chemistry, detection wavelength, and operational parameters to achieve reliable separation and quantification. Analytical method validation, guided by ICH and USP standards, ensures that developed methods meet essential criteria, including accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity, robustness, and sensitivity.
Keywords: Lasmiditan, Development, RP-HPLC, Accuracy, linearity, Limit of detection (LOD) and Limit of quantification (LOQ)
Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Lemborexant Orodispersible Film
No full textThe current work focused on the formulation and in vitro evaluation of Lemborexant oral dispersible films (ODFs) loaded with nanoparticles to improve solubility, dissolution, and patient compliance in the treatment of insomnia. Lemborexant, a dual orexin receptor antagonist, has low water solubility, reducing its oral bioavailability. To overcome this limitation, nanoparticles were prepared using the solvent displacement method and incorporated into fast-dissolving polymeric films that contained hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as film-forming agents, PEG as a plasticizer, and superdisintegrants for rapid disintegration. The produced films were tested for physicochemical and mechanical properties such as thickness, weight fluctuation, folding endurance, tensile strength, surface pH, drug content homogeneity, disintegration time, and in vitro drug release.The optimized formulation demonstrated uniform thickness and weight, as well as appropriate tensile strength. The films disintegrated quickly (15-30 seconds) and had considerably higher in vitro drug release than pure Lemborexant. FTIR tests verified the absence of drug-excipient interactions, while SEM revealed homogeneous nanoparticle dispersion. The findings suggested that Lemborexant-loaded nanoparticle oral dispersible films are a viable delivery platform for quick onset of action, increased bioavailability, and enhanced patient compliance, particularly in geriatric patients with swallowing issues. Additional in vivo investigations are needed to confirm the therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetic advantages of the proposed formulation.
Keywords: Lemborexant, Oral Dispersible Film, Nanoparticles, Solvent Casting, In vitro drug release studies