The International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research (IJIAAR) / Uluslararası Tarım Araştırmalarında Yenilikçi Yaklaşımlar Dergisi
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Salt Effect on Biochemical Behavior Fodder Halophytes
Get PDFAtriplex halimus L., endemic to the Mediterranean region and Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. endemic to the American regions introduced in Algeria are two halophytes of semi-arid to arid regions. Salinity tolerance to NaCl (100, 300 and 600 mM.l-1) of Oran population of halimus L. and El Bayadh population of canescens (Pursh) Nutt. is analyzed. The parameters studied are Na%2B%2B, K%2B, Ca%2B%2B, Mg%2B%2B and Cl- . These are studied using two t methods (flame spectrophotometry and microanalysis EDX). In response to NaCl stress, the contents of Ca%2B%2B and K%2B decrease. However, at low salt concentrations, Ca%2B%2B accumulates in the stems and leaves of halimus L. and only in the plant roots of canescens (Pursh) Nutt.. However, the leaves become less and less rich in K%2B, Mg%2B%2B under all salinity treatments in all organs of both species. Na%2B accumulates in large amounts in the leaves. However, this accumulation slows down under the effect of salt beyond 300 mM.l-1 in canescens (Pursh) Nutt. while the load in this cation increases in the stems and roots. Therefore, halimus L. is one halophyte of quot%253Bincluderquot%253B type whereas canescens (Pursh) Nutt. is quot%253Bincluderquot%253B one at concentrations low or equal to 300 mM.l-1. But at 600 mM.l-1, the plant changes to become anquot%253Bexcluderquot%253B halophyte. This change in the type can be a way to avoid the harmful effects of stress resulting from ionic salt stress in this species. On the other hand, microanalysis (EDX) shows that the Ca%2B%2B and Na%2B are two essential elements of halimus L. roots and that only Ca%2B%2B is for canescens (Pursh) Nutt.. At the level of leaves, Na%2B and Cl- essentially characterize halimus L. However, for plants of canescens (Pursh) Nutt., K%2B and Cl- are dominant. Na%2B then represents the specific component of the roots and leaves of halimus L. and K%2B represents the specific element of canescens (Pursh) Nutt. leaves
Direct Marketing of Fresh Mangoes%253A A Case Study of Mango Smallholders in Pakistan
No full textIn Pakistan, 86 percent small-scale farmers whose average cultivated landholding is less than 5.0 hectares and who mostly engage in subsistence farming dominate the fresh mango value chain in Pakistan. Most mango smallholders devote their time to what they know best, growing but leaving the harvesting and handling of mangoes to other partners in supply chain, mainly preharvest contractors. Selling directly to consumers is a new option for smallholders, which on a pilot scale in 2014 amp%253B 2015 has proven more profitable for them. An initiative was taken under the ASLP Mango Value Chain Improvement Project to promote the ASLP lsquo%253Bbest practices mangoes in domestic markets in Multan through direct marketing by smallholders. Under this initiative, six small-scale farmers near the city of Multan formed a group and trained by ASLP project team members on pre and post-harvest techniques. During the 2014 mango season, 13 consignments of mangoes were prepared to adopt ASLP best mango practices. These consignments were sold by adopting direct marketing through a dedicated roadside retail outlet, which they established, and through home delivery. More than 13 tonnes of mangoes were sold in 20 days activity. When the supply of best practice mangoes ran out there did unfilled orders from consumers, as well as other local small and medium farmers want to participate in direct marketing in the future. This paper provides a detailed account of this pilot projects direct marketing strategy as an approach to linking small-scale farmers with consumers, increasing farmers incomes and improving their livelihoods in Pakistan, a developing country
Comparative Study of the Performance in Ewes of Bulgarian Dairy Synthetic Population and Their Crosses with Lacaune
Get PDFThe aim of the study was to compare the milk yield in ewes from Bulgarian Dairy Synthetic Population and their crosses with Lacaune. Blood introduction of Lacaune breed with F1 cross ram was carried out on 40 purebreed ewes of Bulgarian Dairy Synthetic Population (BDSP). The ewes were equal in the sequence of lactation, genealogic line and milk yield. The object of the present study were 32 ewes on first lactation ndash%253B purebred BDSP (n%253D16) and crosses of the breed with Lacaune (n%253D16). The ewes were reared in the experimental farm of the Institute of Animal Science- Kostinbrod, Bulgaria. The milk yield for the control day was determined after the AC method of ICAR as the standard 120 d milking milk yield was determined. The fertility was determined as a ratio of the number of the lambs born alive to the number of the experimental ewes. The content of fat, total protein, dry fat-free residue and dry matter were measured in each control of 20 ml of individual sample for each of the animals, using milk analyser Ecomilk, Bultech. The data were evaluated through the Data Analysis statistical package of Excel 2016, Microsoft. The effect of the crossbreeding on the examined traits was assessed through one way ANOVA. No effect of the blood introduction from Lacaune was observed on the milk yield and fertility of the ewes. No significant difference between the mean milk yield for a standard 120 period of first lactation was found (79.47 l and 81.83 l, respectively for the purebred ewes and the crosses). The percentage of the fat and the dry matter of the first control in the Lacaune crosses (5.27%25 and 16.64%25) was significantly lower (Plt%253B0.01%253B Plt%253B0.05) when compared to the purebred BDSP ewes (6.21%25 and 17.32%25)
Influence of Maternal Age and Number of Fetuses (Single or Twins) on the Gestation Length of Ile-de-France Sheep
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to evaluate the factors maternal age and number of fetuses (single or twin) on the gestation length of Ile-de-France sheep. The study was carried out with pure bred Ile de France ewes from the breeding flock that was raised in experimental base (EB) of Institute of Animal Science (IAS) ndash%253B Kostinbrod, Bulgaria. The study covered 830 records of ewes for the period 2008-2018. The ewes were at age between 2 to 8 years and gave birth to singles (n %253D 408) or twins (n %253D 422). The age distribution of ewes was as followed%253A 2 years of age%253A n %253D 65%253B 3 years of age%253A n %253D 133%253B 4 years of age%253A n %253D 169%253B 5 years of age%253A n %253D 147%253B 6 years of age%253A n %253D 137%253B 7 years of age%253A n %253D 105%253B 8 years of age%253A n %253D 74. The age of ewes was influenced significantly on the length of gestation (Рle%253B0.01), whereas the number of fetuses and the interaction between the effects of age of ewes and number of fetuses did not. The average length of gestation for all cases was 150.59 days. It was observed a shorter duration of pregnancy in ewes at two years of age, compared to older sheep, as the differences were significant between 2 years of age and%253A 6 years of age (Ple%253B0.01), 7 years of age (Ple%253B0.01) and 8 years of age (Ple%253B0.05). 3%252F4 or 77.21%25 of all pregnancies were between 149 and 153 days, with the largest share being at days 150 (18.55%25) and 151 (18.19%25)
Chickpea Callus Histology Inoculated with Ascochyta RabieiBlight Causal Agent Spores
Get PDFThe objective of this research was to study the interaction between Ascochyta rabiei as a pathogen and its host, established through in vitro tissue culture using as a pathosystem chickpea Cicer arietinum callus inoculated with Ascochyta rabiei spores. A resistant chickpea genotype INRA 199 and a local cultivar Zouaoui were used.
Murashige and Skoog, (1962) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg%252Fl of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and 1 mg%252Fl of Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) were used for the production of calluses used as a host. The histological study of calli inoculated with Ascocchyta rabiei spore suspension compared to the control showed two different reactions. In INRA199, the pathogen proliferation was slow and limited by the formation of an area where the cells accumulated phenolic compounds whereas in the cultivar Zouaoui the pathogen rapidly colonized the calli intercellular space and the number of formed pycnidia was high
Occurrence and Biological Control of Cucumber Damping Off Disease under Protected Cultivation in Sulaimani, Iraq
Get PDFOccurrence and cucumber damping-off disease incidence was determined in Sulaimani plastic houses in 2014 revealed from overall disease incidence of 6.82%25. The highest incidence and severity reached to 23.7%25 and 5.0 respectively in Kharajian. While the lowest incidence and severity was detected in Arabit (0.2%25 and 0.6 respectively). Disease symptoms include pre and post-emergency damping-off of cucumber seedlings. Twelve fungal pathogens were isolated from roots and crown of infected seedlings and plants that explore typical damping-off and root rot symptoms. Rhizoctonia solani was the most frequently isolated fungi followed by Pythium aphanidermatum, Fusarium solani and Pythium sp. Morphology and characteristics of R. solani and P. aphanidermatum match with the original described characters of the fungi. The optimum growth temperature for P. aphanidermatum was 30deg%253BC and for R. solani was between 25-30deg%253BC. Pathogenicity test revealed that R. solani significantly surpassed all other treatment except P. aphanidermatum by inciting 53.3%25 pre and 66.4%25 post-emergency damping-off followed by P. aphanidermatum that incited 43.6%25 and 56.3%25 pre and post emergency damping-off respectively. T. harzianum showed high antagonistic ability against both pathogens. Antagonistic ability degree of T. harzianum reached to 37.02 against P. aphanidermatum and 32.00 against R. solani. The bio-control bacterial Bacillus subtilis, Rhizobacteria, Streptomyces coelicolor showed high efficiency in controlling the disease. Rhizobacteria and S. coelicolor completely inhibit R. solani growth at 10-1 bacteria dilution and significantly surpassed all other treatments. dilution 10-1 from all the used bacteria were significantly more efficient against P. aphanidermatum. This dilution was contain 21.4 times%253B 107 cell forming unit in each milliliter (CFU%252Fml) in B. subtilis, 28 times%253B 107(CFU%252Fml) in Rhizobacteria, 29.5 times%253B 107 (CFU%252Fml) in S. coelicolor, 32.2times%253B 107(CFU%252Fml) in Pseudomonas flouresence and 22.6 times%253B 107 (CFU%252Fml) in Azotobacter chroococcus
Study of Some Biocontrol Bacterial Isolates and Evaluation of Their Antifungal and Insecticidal Effects
Get PDFThe biological control of phytopathogenic diseases and other pests by the introduction of microorganisms beneficial of the rhizosphere has been proposed as an alternative to chemical control.
The objective of our work is to determine the elements on which this interaction between antagonistic bacteria and bioagressors of cultures such as secondary metabolites, is based. The present work involves the identification of a collection of strains belonging to the Bacillus genus with the demonstration of the synthesis of secondary metabolites such as enzymes with hydrolytic effect and the characterization of their bioactive molecules as well as the study of their effect antagonist against Verticillium dahliae agent of the verticilliose and insecticidal effect against Galleria mellonela. These isolats are from the rhizosphere soil of three cultivated plants (Nèfle, Barley and potato) in the region of Boumerdes (North Algeria).
The macroscopic and microscopic identification tests allowed us to select strains with characteristics identical to those of Bacillus sp.
The study of the different enzymes (amylase, cellulase, chitinase, caseinase) show for the majority of strains a good production, which explains their efficiency against Verticillium dahliae. In fact, the biological control tests carried out in vitro by these bacterial strains have shown that it is possible to limit the incidence of V. dahliae and that the use of this biological treatment makes it possible to maintain the disease at an acceptable threshold. These strains can therefore have a role in antagonism and plant biostimulation.
Concerning the insecticidal effect of bacteria on the larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella, very significant results are achieved with 100%25 mortality recorded 8 days after treatment at the high dose (1.10 7 ufc%252Fml).
It appears that these isolates could find their place in biotechnological applications aimed at improving yields and preserving the environment for sustainable development
Assessment of Diversity and Association between Agronomic and Quality Traits in an Assortiment of Durum Wheat Genotypes
Get PDFThe investigation included 24 durum wheat genotypes ndash%253B varieties and breeding lines of different origin ndash%253B Bulgaria - Field Crops Institute ndash%253B Chirpan, Europe, CYMIT-Mexico and ICARDA-Syria. All genotypes were grown in field conditions in the competitive variety trials in three repetitions in harvesting years 2014%252F2016 and were analyzed for agronomically important traits and traits associated with grain quality. For statistical processing of the data were used variation analysis, analysis of variance and principle component analysis ndash%253B PCA. Significant diversity of the studied traits based on the variation coefficients was found. In regard to the agronomic traits the greatest variation was determined for%253A yield, kernel weight per spike and kernel number per spike. For quality traits the highest variation was recorded for%253A SDS-value, gluten softening, bug damage degree. Correlation between some agronomic and quality traits was found, too. Based on the PC analysis the studied genotypes are divided into different groups. To the group with the highest SDS sedimentation belong 2 foreign varieties, 3 Bulgarian varieties and 3 breeding lines. The group characterized by the highest content of protein and wet gluten comprises 4 foreign varieties and the group with the highest yield includes 6 breeding lines
After-effect of Some Herbicides and Their Mixtures with Growth Regulator and Foliar Fertilizer on the Primary Germ Weight of Cotton Seeds (Gossypium Hirsutum L.)
Get PDFThe trial was carried out during 2013-2015, with two cotton cultivars ndash%253B Helius and Darmi (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Herbicides Goal 2 Е (oxifluorfen), Linuron45 SC (linuron), Wing P (pendimethalin %2B dimethenamid), Merlin 750 WG (izoxaflutole), Bazagran 480 SL (bentazone) were studied. These herbicides were used alone or in combinations with the growth regulator Amalgerol premium or with the foliar fertilizer Lactofol O during the budding stage of cotton. From the viewpoint of cotton growing technology, technologically the most valuable are combinations of all herbicides with Lactofol O, which are followed by Wing-P %2B Amalgerol, Bazagran 480 SL %2B Amalgerol and sole use of herbicide Wing-P on cultivar Helius. Technologically the most valuable are herbicides Goal 2 E and Wing-P and tank mixtures Goal 2 E %2B Amalgerol, Wing-P %2B Amalgerol, Merlin 750 WG %2B Amalgerol, Bazagran 480 SL %2B Amalgerol, Wing-P %2B Lactofol O, Merlin 750 WG %2B Lactofol O and Bazagran 480 SL %2B Lactofol O on cultivar Darmi. These variants combine biggest primary germ weight and high stability of this index during the different years. The alone use of the herbicides Linuron 45 SC and Merlin 750 WG has low assessment and should be avoided
Effectiveness of Arachis pintoi Karp. amp%253B Greg. as Biomulch to Control Weeds on Maize Cultivation
No full textWeeds is one of the limiting factors in crop production that has significant effects, both economically and ecologically. Continuous use of herbicides increased the resistance of weeds to herbicides and causes chemical and biological soil degradation. The use of cover crops can be an alternative to environmentally friendly weed management. The objective of this research was to study the effectiveness of Arachis pintoi as biomulch in suppressing the growth and development of weeds. This experiment used nested-randomized block design with the first factor was the slope of land with 2 levels (flat and sloping lands) and the second factor was the types of mulch with 5 levels (without mulch without weeding, without mulch with weeding, plastic mulch, straw mulch and A. pintoi biomulch). The types of mulch factor nested on the slope of the land factor. The results showed that the use of A. pintoi biomulch suppressed the growth of weed more than 58%25 compared to the without mulch without weeding treatment. The study also showed that A. pintoi was effective in suppressing broadleaf and sedge weeds but not effective to suppress grass weeds. The use of A. pintoi biomulch by allowing the coverage of the entire soil surface suppressed the growth and yield of maize compared to the without mulch with weeding and straw mulch treatments