The International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research (IJIAAR) / Uluslararası Tarım Araştırmalarında Yenilikçi Yaklaşımlar Dergisi
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The Use of Drones in Agricultural Production
Get PDFThe drones called as mainly unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been commonly used recently in agricultural production in all part of the world because of reducing costs of hardware and the software technology as well as tremendous progresses. Moreover, UAVs gave opportunities such as reaching much faster and efficient in emergency situations, allowing access to places which humans cant reach etc. Therefore, UAVs are used in many part of our life not only for agriculture both also traffic surveillance, military operations, disaster management, border-patrolling, aerial image georeferencing, courier services, firefighting as well as monitoring of wildlife, nature, sky life etc. In the agriculture, the UAVs are used mostly for monitoring the crop production using spectral imaging on each period of time in order to identify the problems on the field such as water shortage and diseases, tracking animals using cameras and herding them with creating sounds produced by the UAVs, spraying to the field with pesticide, fungicide and water by equipping spraying kit on a UAV, generating the strong winds by the propellers of the UAV increasing pollination in the hybrid plant production as well as separating the small harmful bugs from the plants etc. The UAVs contribute a lot more to the agricultural sector, if the right implementations and researches are done. However, using new implemented lightweight materials to increase the endurance of the UAV, developing new type of lenses and sensors which can identify other diseases on plants or animals which cant be seen by the current equipment and equipping a granule spreader on a UAV so that it can distribute the seeds on the field much faster than a tractor
Flag Leaf in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes and Association with Yield and Yield Component under Rainfed Condition
Get PDFAn experiment was carried out to assess of flag leaf fresh and dry weight of advanced bread wheat genotypes and relation with yield component. A total of 25 bread wheat genotypes were tested during the 2017-2018 cropping cycle in the Trakia region, Turkey. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Data on grain yield, flag leaf fresh and dry weight, days of heading, plant height, peduncle length, spike length, spike number per square meter, spikelet number per spike, kernel number per spike, and spike dry weight were investigated. There were significant differences (Plt%253B0.01, and Plt%253B0.05) among genotypes for grain yield. The mean grain yield was 7172 kg ha-1. The highest grain yields performed by cv Köprü (7781 kg ha-1) while the lowest by G9 (6124 kg ha-1). Ten flag leaf fresh and dry weights of the plant were weighted at heading growth stages (Z55). There were significant differences among genotypes for flag leaf fresh and dry weight. Flag leaf fresh weight was varied among genotypes from 3.25 g to 9.15 g and, the mean was 4.95 g. In the study, ten flag leaf dry weight was varied among genotypes from 1.36 g to 2.37 g and, the mean was 1.71 g. Flag leaf fresh and dry weight positively affected yield component in genotypes. There was a positive significant relation between spike length with flag leaf fresh (r%253D0.526**) and dry weight (r%253D0.529**). Flag leaf fresh (r%253D0.513**) and dry weight (r%253D0.568**) was also significantly positively associated with spikelet number per spike. Kernel number per spike was slightly significant positively correlated with flag leaf fresh weight (r%253D0.377) and significantly correlated with flag leaf dry weight (r%253D0.398*). Flag leaf positively affected and increased spike weight in genotypes and it was found a significant association among flag leaf fresh (r%253D0.489*) and dry weight (r%253D0.531**) with spike dry weight. Flag leaf fresh and dry weight was also slightly positively correlated with days of heading. Results showed that flag leaf fresh and dry weight can be used as an indirect selection in bread wheat for yield components under rainfed conditions
Contamination Control of In Vitro Cultures of Passiflora Species for Multiplication Purpose
Get PDFThis study was conducted to obtain biological material regenerated from Passiflora caerulea and Passiflora quadrangularis by direct and indirect organogenesis, in order to enrich the assortment of flowering plants in Romania. The endogenous latent contamination of the plant material used for in vitro culture initiation is one of the biggest problems, demanding a special approach. The explants disinfection steps was organized as a trifactorial experience which included two variants of NaOCl concentrations (0, 5%25, 10%25), three immersion times in the sterilizing solution (10, 15 and 20 minutes) and the four types of explants (apical buds, fragments of young and mature leaves, and flower explants represented by pedicel, receptacle and sepals) taken from mature plants, in the stage of active growth. The explants were pretreated with 70%25 EtOH solution with a few drops of Tween 20, for 1 minute, and rinsed with distilled water, then disinfected according to the experimental variants. The explants were initiated on Murashige and Skoog, (1962) medium in order to stabilize the culture. The leaves explants reacted best to the treatment with 5%25 hypochlorite for 15 minutes. P. caerulea registered an average contamination rate of 52.78%25, lower than P. quadrangularis in which case the explants obtained an average contamination rate of 58.24%25
Comparison of Different Fertilization Variants on Camelina Sativa Yield, Plant Height and Oil Content
Get PDFOilseed plant Camelina sativa, the member of mustard (Brassicaceae) family, represents re-emerging low input oilseed energy crop with sustainable agronomic characteristics and environmental attractiveness. Camelina is a short-season crop adapted to the cool temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. Although no original Slovak varieties are known to be preserved, Camelina recently attracts interest of Slovak agronomists and biofuel producers as it possesses many traits that make it an ideal candidate for the crop rotation schemes even on marginal lands and subsequent utilization for oil production. As a potential feedstock for the production of bio-components to fuels Camelina can contribute to achieve the increase of GHG savings. Main focus of this study was aimed to examine the effect of different fertilization conditions on Camelina sativa yield, plant height and oil content in Slovak region. Additionally, comparison study of two available varieties Zuzana (Czech variety) and Smilowska (Polish variety) was performed. Field trials evaluating 12 fertilization variants were conducted on spring 2018 and 2019 (as part of a long-term stationary experiment, founded in 1957), at the Research and Breeding Station Vígľaš-Pstruša, Slovakia. Nitrogen doses varied from 0, 40, 80, 120 to 150 kg.ha-1 and were split into one to four dosages with or without P and K fertilizers. If fertilized with P and K, these were applied once prior to the seeding. The evaluated factors were%253A (A) ndash%253B fertilization (12 fertilization variants), (B) ndash%253B Camelina varieties (Zuzana, Smilowska) and (C) ndash%253B year of study (2018, 2019). The influence of all factors on the yield, the height of plant and the oil content were assessed through multi-factor ANOVA. The study showed that fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorous has positive impact on seed yield, which is in accordance to the literature. Fertilization with nitrogen has positive effect on plant height. The growing conditions of individual year%252Fseason have largely influenced the seed yield as well as the height of the plants. It has been observed that oil yield is strongly related to temperature and precipitation conditions in individual year as well as the presence of fertilizers and type of Camelina variety
Experimental Study of Thermal Pyrolysis of Avocado Seed for Liquid Fuel Production
Get PDFBio-waste which is available in large quantities worldwide is rich in biodegradable organic matter. By utilizing from bio-waste as feedstocks to attain valuable bio-based products, resource and waste problems will be solved as being double green. The bio-waste utilization aids decrease pollution while providing renewable energy and bio-based chemicals for the upcoming utilizations. Consequently, bio-waste resource utilization has involved growing attention in scientific and industrial societies.
The characteristic of avocado seed as a bio-waste was analysed using elemental analysis resulted as 39.89%25 C, 5.43%25 H, 0.43%25 N, 45.2%25 O content. The higher heating value was calculated using Dulong Formula as 13.70 MJ%252Fkg. The raw milled bio-waste was characterized by FT-IR containing the wavenumbers in the range of 4000-400 cm-1. The spectra bands for bio-waste demonstrated characteristic peaks of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The mean moisture and ash contents of the as-received avocado seeds employed in this study were 6.54 wt%25 and 2.42 wt.%25, respectively. Pyrolysis of avocado seed was carried out in a Heinze reactor at 500deg%253BC with a heating rate of 10deg%253BC%252Fmin and retention time of 20 min. The pyrolysis experiment yielded the liquid product (32%25), solid product char (34%25) and non-condensable gas (34%25) with biomass conversion of 67%25. Based on the results, it was confirmed that avocado seed can be utilized as a potential bio-waste according to pyrolysis results but liquid properties as a bio-fuel oil and solid product char properties as an activated carbon should be evaluated in detail
Phytotoxic Effects of Thorn apple (Datua stramonium L.) Seed Aqueous Extract on Seed Germination of some Cereal Crops Using Probit Analysis
Get PDFSolanaceae plants are strong allelopathic in nature as they produce and release many chemical compounds into the environment. This study was carried out to investigate the phytotoxic effects of the seeds aqueous extract of thorn apple (Datua stramonium L.) on seed germination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.), maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum vulgare L.) using probit analysis. Laboratory experiments were carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Sudan in season 2014%252F15. Ten concentrations (4.62, 9.26, 13.87, 18.51, 23.12, 27.74, 32.36, 36.98, 41.61 and 46.28 g%252Fl) of the seeds aqueous extract of D. stramonium were prepared from the stock solution (100 g %252F l). A control with sterilized-distilled water was included for comparison. Treatments were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The seeds were examined for inhibition (%25) in germination at three days after initial germination. Data were transformed using Abbotts formula and subjected to probit analysis (P 0.5). The results showed that the seeds aqueous extract of D. stramonium inhibited the seed germination of the tested cereal crops and there was direct positive relationship between concentration (g%252Fl) and inhibition (%25). The results also showed that the seeds of wheat (LC50 %253D 22.6 g%252Fl) were most sensitive to the seeds aqueous extract of thorn apple followed by the seeds of sorghum (LC50 %253D 26.5 g%252Fl) and maize (LC50 %253D 27.9 g%252Fl). However, the extract was less toxic to the seeds of millet (LC50 %253D 32.2 g%252Fl). It was concluded that that the aqueous extract of thorn apple (D. stramonium L.) was phytotoxic to the seed germination of the tested cereal crops
Yield and Composition of Natural Pastures from the Plains and Semi-mountainous Regions of Central Northern Bulgaria
Get PDFOne of the main problems in modern agricultural production is the inefficient use and management of natural resources. The aim of the present study is to analyze the productivity and assess the species composition of natural pastures (Np) used for grazing by sheep in farms in the region of Central Northern Bulgaria. The observations were carried out in the period mid-April - mid-June 2018-2019, at intervals of 14 days on eight natural grasslands located in the region of Central Northern Bulgaria. They are selected to cover the most typical and used natural pastures in the plains and semi-mountains of the region. The comparative assessment of the 8 plant populations of pasture type, subject of the present study, under the ecological conditions of Central Northern Bulgaria showed the highest yield of dry mass observed in the natural meadows in the plains - Np 4 (780.67 kg ha-1) , followed by Np 6 (760.09 kg ha-1) and Np 8 (740.24 kg ha-1), an average of 760.33 kg ha-1.
The grasslands from semi-mountains of the region (Np 1, 2 and 3), show a different reaction to the growing environment, but all of them are characterized by significantly lower productivity of green and dry biomass (respectively 1310.77 kg ha-1 and 380.90 kg ha-1) compared to the grasslands of the plains (2430.72 kg ha-1 and 740.66 kg ha-1 respectively).
The green biomass yield from the natural pastures, object of study, ranges from 920.38 kg ha-1 (Np 2) to 3000.13 kg ha-1.
The dry mass yield is from 290.02 kg ha-1 (Np2) to 780.67 kg ha-1 (Np 4)
Properties of Sumac Plant and Its Importance in Nutrition
Get PDFSumac is the common name of the Anacardiaceae family, belonging to the Rhus genus, with more than 250 species of flowering plants, and the most known among these species is Rhus coriaria. When the general characteristics of the Anacardiaceae family are examined, it is seen that there are plants in the form of bush or shrub, which find themselves naturally distributed in temperate and warm climates. Sumac can also grow in areas that are not suitable for agriculture, and this shows the potential for commercialization of sumac plants without competing for land uses. Sumac, a natural source of bioactive compounds%253B It has significant potential with components that can be used in many different fields such as organic acids, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids. It also shows a strong antioxidant effect due to the phenolic compounds it contains, especially gallic acid and its derivatives. In the food industry, sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) is used as a spice and sumac sour to give aroma and flavor in many dishes. It is also considered a valuable raw material for the food industry due to its bioactive components. Today, increasing the usage areas of sumac plant in the food sector and knowing its contribution to human health are increasing the interest of consumers for sumac every day. In this review article, information is given about the properties of sumac plant and its importance in nutrition
Determination of the Important Quality Properties of Some Sunflower Varieties and Candidate Genotypes
Get PDFThe main objective of the experiment was determined suitable sunflower candidate genotypes. The experiment was conducted under Konya-Ilgın conditions in 2018 growing seasonsin Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The experiment materials were the sunflower candidate genotypes which was developed by Associate Professor Rahim Ada and some sunflower varieties. The observations were made hull ratio (%25), oil content (%25), protein content (%25). According to the results of the experiment,significant differences were found in all properties among the varieties and candidate genotypesstatistically. The highest hull ratio was obtained from 4CMS X SARM 6, 4CMS X NP, Bosfora, 4CMS X SB ve 4CM X C75 as 28.57 %25, 27.53 %25, 27.35 %25,26.84 %25, 26.38 %25 respectively. In addition to, the highest oil content was obtained from 4CMS X CO, 4CMS X C21, 4CM X C75 as 48.29 %25, 47.65 %25, 46.75 %25 respectively. Finally, the highest protein content has been obtained from 4CMS X YK-YRKKY with 20.84 %25. The increase in sunflower production will be possible by expanding plantation areas, increasing the yield per unit area and producing varieties with high yield. In addition to high yield, improvement of important quality properties is also comprised of the important yield components. The experimentresults indicated that in terms of the important quality properties of 4CM X C75 was a promising candidate genotype for sunflower production in Turkey
The Occurrence of Bovine Digital Dermatitis (BDD) on Service Period in Dairy Cows in Kosovo
Get PDFThe aim of the study was to estimate the frequency of bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) in dairy cows in region of north Kosovo in the period of time from calving to conception. A total of 200 dairy cows were examined clinically for the presence of bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) on service period in Dairy Cows in Kosovo. 25 out of 200 cows have been affected by BDD. The prevalence of this condition was evaluated, and the time of successful insemination was surveyed. The most affected numbers of animals were first parity heifers 11 or 44 %25, CI 95%25 (26.67 to 62.93), second parity 06 or 24 %25, CI 95%25 (11.5 to 43.43), third parity 04 or 16 %25, CI 95%25 (6.40 to 34.65), fourth parity 03 or 12 %25, CI 95%25 (4.16 to 29.95) as well as fifth parity with 03 or 12 %25, CI 95%25 (4.16 to 29.95). Our study revealed that the hind legs were mostly affected than the front legs. 64 %25 of the pathologies were detected in the hind legs and 36 %25 in the front legs. The affected cows were successfully inseminated 127, 2 plusmn%253B 14.42 days after parturition. This study shows on how important is the health management of the farms and farmers are often not cautious about the consequences