The International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research (IJIAAR) / Uluslararası Tarım Araştırmalarında Yenilikçi Yaklaşımlar Dergisi
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Influence of Fusarium spp. Inoculation Dose Simulating Pathogen Pressure on Grain Production Parameters of Zea mays L.
Get PDFSeveral fungi species from genus Fusarium can infect maize crop and cause seedling blight, root rot, stalk rot, cob and ear rot. Maize yield and grain quality are negatively affected by the disease, while mycotoxins accumulating in grains represent a serious threat to human and animal health. In this research two maize hybrids were subject to artificial infection in field with Fusarium spp. suspension at three incremental dose levels simulating increasing pathogen pressure. Results indicated that earlier maturing hybrid (lsquo%253BTurda 248 ndash%253B FAO 300 maturity group) following artificial infection displayed lower infection index of ears (up to 15.33%25) while the later-maturing hybrid (lsquo%253BTurda 332 ndash%253B FAO 380 maturity group) displayed higher infection levels of up to 30.87%25. Uninoculated controls presented infection index of ears below 2%25 for both hybrids. For the hybrid lsquo%253BTurda 248 the highest pathogen pressure (inoculation dose 12 mL%252Fear) caused 23.10%25 yield decrease relative to control, while same dose for the hybrid lsquo%253BTurda 332 caused 21.20%25 yield decrease relative to control. Once with increased inoculation dose the grain quality parameters displayed changes. The observed trend was an increasing protein content and decreasing starch content once with increased pathogen pressure. Identification of resistant genotypes and study of the climatic factors that undergo disease development remain important research approaches for efficient control of the pathogen populations in agroecosystems
Changes of Nutritional Characteristics of Whey Fermented with Kefir Grains - A Preliminary Results
Get PDFWhey as a major by-product of cheese production is a subject of survey in the past decade because of its nutritional value and the possibilities to make high quality dietetic beverages. Because whey is produced in high amounts and contains organic matter in high quantity its disposal can cause serious environmental pollution. Instead the whey can be used as a raw material to produce beverages which can be classified as a healthy or functional food with added value. This is especially important for the countries with poor economic development where with a single technological process all potential of whey as a raw material can be utilized. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the whey nutritional value and the possible changes as a result of whey fermentation using kefir grains. The samples of unpasteurized cows whey were collected from a small farm where cheese was produced in a traditional way. After milk curdling with commercial enzymatic rennet the whey was collected and inoculated with kefir grains. The fermentation was carried out at room temperature (25 ̊C) in the span of 24 hours. The inoculation of the whey was performed with different quantities of kefir grains (5%25 and 10%25). The examined phisico-chemical characteristics of whey were not significantly changed. The presence of lactose is an exception. The microbiological examination showed a tendency of decreasing in the number of total aerobic bacteria, E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. As it was expected, the number of yeasts and Lactobacillus sp. increased. Additional inoculation of fermented whey with strain cultures of E. coli ATCC 8739 and coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC9610 was performed. After 24 hours of incubation at 37 ̊C, no strains of E. coli ATCC 8739 and coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 9610 were recorded. These results indicated the bactericidal effects of kefir grains over the used bacterial strains but additional investigations are required
Genetic Variability, Heritability, and Genetic Advance for Ethanol Yield and Yield Components in Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor Var. Saccharatum (L.)
Get PDFSweet sorghumis a strong candidate for a cheap and renewable source of energy and play a vital role for the uplift of socio-economic status of the farmers of Turkey through the development of high yielding varieties along with a reasonable amount of fodder and biofuel production. The objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of sweet sorghum as a source for fodder and biofuel production, also the magnitude of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and contributing characters of forty-nine sweet sorghum genotypes. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replications in Turkey. Analysis of variance revealed that there are highly significant differences among the genotypes in all investigated traits indicating the presence of variability. The genotypes Smith and Batem-3 with high juice, sugar and ethanol yield can be used for breeding of biofuel production in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. High heritability accompanied with high genetic advance was observed fortheflowering day, fresh biomass weight, stem fresh weight, juice volume, estimated sugar yield, and estimated ethanol yield. Therefore, these characters could be used for the development of high yielding sorghum varieties through selection in a breeding program
Influence of Sowing Dates on Grain Yield and Some Cluster Properties of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Under Harran Plain Conditions
Get PDFQuinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is grown for its tiny edible seeds. Its seeds are high in protein and fiber. The seeds are also high in fiber and oil and are a good source of iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, zinc, copper, vitamin E, and a number of antioxidants. The plants are also frost-resistant, salt-tolerant, and can be grown in poor soils. Quinoa can be used in any number of sweet or savoury dishes and is commonly boiled like rice or ground as a flour to fortify baked goods. In recently, quinoa growing and consumption are increasing day by day in the world. This study was aimed to determine different sowing dates on the grain yield and some cluster and kernel properties of quinoa under Harran Plain Conditions. Research was conducted according to randomized complete blocks design with three replicates in Harran plain conditions in 2016, Sanliurfa, Turkey. Q-52 Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) variety was used as plant material. In the study 9 different sowing dates were used such as 15 February, 1 March, 15 March, 1 April, 15 April, 1 May, 15 May, 1 June and 15 June. As a result of the research%253B statistically significant differences were seen between sowing dates at tested characteristics (Ple%253B0.01). Cluster number of plant ranged from 10.3 to 16.0 numbers, branches number of main clusters from 18.0 to 32.3 numbers and main cluster length from 31.6 to 46.2 cm. Thousand kernel weights were between 2.325 g. and 2.426 g, hectoliter weight between 69.17 and 69.83 kg hl-1 and grain yield 168.0 kg da-1 and 226.8 kg da-1. It was seen that tested characteristics generally increased from 15 February to 1 April sowing dates, but after 1 April sowing dates decreased. The highest grain yield was obtained from 1 April sowing date with 226.8 kg da-1 whereas the lowest grain yield was seen at June 15 sowing date with 168.8 kg da-1
Sunflower Production in Blacksea Region%253A The Situation amp%253B Problems
No full textSunflower is one of the most important oil crops in the world. In addition to be the most preferable vegetable oil in the Eastern Europe, Balkans and Blacksea region, sunflower is the main crops in the rotation system in the agricultural production as well as the most planted oil crops in these areas. Both world sunflower planted areas (21.000 ha in 2007 to 26.000 ha in 2019) and also seed production (26.000 MT in 2007 to 51.000 MT in 2019) have raised in last ten years but Blacksea region contributed mainly for these increases. In the region, while sunflower production has tripled from 11800 MT (2007) to 35.000 MT (2019), sunflower planted areas has raised 60%25 more from 2007 to 2019 (10.000 to 16.000 ha) in last 12 years. The rate of region in sunflower production has increased from 45 to 68%25, acreages from 49 to 64%25 in this period. Furthermore, the region plays key role and also dominated sunflower world trade as well as other oilseeds such as canola and soybean. As a spring crop, sunflower influence eventually from climatic conditions such as temperature, soil humidity, etc. in some critical stages which are determining seed and oil yield especially bud formation and the grain filling period. Biotic and abiotic stresses coincide in these two stages lead extremely reduce seed yield regularly in sunflower production areas in due to unregularly rainfalls and higher temperatures in spring and early summer seasons in Blacksea region which sunflower grows mostly in dryland. Therefore, it need to well understand these reducing factors and sunflower responses and mechanisms then it need to find accurate management solutions to cope with these factors efficiently such as early planting time and increasing plant density for obtaining better yields. Besides, biotic stresses mostly diseases such as downy mildew, Phomopsis, Sclerotinia, Verticilium wilt, Macrophomina and also broomrape parasite, weeds are the main factors reducing sunflower yield in the region. While there is only genetic resistance possible for disease control mentioned above ones, effective control of broomrape and weeds are possible Clearfield system with post emergence Imidazolinone (IMI) herbicide plus resistant varieties as well as sulfonyl Urea (SU) herbicide and resistant hybrids. Furthermore, combining these herbicide resistances together with new races of broomrape races and downy mildew and other diseases will lead higher yield results in sunflower production in the region in addition to other agronomical solutions
Galium setaceum Lam. and Sisyrinchium rosulatum E. P. Bicknell, Two New Species for the Albanian Flora, Distribution and Ecology
Get PDFThe Albanian flora includes 31 taxa in the genus Galium and one taxon in Sisyrinchium, the non-native S. angustifolium Mill. Here we present two new species for the Albanian flora, found at Krasta Park, Elbasan, May 2019.
Galium setaceum Lam. was found on the southwestern side of Krasta Hill, in dry disturbed clearings of Pinus halepensis Mill. forest, on calcareous rocky substrate. Populations were small (lt%253B1m2) with a variable number of individuals.
Sisyrinchium rosulatum E. P. Bicknell, which is native to southeastern North America, is the second new taxon for the Albanian flora. Two populations of were found in moist open disturbed grassy areas in P. halepensis forest. The first population detected was located in the northeastern side of Krasta Hill, while the second was located at the top of the Hill.
For both taxa, specimens were collected and identified using multiple keys in the literature and specimens at the Albanian National Herbarium. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Albanian National Herbarium. In this paper we also present data on the distribution, ecology and habitat of these species, which enlarge the Albanian flora and the species distribution range, and illustrate the floristic diversity of Krasta Park
Genetic Analysis of Yellow Rust Resistance in Wheat
Get PDFWheat production is affected by several biotic and abiotic stresses and fungal pathogens are the most important disease factor. Globally important fungal yellow rust diseases of wheat caused by obligate parasite biotrophic fungus named Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is causing loss of quality in a grain and yield at significant level in worldwide. The obligate parasites are highly specialized, and significant variation exists in the pathogen population for virulence to specific resistance genes.Growing cultivars resistant to rust is the most sustainable, cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach preferred to use chemical pesticides for controlling yellow rust diseases. For this reason, determination and evaluation of the presence of wheat varieties resistant and susceptible to yellow rust diseases is of great importance for breeding. Genetic diversity and durability are the two most important features of the resistance for the global wheat improvement programs. Genetic analysis to understand the genetic basis of resistance is important to control of wheat yellow rust. In addition to traditional characterization of resistance using physiological methods, wheat populations also have been genetically characterized using DNA-based molecular markers related with genes to identify and select the presence or absence of genes in early generation populations that could contribute to durable resistance. This review will discuss about yellow rust disease resistance in wheat genotypes in the frame of molecular breeding efforts in combination with our previous findings and current technological developments at molecular level. This information will serve as a foundation for plant breeders and geneticists to develop durable yellow rust-resistant wheat varieties through marker-assisted breeding or gene pyramiding
Mineral Nutrition and Lipids in Chenopodiaceous
Get PDFThe environmental adaptation of the Chenopodiaceae (placed in Amaranthaceae s. l. in APG IV 2016) species is correlated with a physiological adaptation. Indeed, several species of this family are characterized by a C4 photosynthetic pathway. The aim of this work is to evaluate the lipid structure of two plant species of the genus Atriplex (halimus and canescens) in order to elucidate the effect of mineral nutrition on lipid peroxidation. Thus, the effect of three concentrations of Na Cl (100300 and 600 mMl-1) was studied at the level of the two organs (roots and leaves) through the assay of Malondialdehyde (MDA) which represents a biomarker of lipid destruction. The results shows variability in the accumulation of MDA which indicate the variability of inter and intra specific responses. Nevertheless, the integrity of membrane lipids is little affected in both species and more in Atriplex halimus L
Biochemical Alterations in the Leaves of Resistant and Susceptible Mungbean Genotypes Infected withMungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus
Get PDFMungbean (Vigna radiata), an important leguminous crop, is highly susceptible to yellow mosaic disease (YMD) caused by Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV), resulting in high yield penalty. Previously, different varieties of mungbean have been reported possessing resistance%252F tolerance against MYMIV. However, the molecular events occurring during compatible and incompatible interactions between mungbean and MYMIV are yet to be explored. Therefore, in this study using MYMIV-resistant (NM-2016), moderately resistant (NM-2011) and susceptible genotype (VC-1647C), alterations in various biochemical attributes due to MYMIV infection were analysed and compared with healthy non-inoculated control plants for understanding the resistance mechanism. After MYMIV inoculation, the level of total phenolic contents (TPC) and total soluble proteins (TSP) increased significantly in the susceptible genotype. However, the level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) remained same in all the genotypes. Level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) decreased in the susceptible genotype but CAT level increased in the moderately resistant genotype. Protease level decreased significantly in all the genotypes while esterase level increased in moderately resistant and susceptible genotype. Peroxidase (POD) increased only in moderately resistant genotype and Total Oxidant Status (TOS) increased significantly in the susceptible genotype. Due to MYMIV infection the level of all plant pigments decreased in all the genotypes tested. The comparative proteome analysis using SDS-PAGE resolved 22 peptides with molecular weight from 12.5 to 163 kDa. Differential expression of protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) and Cytochrome b6 (Photosynthesis) in resistant and moderately resistant genotypes%253B Pectin acetyl esterase and Resistant specific protein-1(4) in resistant genotype and up-regulation of superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] and RuBisco by MYMIV may have triggered signal transduction pathway and consequently induced a resistance response against MYMIV in V. radiata by activating PR proteins
Effects of Imazamox Applications on Stem Anatomy in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Cultivars
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to examine the effects of different doses of imazamox, an imidazolinone (IMI) group herbicide commonly used in sunflower agriculture, on the stem anatomical structure of sunflower cultivars. In this study, four different sunflower cultivars were used as SN%253A8 which is unresisting to IMI and resistant groups to IMI which are SN%253A9, SN%253A10 and SN%253A14. Seedlings coming to 4-6 leaf stage were applied with 3 different doses of herbicides (1 dose (3.125 ml%252Fl), 2 doses (6.25 ml%252Fl) and 3 doses (9.375 ml%252Fl). When the cross sections of stem samples taken 7 days after the herbicide application were examined under light microscope, decreases in epiderma cell sizes due to dose increase, increases and decreases in collenchymavlayer thicknesses and cell lines, decreases in cortex parenchyma layer thicknesses, sclerenchymal layer thicknesses and significant increases and decreases were observed between the groups and doses in trachea cells. According to these data, it can be concluded that both the effects of herbicide dose changes and anatomical changes in stem sections can be used to determine resistant cultivars