The International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research (IJIAAR) / Uluslararası Tarım Araştırmalarında Yenilikçi Yaklaşımlar Dergisi
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Black Carrot Extract Containing Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Nanofibers%253A Structural Characterization and Determination of Total Oxidant-Antioxidant Capacity
Get PDFIn this study three different electrospun nanofiber samples, named as polyvinly alcohol (PVA), polyvinly alcohol %2Bblack carrot extract (PVAB) and polyvinly alcohol%2Bblack carrot extract%2Btin dioxide (PVABT), were produced successfully using the electrospinning method. According to characterization analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it has been found that PVA nanofibers were continuous and they preserved their uniform structure and average diameters were measured as 215.76plusmn%253B75.47. With the addition of black carrot extract, fiber diameters increased to 637.97plusmn%253B91.85 nm. On the other hand, for PVABT accumulation of new structures observed and diamater thickness increased to 658.66plusmn%253B101.5 nm respectively. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy elemental mapping results of PVABT sample proved the binding and integration of the tin dioxide to the surface of the electrospun nanofibers. Antioxidant properties are also compared to determine how nanofiber coating of plant extracts effect on Total Oxidant Level (TOL) ndash%253B Total Antioxidant Level (TAL). While the antioxidant level of the black carrot extract covered with nanofiber was ~62%25 higher than the extract without nanofiber, it was determined that the extract-metal oxide combination showed higher antioxidant results. In addition, no oxidant was detected in electrospun nanofiber samples. Overall, it has been concluded that nanofibers can be fabricated in combination with plant extract and metal oxides and addition of these materials have ability to effect characteristic properties and antioxidant properties. Therefore, metal oxides and plant extracts have the potential to be used as an active food packaging ingredients for further applications in food industry. In the future, it will be important to determine other properties such as thermal stability, mechanical properties, or water vapor permeabilities of these nanomaterials
Tobacco Breeding for Leaves and Yield
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to investigate the mode of inheritance of leaf number per stalk, area of the middle belt leaves and yield of dry leaf mass per stalk in four F1 tobacco hybrids. These tobacco hybrids were obtained by crossing five varieties, four of which are Oriental in the role of mother and one Broadleaf as a father. Investigations were made in 2020 and 2021. The most common mode of inheritance is negative dominance for the first trait, partial for the second trait and intermediate dominance for the third trait. There is no heterosis. The best results considering the size of the middle belt leaves and the yield of dry mass gave P-76%252F86 x B-1%252F91. The obtained mode of inheritance is an indicator of good selection of individuals in future generations and quick fixation and stabilization of the traits. The four hybrid combinations represent very interesting starting material for tobacco breeding
Phytosanitary Status of Wheat Crops in Northeastern Bulgaria
Get PDFIn the present work, the results of a survey of wheat crops in the area of the IASS quot%253BObraztsov chiflikquot%253B ndash%253B Ruse are presented. The study was carried out during the period 2018-2021, at the experimental field of the institute, according to accepted methods for weed infestation, species composition of the entomofauna and economically important wheat diseases.
The aim of the study is to determine the species composition of weeds, diseases and insect pest in wheat crops under the relevant agro-climatic conditions.
Weed species composition differed by year, with a total of 15 weed species from 10 families recorded. Veronica agrestis L., Lamium purpureum L., Anthemis arvensis L., Convolvulus arvensis L. and Cirsium arvense L. are ubiquitous in surveyed crop.
Insects belonging to the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera and Orthoptera were identified. The proportion of the orders to which the species belonged in the three years of the study differed in culture. The total number of insects detected during the three years of the test varied on average (CV%253D15.63%25) ndash%253B 373 pcs. in 2019, 280 pcs. in 2020 and 372 pcs. in 2021.
During the period, 3 fungal pathogens of the genera Puccinia, Erysiphe and Septoria were identified. The development of Puccinia and Erysiphe pathogens during the study period was within acceptable limits according to the SEV scale (from 10%25 to 25%25). Massive development of the pathogen Septoria sp. was observed, with the affected plant area reaching up to 65%25, according to the SEV scale
Determination of the Antifungal Effect of Boron, Sodium and Potassium Salts against Pomegranate Fruit and Crown Rot Disease Agent Coniella granati
Get PDFPomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is one of the most important fruit species grown in Turkey. Fungal pathogens cause significant losses in quality and yield of pomegranate fruit in orchards and warehouses. Pomegranate fruit and crown rot, caused by Coniella granati, is one of the most serious diseases of pomegranate. No fungicides have been registered in Turkey to control this disease. In this study, the antifungal effect of etidote-67, borax, boric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium nitrite, sodium carbonate and potassium sorbate on mycelial growth of C. granati was investigated in vitro. The antifungal effect of the salts on mycelial growth of the fungus was determined at concentrations of 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06 and 0.07 (w%252Fv). Increased concentrations of etidote-67, borax, boric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium nitrite, sodium carbonate, and potassium sorbate significantly inhibited mycelial growth of the fungus compared to the control. Significant differences were found between the efficacy of the treatments (Plt%253B0.05). The concentrations of 0.04%25 and 0.03%25 of etidot-67 and borax salts, respectively, were determined to be the doses that completely inhibited mycelial growth of the fungus. Boric acid, sodium nitrite, sodium carbonate and potassium sorbate completely inhibited the fungal mycelial growth at a concentration of 0.05%25, while sodium benzoate inhibited fungal mycelial growth at a relatively high concentration (0.07%25). When comparing the effective concentrations (EC50) of the salts inhibiting mycelial growth by 50%25, sodium benzoate showed a stronger inhibitory effect against the fungus. In conclusion, the results of this study show that boron, sodium, and potassium salts can be used as an alternative to synthetic fungicides to control fruit and crown rot disease caused by C. granati in pomegranate
Interaction of Seedling-Pathogens with Physiological Seed Quality Affecting Soybean Emergence and Seedling Growth
Get PDFSeed vigor is a complex trait which refers the quick and uniform germination of seeds in the field. It can be highly affected by the genetic background of the seed, the environment where the seeds are grown, and storage conditions (Yang, X. B. 1999). Besides, seeds affected by quality parameters may respond differently to seedling pathogens in the soil%253B these responses are likely to differ according to environmental conditions. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the relationship between soybean quality and the effects of specific soil-borne pathogens on soybean emergence and seedling growth, with a specific focus on phenotyping early-stage roots. Seed lots with different levels of seed quality, represents a range of seed vigor with the same genetic background, were created by accelerated-aging (aa) treatments. The effect of aa on seed performance was tested in growth chambers with and without infested soil at 20 deg%253BC and 25 deg%253BC. A remarkable emergence reduction (65-55%25) was observed in the aged-seed. Synergistic effects between seed aging and Rhizoctonia solani infestation was observed on root biomass (root dry weight) and the numbers of root tips, forks, and crossings (plt%253B0.05). Besides, some parameters such as plant length and fresh weight, fresh root weight, root length, volume, and surface area were significantly affected by both seed quality and fungal inoculum. The results obtained from the study is expected to contribute on determining the impact of environmental conditions and stress factors on the epidemiology of soilborne pathogens. On the other hand, we expect that the results will shed light on developing new strategies for effective disease management
Yield and Yield Components in Barley Genotypes (Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes under Rainfed Conditions
Get PDFGrain yield and yield components in barley are complexes depending on the environmental effects and agronomical practices under rainfed environment conditions. This research was carried out in the Trakia region in Edirne (Turkey) location during the 2017-2018 cycles. The experiment was set up with 25 genotypes in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Grain yields (GY), plant height (PH), peduncle length (PL), spike length (SL), number of kernel per spike (KNS), spike weight (SW), spike number per square meter (SNM) and flag leaf area (FLA) were investigated. The combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences among genotypes for all parameters (Plt%253B0.01) except spike length and spike number per square meter. Averaged the overall mean grain yield, genotypes G4 (8432 kg ha-1), and G21 (8119 kg ha-1) had the highest grain yield. Kernel number per spike varied from the lowest to 20.8 (G11) and the highest to 49.2 (G22) in genotypes. The longest peduncle (30.7 cm) was measured in G13. Genotypes G7 (8.46 cm) and G14 (8.23 cm) had the longest spike length. In the research significant (plt%253B0.01) difference was observed in the flag leaf area in barley genotypes. Genotype G23 had the largest flag leaf area (12.67 cm2) and followed by G11 (12.10 cm2). Grain yield was positively correlated with peduncle length (r%253D0.554**) and spike number per square meter (r%253D0.442*). Spike weight and kernel number per spike were positively and significantly correlated (r%253D0.666**). Flag leaf area positively affected and increased spike weight (r%253D0.572**) and kernel number per spike. These results showed that peduncle length had a positive effect on grain yield. Flag leaf area had a significant positive effect on the spike weight of the genotypes. Low precipitation and high temperatures from shooting up to heading stages negatively affected grain yield and yield components
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Silicon Dioxide on Some Germination and Vegetative Growth Parameters of Radish Cultivars in Saline Conditions
Get PDFThe salt tolerance level of the radish (Raphanus sativus L.), which has a rich nutritional content, varies depending on the cultivar (cv). In this study, which was carried out using two radish cv. (big red, little red), it was aimed to determine the effect of exogenous silicon dioxide (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 mM SiO2) applications on germination and vegetative growth parameters under salt stress conditions (150 mM NaCl). After determining the germination percentage (GP), germination index (GI), germination rate coefficient (CVG), mean germination time (MGT) and germination rate index (GRI) for germinating seeds, shoot and root length (mm), leaf width and length (mm), root and shoot fresh weights (g) were measured and seedling vigour index (SVI) was calculated. SiO2 applications had a positive effects on germination parameters in both cultivars under both non-stress and salt stress conditions. While 1.5 mM SiO2 application caused an increase in germination rate in little red cultivar, it was determined that 1 mM application was more effective under salt stress conditions and increased the germination rate by 2 fold (from 24%25 to 48%25). In the big red cv., 2 mM SiO2 application had a positive effect on germination parameters both in salinty and unsalinity conditions. Exogenous SiO2 pre-treatment had also the positive effects on vegetative growth in both cultivars under stressed and unstressed conditions. According to the results of variance analysis, interaction was determined (***plt%253B0.001) between cultivars and applications and all other parameters except root fresh weight. 1.5 mM application dose significantly increased all vegetative growth parameters in little red cultivar under non-stress and salt stress conditions. In the big red cv., a similar effects were obtained as a result of 1 mM SiO2 application
Strigolactones Affect Growth Parameters and Some Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Salt Stress
Get PDFExternal applications of strigolactones affect plant growth positively owing to the potential of adapting plants to the tolerance system under stress conditions. In this study, the effect of synthetic analogue strigolactone (GR24) pre-treatment to the seeds of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties on growth parameters, antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity under salt stress were investigated. Salt stress has inhibited shoot development. Root development of the tolerant one was better than sensitive one under salt stress conditions. Salt application to sensitive variety caused the inhibition of APX and GR activities, and pre-treatment increased these activities. In conclusion, GR24 pre-treatment has an encouraging role in the growth of wheat plants by stimulating these antioxidant enzymes against salinity
Effects of Organomineral Fertilizers on Micronutrient Uptake of Maize (Zea mays)
Get PDFThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of different organomineral fertilizer treatments (granular and liquid) on the micronutrient concentration of maize (Zea mays L. var. Karadeniz yıldızı) plants grown in soils collected from the Ağrı%252FEleşkirt region of Türkiye. Maize plants were grown in pots filled with soil (2 kg). Two granular (G) and liquid (L) organomineral fertilizers were applied at rates of 100 of the technical recommendation and plant micronutrient (iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and boron ( B)) contents were analyzed. The harvested plant samples were digested in concentrated nitric perchloric acid mixture, and the concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn in the extraction solution was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry device, and the concentration of B was measured by spectrophotometry device.There were significant differences among the organomineral fertilizers in terms of their effects. Plant (Fe) concentrationswere varied from 65.50 to 73.78 mg kg-1, Cu concentrations from 10.10 to 10.90 mg kg-1, Zn concentrations from 22.10 to 23.90 mg kg-1, Mn concentrations from 19.67 to22.25 mg kg-1 and B concentrationsfrom11.12 to12.77. The highest values were obtained from the liquid organomineral fertilizer treatments and the lowest values (except for Mn) were obtained from the control treatments.
Further research is recommended with the same organomineral fertilizers and soil types, but this time with different doses and under field conditions to investigate plant reactions to two organomineral fertilizers (solid%252Fgranular and liquid) and to identify optimum doses
Flag Leaf of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes and Relation with Yield Component under Rainfed Conditions
Get PDFAn experiment was carried out to assess flag leaf fresh and dry weight of advanced bread wheat genotypes and their relation with yield and yield components. A total of 25 bread wheat genotypes were tested during the 2017-2018 cycles in four locations in the Trakia region, Turkey. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with four replications. Grain yield (GY), spike number per square meter (SNM), kernel number per spike (KNS), spikelet number per spike (SNS), spike weight (SW), plant height (PH), peduncle length (PL), spike length (SL), flag leaf fresh weight (FLFW), flash leaf dry weight (FLDW) were investigated. The combined ANOVA revealed significant differences among genotypes (G), environments (E) and their interaction (Gtimes%253BE) for grain yield (plt%253B0.01). The highest grain yield was performed by G21 (6807 kg ha-1) and G20 (6776 kg ha-1). Both genotypes also had higher yield potential across four environments. Therefore, they were considered stable genotypes. Flag leaf fresh and dry weight in wheat genotypes positively affected spike length, spikelet number per spike, kernel number per spike and spike weight. As the plant density per unit area increased, there was a decrease in flag leaf fresh and dry weight. Increasing in the spike number per square meter negatively affected and reduced flag leaf fresh and dry weight in wheat genotypes. Results showed that spike weight, flag leaf fresh and dry weight of the wheat genotypes could be used in the selection of wheat breeding study for yield components. The longest spike, the highest number of grains per spike and the number of spikelets were determined in G17, together with the yield above the average. In addition, G17 had the highest spike weight and flag leaf fresh and dry weight. For this reason, G17 has been determined that can be used in breeding studies due to its agronomic characteristics. The results of the research showed that flag leaf dry and fresh weight could be used for yield components in wheat breeding selection under rainfed conditions