Journal of Chemical Health Risks (Islamic Azad University, Iran)
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A Study of Collateral and Morphometric Correlation of Anatomical Variations in the Circle of Willis and Internal Carotid Artery in Acute Stroke in Elderly Subjects
No full textBackground
The Circle of Willis (CoW) is a great architectural wonder that ensures adequate cerebral perfusion through collateral circulation. Anatomical variations in the CoW are common and may influence stroke susceptibility and outcomes, particularly in elderly populations. Despite global research, limited data exist on the association between CoW variations and stroke in the Indian geriatric population.
Objectives
This case-control observational study aims to assess the association between anatomical variations in the Circle of Willis and internal carotid artery (ICA) with acute stroke in elderly Indian subjects (≥60 years) using Time-of-Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography (TOF-MRA). Additionally, the study will develop a novel Asymmetry Index (AI) for vessel dominance assessment.
Methods
A total of 134 participants (67 cases with stroke and 67 age- and sex-matched controls) aged ≥60 years will be recruited from Datta Meghe Medical College and JNMC hospitals, Nagpur. TOF-MRA will be used to identify and classify CoW variations. Morphometric parameters, including vessel diameters, lengths, and asymmetry ratios, will be measured. Statistical analysis will determine associations between anatomical variations and stroke occurrence.
Expected Outcomes
The study will provide region-specific data on CoW variations in elderly Indians, establish correlations between anatomical variations and stroke risk, and introduce a novel Asymmetry Index for clinical application in stroke risk assessment
A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing 2% Lidocaine Jelly and K-Y Jelly in Reducing Postoperative Sore Throat after Laryngeal Mask Airway Use
No full textBackground:
Postoperative sore throat is a common complication following airway manipulation, particularly after laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion. Lubrication of the LMA cuff is routinely performed to reduce mucosal trauma, but the optimal lubricant remains unclear. Lidocaine jelly possesses local anaesthetic properties, whereas K-Y jelly is an inert, water-soluble lubricant with minimal irritant potential.
Aim:
To compare the effectiveness of 2% lidocaine jelly and K-Y jelly in reducing postoperative sore throat following LMA insertion during general anaesthesia.
Materials and Methods:
This double-blinded, randomized controlled trial included 60 ASA I–II patients aged 18–60 years undergoing elective surgery. Participants were allocated into two groups of 30 each: Group I received K-Y jelly and Group II received 2% lidocaine jelly for LMA cuff lubrication. Standardized anaesthetic protocols were followed. Hemodynamic parameters were monitored intraoperatively. Postoperative assessments for sore throat, cough, and hoarseness were performed at 0, 6, 12, and 24 hours after LMA removal.
Results:
The incidence of immediate postoperative sore throat at 0 hours was significantly higher in the lidocaine group (30%) compared with none in the K-Y group. At 6 hours, mild sore throat persisted in 6.7% of Group I and 13.3% of Group II, with no significant difference. No sore throat was present at 12 or 24 hours in either group. Postoperative cough and hoarseness were infrequent and showed no significant differences between groups. Hemodynamic variables were comparable throughout.
Conclusion:
K-Y jelly significantly reduced the incidence of immediate postoperative sore throat compared with 2% lidocaine jelly, while both lubricants demonstrated similar effects on cough, hoarseness, and hemodynamic stability. K-Y jelly may therefore be preferred as a safe and effective lubricant for LMA insertion
Mixed Etiology Dementia in an Elderly Male: Vitamin B12 Deficiency, Vascular Changes, and Possible Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus- A Case Report
No full textBackground: Dementia in older adults has multiple etiologies, including reversible causes that require careful detection. Vitamin B12 deficiency can present with cognitive impairment, gait disturbance, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Additionally, neuroimaging features mimicking normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) may complicate the diagnostic picture.
Case Presentation: We describe a 71-year-old man presenting with rapidly progressive cognitive impairment, gait unsteadiness, and frequent falls. MRI suggested NPH-like features, and laboratory evaluation revealed severe Vitamin B12 deficiency. A CSF tap test was performed, followed by parenteral Vitamin B12 supplementation and symptomatic pharmacotherapy. His MMSE improved from 13/30 to 20/30 over one month without adverse events.
Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of assessing reversible metabolic causes even when imaging suggests NPH. Vitamin B12 deficiency can produce NPH-like clinical and radiological features, and correction may lead to significant cognitive recovery
Platelet Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Acute Coronary Syndrome: Insights from Integrin Subunit Alpha-2 (C807T) and Integrin Subunit Beta-3 (rs5918) Variants in an Indian Population.
No full textBackground: Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Genetic variations influencing platelet adhesion and aggregation may contribute to individual susceptibility. This study investigated the association of ITGA2 (C807T) and ITGB3 (rs5918) polymorphisms with ACS risk and evaluated their distribution among different ACS subtypes.
Methods: A case–control study was conducted involving 150 ACS patients and 150 age- and sex-matched controls. Genotyping of ITGA2 and ITGB3 polymorphisms was performed using PCR-RFLP. Clinical, biochemical, and genetic variables were compared using Chi-square and unpaired t-tests. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the strength of genetic associations. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Unstable Angina (36.7%), STEMI (32.7%), and NSTEMI (30.7%) were the predominant ACS presentations. The CT and TT genotypes of ITGA2 were significantly higher in ACS cases, conferring increased risk (CT: OR = 2.19; TT: OR = 4.55). The T allele of ITGA2 also showed a strong association with ACS (OR = 2.17). Similarly, the TT genotype and T allele of ITGB3 were significantly associated with elevated ACS susceptibility (TT: OR = 2.48; T allele: OR = 1.57). In contrast, the C alleles of both genes appeared protective. No significant differences in genotype distribution of either gene were observed among ACS subtypes (STEMI, NSTEMI, UA).
Conclusion: ITGA2 and ITGB3 polymorphisms show a significant association with overall ACS susceptibility, with the T allele representing a key genetic risk marker. However, these genetic variants do not influence the type of ACS presentation. These findings underscore the potential role of platelet receptor gene variants in ACS pathogenesis and highlight their relevance for cardiovascular risk profiling
Reducing Animal Use in Medicine: Innovations Shaping the Future of Research
No full textIntroduction: Animal experimentation has historically served as a foundation for biomedical advancements. However, ethical concerns, high financial burdens, and biological differences between humans and animals have intensified the efforts to identify alternative research methods. This review examines emerging and established alternatives to animal experimentation in medical research, evaluating their scientific validity, practical feasibility, and ethical implications.
Objectives: To explore and synthesize current alternatives to animal use in medical research and highlight technological advancements that can reduce or replace animal testing while maintaining scientific rigor.
Methods: A narrative review of peer-reviewed literature, regulatory documents, and international guidelines on alternative models to animal experimentation was conducted. Emphasis was placed on in-vitro methods, organ-on-chip systems, 3D bioprinting, computational modelling, and ethical frameworks.
Results: Advances in cell culture models, stem cell technologies, and microfluidic devices have enabled the creation of physiologically relevant human models. Computational simulations and artificial intelligence provide predictive insights, reducing experimental animal needs. Regulatory agencies globally are endorsing validated alternative models, although limitations persist in complex systemic physiological simulation.
Conclusions: While complete replacement of animal testing remains challenging, validated alternatives significantly reduce animal use and offer more human-relevant data. Continuous technological innovation, interdisciplinary collaboration, and supportive regulatory policies are essential to accelerate the transition toward ethical and accurate research methodologies
Photostability and Hydrolytic Forced Degradation Study of Albendazole: Validation of a Stability Indicating UV Spectroscopic Method Using Methanol
No full textAim/Background: Albendazole (ABZ), a potent anthelmintic, is used against parasitic infections like giardiasis, trichuriasis and ascariasis. Forced degradation (FD) study was used to analyse the stability of drugs under stressful conditions such as elevated temperature, humidity, light, pH changes, oxidation and hydrolytic conditions. These studies determine the degradation pathways of any drug and it increases an interest to develop methods to ensure the safety as well as the efficacy of drug. The goal of this work was to develop and validate a UV Spectroscopic technique for ABZ’s FD analysis using methanol.
Materials and Methods: The instrument utilized for method development was UV-Visible Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-1900i) and validated as per ICH guidelines, while Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) induced FD studies were carried out under various conditions.
Result: The maximum absorbance of ABZ was at 295nm, with linearity (R2) of 0.9994. Validation studies demonstrated accuracy and precision with a percentage relative standard deviation (RSD) of lower than 2%. ABZ underwent degradation under hydrolysis and oxidative conditions. Aqueous hydrolysis of the drug shows 59.73% degradation, while acid hydrolysis showed 28.35% degradation, 18.38% degradation in alkaline hydrolysis and 35.12% in oxidative condition.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates a reliable, sensitive and straight forward analytical method for evaluating ABZ\u27s FD using UV Spectroscopy. The ABZ drug substance showed degradation at hydrolysis and oxidative conditions. Thermal and photolytic stress had no impact on stability of ABZ
Artistic Research in the Novel Genre in the Bukhara Literary Environment
No full textThe article discusses works created in the novel genre. Basically, in the literary environment of Bukhara in the 20th century, Sadriddin Aini\u27s "Dokhunda", "Slaves", Saidjon Aliyev\u27s "Abu Ali ibn Sino", Ahad Hasan\u27s "Returning World", Murod Khalil\u27s "Zarafshon", Aminjon Shukurov\u27s Tajik-language novel-trilogy "Great People", " Days of no Return", " Bad Beginning", Nusratillo Naimov\u27s "I Want to Live!" (1993) novel-chronicle, Amon Mukhtor\u27s "Wind of Years", "Bowed Head", "Aflatun", Ffu, Women\u27s Country and Kingdom", Yusuf Ru\u27zi Boykandi\u27s " The First Fighter of Bukhara", Jahongir Ismailov\u27s "Crisis" novel-dilogy, Saidburkhon Kadirov\u27s "Bukhorkhudods", Jora Fozil\u27s novels "Threshold of Separation", " Dreams of Tiyramah" were created. In particular, the article expressed a positive opinion about Jora Fazil\u27s novels
Study of Leptin RS2167270 Gene Polymorphism in Women Diagnosed with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
No full textBackground: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a complex metabolic disorder influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Recent evidence indicates that variations in the leptin gene may contribute to altered metabolic regulation during pregnancy and increase susceptibility to GDM.
Aim: To assess the association between leptin rs2167270 gene polymorphism and gestational diabetes mellitus in Indian women.
Methods: This hospital-based case-control study included 190 pregnant women, comprising 95 GDM cases and 95 healthy controls. Clinical and biochemical parameters including fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c, and lipid profile were measured. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood, and rs2167270 genotyping was performed using the TaqMan® SNP assay on Insta Q 96 platform. Genotype frequencies were compared using Chi-square tests, and logistic regression was applied to estimate GDM risk.
Results: The distribution of rs2167270 genotypes differed significantly between groups, with the mutant homozygous GG genotype observed more frequently in GDM women (29.5%) than in controls (18.9%). The overall genotype comparison (3×2) was statistically significant (χ² = 6.86, p = 0.032), suggesting a genetic predisposition. Within the GDM cohort, biochemical parameters showed a progressive deterioration from AA to AG to GG genotypes. GG carriers had significantly higher fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c, and LDL-C levels, along with lower HDL-C, indicating increased insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Logistic regression demonstrated that the GG genotype was associated with more than a twofold increased risk of GDM compared to AA, even after adjustment for confounders.
Conclusion: The leptin rs2167270 polymorphism shows a significant association with both the development and metabolic severity of GDM. The GG genotype may serve as a potential genetic marker for early identification of women at increased risk, supporting future advances in personalized prediction and targeted management of GDM
A Review of Genetic Insights into Enamel Formation and Defects: Current Knowledge and Clinical Implications
Get PDFEnamel formation is a complex process influenced by a range of genes that regulate tooth development. Key genes such as AMELX, ENAM, and MMP20 are crucial for enamel matrix formation and maturation. Defects in these genes, which can begin in utero, lead to enamel hypoplasia and other dental anomalies. Understanding the genetic basis of enamel formation and its defects is vital for diagnosing and treating enamel-related conditions, potentially offering insights into preventative strategies and therapeutic interventions
Survey Risk Factors of Occupational Asthma in Home Workers in the Bakery Industry
Get PDFIntroduction: Occupational asthma is an asthma disease caused by allergens in the workplace. Respiratory disorders or lung function in workers are influenced by several factors, namely the work environment that produces a lot of dust, vapor, gas and others as well as medical history, length of work / length of exposure, work period. In addition to these factors, there are other factors that cause respiratory disorders, namely PPE masks, gender, and smoking habits.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the description of risk factors that have the potential to cause occupational asthma in workers at home Bakery Industry
Methods: The type of research used in this study is descriptive analytical research with a cross-sectional design. The location of the study was at Salsa Bakery Jepara, Indonesia with a sample size of 40 respondents. The sampling technique used purposive sampling . The data analysis used was univariate analysis.
Results: The results of the study conducted on 40 respondents, there were respondents who experienced symptoms of occupational asthma, namely coughing 12 people (30%), shortness of breath 10 people (25%), chest pain 8 people (20%) and 4 people experienced a decrease in PEFR of more than 20%.
Conclusions: This shows that no respondents experienced occupational asthma but there is potential for occupational asthma in bakery workers as indicated by the discovery of 2 out of 4 symptoms of a 20% decrease in PEFR in bakery workers. A work environment control program is needed with the risk of exposure to flour dust. to bakery workers