Journal of Chemical Health Risks (Islamic Azad University, Iran)
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Formulation and Development of Niosomes Loaded Hydrogel to Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis
Get PDFIntroduction: Niosomal vesicles are a soluble matrix that can be used as a rate-limiting membrane barrier to alter systemic drug absorption by dermal drug delivery, as a local repository for medications that must be released gradually, or as a permeation enhancer for dermally active substances. Niosomes have attracted attention due to their chemical resistance, high reliability, material consistency, low cost, ease of storage of nonionic surfactants, and the availability of surfactants for their production. Flurbiprofen, a BCS class II medication with low solubility (8 mg/L) and high permeability (Log P = 3.80), is seen to be a good option for niosome formulation in order to address issues including short half-life, limited bioavailability, and stomach side effects.
Objectives: To Control/ modify release of drug at specific site and hence dose and dose frequency can be decreased thereby obtaining greater therapeutic efficacy. To Show better in-vitro release/ diffusion performance than conventional dosage forms.
Methods: Flurbiprofen loaded niosomes were prepared using the Ether Injection method, and the main effect, interaction effects, and quadratic effects were evaluated using 32 FFD (Quality by Design) using Design Expert Software (VR 10.0.1). Span 60 (X1) and cholesterol (X2) were chosen as independent variables with low, medium, and high values to maximize the niosomes. Particle size (Y1) and Entrapment Efficacy (Y2) were the dependent variables.
Results: Flurbiprofen Niosomes loaded hydrogel were having 94.25±1.32 CDR in 10 hrs which clearly indicates better in vitro release/diffusion than conventional dosage form as well as shows better patient compliance. Also, it indicates controlled release pattern at specific site in reduced dose frequency. 
ICU-Acquired Candidemia: Epidemiological Trends, Risk Factors, Antifungal Resistance, and Clinical Outcomes in a Tertiary Care Centre in India
Get PDFBackground: Candidemia represents a major nosocomial threat in ICU settings, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. With the rise in non-albicans Candida (NAC) species and antifungal resistance, early diagnosis and targeted management are imperative.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the epidemiological profile, risk factors, antifungal susceptibility patterns, and outcomes of candidemia in ICU patients in a tertiary care hospital in India.
Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 66 ICU patients diagnosed with candidemia from May 2023 to October 2024. Data on demographics, clinical parameters, interventions, and laboratory values were collected. Candida species identification and antifungal susceptibility testing were performed. Outcomes were compared based on the timing of antifungal therapy initiation.
Results: Among 438 ICU admissions, 32 patients (7.3%) were confirmed to have candidemia. Candida tropicalis (43.75%) was the most common isolate, followed by C. albicans and C. krusei. Risk factors included broad-spectrum antibiotic use (65.2%), immunosuppression (62.1%), and use of invasive devices. Fluconazole resistance was observed in 50% of isolates. Early antifungal treatment (within 48 hours) significantly reduced mortality (10% vs. 41.7%).
Conclusion: ICU-acquired candidemia is increasingly caused by NAC species with substantial antifungal resistance. Early diagnosis, prompt therapy, and species-level identification are critical to improve outcomes
Correlation of Nasal Smear Eosinophils, Serum IgE Levels, and Absolute Eosinophil Counts with Clinical Severity in Allergic Rhinitis: A Tertiary Care Study
Get PDFAllergic rhinitis (AR) is a widespread chronic inflammatory disorder of the upper airway that has a steady increase in global prevalence. The markers such as nasal smear eosinophils (NSE), serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), and absolute eosinophil count (AEC) are associated with allergic conditions but their specific applicability in determining the severity of AR symptoms remains inadequately described.
Objective:
To investigate the association between NSE, serum IgE, and AEC with nasal symptom severity in allergic rhinitis patients, evaluated by the Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS).
Materials and Methods:
This is a prospective observational study conducted at a tertiary healthcare centre from April 2023 to October 2024. Seventy patients were selected with the diagnosis of Allergic rhinitis based on ARIA guidelines. Nasal smears were collected with the help of nasal swabs and stained using May-Grunwald-Giemsa method. Serum IgE levels were measured via ELISA, and AEC was calculated by manual differential white blood cell counts. TNSS was used to evaluate the severity of clinical symptoms. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, and chi-square tests, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.
Results:
NSE, AEC, and serum IgE levels exhibited a significant positive correlation with TNSS (p < 0.0001). Average NSE percentages were found to be 9.62% in patients with mild symptoms, 18.32% in moderate, and 30.60% in severe cases. Both AEC and serum IgE levels increased consistently with increased severity of symptoms. Spearman’s correlation depicted the strongest association between TNSS and serum IgE (r = 1.0), followed by NSE (r = 0.832) and AEC (r = 0.574).
Conclusion:
Serum IgE, NSE, and AEC are effective biomarkers for evaluating symptom severity in patients with allergic rhinitis. Incorporating these parameters into standard clinical assessment protocols could enhance disease tracking and aid in tailoring personalized treatment approaches
Engraved Codes in Chamber for Tracing Firearm- A Forensic Approach
Get PDFTracking where a gun has come from and finding out who used it is very important when solving crimes. Normally, guns have serial numbers on the outside that help in identifying and tracing them. But sometimes, criminals damage or remove these serial numbers to hide the gun’s past. To solve this problem, a new and safer method is being used — putting secret codes inside the gun’s chamber and other hidden parts. These codes are placed in areas that are hard to reach and cannot be easily erased. This paper explains the different types of these hidden codes, such as serial numbers, microstamps, QR codes, and barcodes. It also describes the modern methods used to mark these codes inside guns, like laser engraving and microstamping. These methods help police and forensic experts find out where the gun has come from and help them solve cases faster. Although this system can help in reducing gun crimes, there are still some challenges like high costs and the need for new laws. Overall, using hidden engraved codes inside guns is a big step forward in improving gun tracing and making communities safer
“A Diaphyseal Fitting Modular Bipolar Prosthesis in Comminuted Trochanteric Femur Fracture in Elderly Patient - A Prospective Study”
Get PDFIntroduction
The purpose of the study is to assess the management of comminuted trochanteric fractures of femur in elderly patients is tricky as there is challenge of difficult anatomical reduction in osteoporotic bones, need for prolonged immobilization after surgery and more chances of screw cut out in poor quality bone. Prolonged immobilization will lead into complications like bed sores, chest infections, deep vein thrombosis, dependency and psychosocial side effects, increasing both morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study was to evaluate the functional outcome of diaphyseal long stem bipolar prothesis in comminuted trochanteric fractures of femur in elderly patients using Harris Hip Score
Methodology
This prospective study enrolled 31 patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures (AO/OTA types 31-A2.2 and 31-A2.3) admitted to the apex trauma center of a tertiary care facility between March 2022 and March 2025. Inclusion criteria comprised treatment with cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty and a minimum follow-up period of six month.
Results
According to the Harris Hip Score, at the end of 6 months, 7 patients (22.6%) had excellent results, 20 patients (64.5%) had good results, 4 patients (12.9%)) had fair results. With cemented hemiarthroplasty, 87.7% of older patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures were able to walk sooner, and the results were good.
At 6-month follow-up, Harris Hip Score outcomes demonstrated excellent functional results in 7 patients (22.6%), good results in 20 patients (64.5%), fair results in 4 patients (12.9%). The study revealed that diaphyseal fitting modular bipolar hemiarthroplasty enabled early ambulation in 85.19 % of elderly patients with comminuted trochanteric fractures, with predominantly favorable outcomes overall.
Conclusion
To summarize, employing a diaphyseal fitting modular bipolar prosthesis in older individuals with comminuted trochanteric femur fractures leads to favorable to outstanding functional results along with early mobilization, early weight bearing with rapid rehabilitation with decreased morbidity and mortality
Sustainable Production of Bioethanol from Bacillus Cereus SD38 Using Raw Banana Peel Waste
No full textIntroduction: Increasing demand for renewable energy and sustainable waste management strategies has led to interest in agricultural residues as feedstock for bioethanol production. Banana peels, an abundant lignocellulosic waste, are rich in starch and represent a low-cost substrate for microbial bioconversion.
Objectives: The present study aimed to isolate amylase-producing microbes from soil samples and evaluate their potential to hydrolyze banana peel starch into fermentable sugars for subsequent bioethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Methods: Soil samples from the Lucknow region were screened for amylase-producing microbes using starch agar (primary screening) and amylase assays (secondary screening). Hydrolysis efficiency of the isolates was tested on chopped, fine-chopped, and powdered raw banana peels. The most effective strain, SD38, was selected to convert banana peel starch into glucose. Fermentation was carried out with S. cerevisiae, and ethanol was extracted using a rotary evaporator. Ethanol confirmation was performed by Jones and Iodoform assays.
Results: Among the isolates, strain SD38 exhibited the highest amylase activity and efficiently hydrolyzed banana peel starch. Fermentation of the resulting glucose by S. cerevisiae yielded ethanol, which was successfully confirmed through chemical assays.
Conclusions: Strain SD38 demonstrated strong potential in converting banana peels into fermentable sugars and bioethanol. This study highlights banana peels as a promising renewable and low-cost feedstock for sustainable bioethanol production, contributing to waste valorization and providing an alternative disinfectant source
Evaluation of Occlusal Forces in Distal Extension Removable Partial Denture – An in Vivo Study
No full textIntroduction: Unilateral distal extension mandibular edentulism (Kennedy Class II) presents a biomechanical challenge in prosthodontic rehabilitation. Age-related changes such as diminished bone quality, reduced neuromuscular coordination, and compromised proprioception may influence occlusal force distribution and prosthesis performance. Digital tools like Occlusense offer a dynamic, quantitative method for evaluating occlusal contacts and force patterns, which is crucial for optimizing prosthetic outcomes in this population
Objectives: To evaluate the occlusal force distribution in patients rehabilitated with unilateral distal extension mandibular removable partial dentures (RPDs) using the Occlusense digital occlusal analysis system
Methods: A total of 10 patients with Kennedy Class II mandibular RPDs were selected. Occlusal force distribution was recorded using the Occlusense device at the time of prosthesis insertion and after occlusal adjustments. Parameters assessed included total occlusal contact area of force distribution between natural teeth and prosthetic areas, and inter-arch balance. Subjective feedback on comfort and chewing efficiency was also obtained.
Results: The study compared bite force distribution between the intervention and contralateral sides in both RPD and implant-supported RPD groups over time. In both groups, the intervention side consistently showed significantly lower bite force than the contralateral side at all time points (baseline, 1st month, and 3rd month). However, a progressive increase in bite force was observed on the intervention side after implant placement, indicating functional improvement over time. Despite this improvement, statistical differences between sides remained significant at each interval (p < 0.05).
Conclusions: Selective grinding based on digital occlusion analysis with OccluSense significantly improved occlusal force distribution in complete denture wearers. This approach provides a practical, efficient, and patient-friendly alternative to conventional clinical remounting. However, larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up are recommended to validate these findings
Association of Serum Adiponectin and Urinary Nephrin for Identification of Nephropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
No full textIntroduction: Adiponectin is an adipose tissue secreted protein and nephrin is a podocyte secreted protein. Both protein link with the mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and nephropathy.
Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the serum adiponectin and urinary nephrin for early detection of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods: This case control study using serum samples obtained from 160 participants, controls (40), normo albuminuria (40), micro albuminuria (40), macro albuminuria (40). This biochemical, clinical, and experimental parameter were analysed statistical analysis were done by SPSS 20.0 software.
Results: Serum adiponectin and urinary nephrin levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus groups are very high and significant when compared to controls. The urinary nephrin and serum adiponectin levels significant positively corelated with urinary albumin creatinine ratio and significant and negatively corelated with eGFR (P=0.001**). The ROC curve analysis reviled the serum adiponectin and urinary nephrin very high in significant at area under curve with sensitivity (100.00 and 77.50) and specificity (100.00 and 100.00) with P value 0.001**.
Conclusions: Based on the study findings the serum adiponectin determination beneficial for the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The measurement of urinary nephrin served as an early predictable and prognostic marker for nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.  
Lack of Awareness about Uses of Emergency Contraceptives Pills - A Community Based Study
No full textBackground: Unintended pregnancies remain a major public health concern, often resulting from limited awareness and inadequate use of contraceptives. Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) are a safe and effective method to prevent unintended pregnancies, yet knowledge and awareness about their correct use remain poor in many low- and middle-income countries, including Bangladesh. This study aimed to assess the level of awareness and factors associated with knowledge of ECPs among women of reproductive age in a community setting.
Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2023 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, BSMMU, Dhaka. A total of 120 women aged 15–49 years were enrolled using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected through structured interviews and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with adequate awareness.
Results: Among 120 participants, 58.3% had heard of ECPs, but only 23.3% demonstrated adequate awareness. Knowledge of correct timing was limited, with 37.5% aware of use within 72 hours and 26.7% up to 120 hours. Misconceptions were common, including beliefs that ECPs cause infertility (28.3%) or induce abortion (33.3%). Media (37.5%) and friends/relatives (31.7%) were the main information sources. Education and media exposure were significant independent predictors of adequate awareness (AOR 4.1; 95% CI 1.6–10.5; p = 0.003 and AOR 3.5; 95% CI 1.1–11.2; p = 0.032, respectively).
Conclusion: Awareness and knowledge of ECPs remain suboptimal among women in the community. Educational initiatives and media-based interventions are crucial to dispel misconceptions and improve awareness
Estimation of Serum Ethanol in Patients with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
No full textBackground: Being a common multifactorial disease, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is poorly understood liver disease whose incidence is globally rising. Increased level of endogenous ethanol is associated with increased oxidative stress which directly leading to activation of inflammatory cascade, ultimately causes fatty liver and cirrhosis.
Objective: To evaluate the relationship of serum ethanol level with different stages of NAFLD patients and healthy individuals.
Methods: This observational study was occurred in the Department of Hepatology, BSMMU from January 2022 to August 2022. All participants who attended outpatient Department of Hepatology, BSMMU with ultrasonographic evidence of Fatty Liver, who fitted the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and gave informed written consent for liver biopsy were assigned and liver biopsy was done.
Results: This current observational study revealed that 11 patients were NASH, 29 patients were non-NASH and 40 healthy individuals. It is evident that, majority of the study participants were male (55.0%). the healthy individual group and NAFLD group of participants were significantly different in term of Total cell count (--x109/L), Neutrophil, lymphocyte, Fasting blood sugar (mmol/l), blood sugar 2 hours after breakfast (mmol/L), HbA1c (%), HDL (mg/dl), LDL (mg/dl), ALT (U/L), ALT (U/L) (p value: <0.05). among the patients with NAFLD, 27.5% were suffering from NASH, whereas, 72.5% were suffering from non-NASH NAFLD. Moreover, patients with Serum Ethanol level of ≥1.50 (mg/dl) were significantly 7.877 times at risk (95% CI: 1.49-41.383) of developing NASH, and patients with Serum triglyceride level of ≥150 mg/dl were non significantly 2.625 times at risk (95% CI: 0.400-17.224) of developing NASH.
Conclusion: Serum ethanol level was higher in NASH patients in comparison to non-NASH patients and healthy individuals. Also, significant relation comparing with NAS score and serum ethanol level was observed.