Journal of Chemical Health Risks (Islamic Azad University, Iran)
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Comparison and Evaluation of Marginal Adaptation of Interim Restorations Fabricated with Polymethylmethaacrylate Resin, Bisphenol A-Glycidçyl Methacrylate Resin and Photopolymer Resin- An In-Vitro Study
No full textAim
The aim of the study is to compare and evaluate marginal adaptation of interim restorations fabricated with polymethylmethaacrylate resin, bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate resin and photopolymer resin.
Materials and Method:
The present study included 24 samples, divided into three groups of eight each. Group 1: Interim restorations with polymethylmethacrylate resin; Group 2: restorations with bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate resin; Group 3: restorations with photopolymer resin. A putty index of an unprepared mandibular molar was obtained, and a master model was prepared to fabricate 24 interim crowns. The mandibular first molar on a typodont was prepared for an all-ceramic crown with 1.5 mm occlusal reduction and 1 mm chamfer margin. An initial impression was recorded and poured with Type IV dental stone to obtain dies for interim restorations. Group 1 interim crowns were fabricated using polymethylmethacrylate resin. Impressions were made with polyvinyl siloxane putty and poured in Type IV gypsum. The cast was scanned, and 3D printed casts were obtained. Interim crowns were designed using stereolithography (ProJet 6000, 3D Systems) with light-cure biocompatible resin (VisiJet SL Clear). Printing parameters included 50 µm layer thickness, 405 nm wavelength, and 2.40 s curing per layer. Post-printing, crowns were cleaned in 99% isopropyl alcohol, dried with compressed air, and UV-cured for 90 s. Eight interim restorations were fabricated for each group.
Results
Group 1(PMMA) had the highest mean value (53.66 ± 13.18 µm) while Group 2 (Bis-GMA) showed 44.45 ± 8.67 µm. Group 3 (3D-printed resin) showed the least discrepancy (28.93 ± 3.35 µm).
Minimal overlap in confidence intervals indicated significant differences.
Overall, Group 1 showed the greatest marginal gap. Group 3 demonstrated the best marginal fit among all groups. 3D-
printed restorations showed better adaptation than PMMA.
The SMD was 24.73 (95% CI: 12.61–36.84) in favor of 3D-printed resins. Comparison with Bis-GMA also showed significance (SMD –15.52; p < 0.05).
Conclusion : Within the limitation of the study, the following conclusions drawn were that the marginal adaptation of digitally fabricated interim crown is superior when compared to manually fabricated interim crown and the interim crowns fabricated from 3D-printed resins have better adaptation when compared to polymethylmethaacrylate resin, bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate resins. Hence, they can be used as a reliable alternative to other resin
Comprehensive Management of Impacted Teeth in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report
No full textAny disruption in the tooth eruption process can lead to various eruptive disturbances, including impaction, ectopic eruption, and delayed eruption. While these issues are more commonly observed in permanent teeth, the incidence of primary tooth impaction and eruption failure is exceptionally rare. Tooth impaction is defined as the failure of a tooth to erupt into its normal functional position, remaining unerupted in the jaw beyond its expected eruption time. In primary dentition, the most commonly impacted teeth are the second primary molars, followed by the central incisors. Impaction of the primary tooth results in displacement of the succedaneous permanent tooth and in turn disturbs the growth of the permanent dental arch, root resorption of permanent teeth, cyst formation and malocclusion. In addition to these, other clinical consequences seen with impacted primary molars are impaction of permanent successors, loss of arch length, alveolar bone defects, and occlusal disturbances. Therefore, it is highly essential for the detection and treatment of impacted primary teeth as early as possible. This report presents a clinical case of a young patient with impacted teeth (Primary second molar 75 and Permanent premolar 35), outlining their management and follow-up
Analysis of Zinc, Albumin, and Proteinuria Levels in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome: Comparison of First Attack, Remission, and Relapse Phases
No full textIntroduction: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is one of the most common kidney disorders in children, characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hypercholesterolemia. Relapses of NS are frequently associated with respiratory or digestive tract infections, particularly in children from developing countries. Zinc (Zn), a vital trace element involved in immune function, growth, and metabolism, often decreases during the active phase of NS due to proteinuria.
Objectives: This study aimed to analyze zinc, albumin, and proteinuria levels in children with NS at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital Makassar, focusing on differences between the first attack, remission, and relapse phases.
Methods: A cross-sectional observational analytical design with consecutive sampling was applied. Serum zinc levels were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and correlations between zinc, albumin, and proteinuria were statistically analyzed.
Results: The findings revealed a significant reduction in serum zinc levels during the relapse phase compared to the remission phase. There was a positive correlation between zinc and albumin levels and a negative correlation between zinc and proteinuria levels.
Conclusions: Zinc deficiency is closely associated with increased susceptibility to infection and the recurrence of NS in children. Therefore, zinc supplementation may serve as a beneficial intervention strategy in managing nephrotic syndrome
Comparative Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Nanohybrid Composite after Placement of Uncured Liners: An In-Vitro Study
No full textBackground: To evaluate the clinical performance of nanohybrid composite after placement of uncured liners.
Methodology: Forty-eight premolars were collected and sectioned at the level of 2.5 mm from the coronal cusp and 2.5 mm apically from the level of cement-enamel junction using diamond disc with water coolant. Sectioned teeth were embedded in methacrylate base and the prepared surfaces were dried and treated with Universal bonding agent and cured for 20 seconds. A plastic tube was placed on each sample and according to uncured liner material that were used consisting of 12 samples, they were randomly divided into four groups: Group A- Control group (No liner), Group B- Flowable composite (Spectra ST Flow), Group C- Giomer (Beautifil II) and Group D- Flowablecompomer (Dyract).Plastic tubes were filled with uncured lining material according to groups beneath a layer of packable composite. All the samples were then cured with LED curing unit for 20 seconds. A Universal Testing machine was employed to assess the shear bond strength at 1 mm/min of crosshead speed. Results were statistically evaluated using ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test.
Result and Observation: Group D (Flowablecompomer) showed the highest shear bond strength which was 26.10 ± 5.33 MPa followed by Group B (Flowable composite) with a shear bond strength of 17.46 ± 1.14MPa,Group C (Giomer) had a shear bond strength of 13.71 ± 2.58 MPa and Group A (No liner ) showed the least shear bond strength of 5.72 ± 1.94MPa.
Conclusion: Utilizing different uncured liners can increase the shear bond strength of nanohybrid composite
Personalized Romiplostim Therapy Through Intelligent Control Systems: Transforming Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura Treatment
No full textBackground: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) treatment with romiplostim faces significant challenges due to complex dose-response relationships, inter-patient variability, and unpredictable external disturbances affecting platelet production. Traditional control approaches often fail to handle these uncertainties effectively, resulting in suboptimal therapeutic outcomes and increased safety risks.
Objective: To develop and validate an advanced Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) framework that optimizes romiplostim dosage regimens through intelligent disturbance estimation and rejection, enabling superior therapeutic outcomes despite system uncertainties and external perturbations.
Methods: We designed a novel third-order ADRC system incorporating enhanced Extended State Observer (ESO) for total disturbance estimation, nonlinear state error feedback (NLSEF) for robust control, and adaptive parameter tuning for personalized therapy. The framework integrates real-time platelet monitoring with dynamic interval scheduling (2-14 days) based on disturbance magnitude and patient response patterns. Comprehensive validation was performed using 150 virtual patients with realistic physiological variability across 32 weeks of treatment simulation using the validated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model from Tsai et al. [31].
Results: The advanced ADRC framework achieved remarkable performance improvements: time in therapeutic range increased to 91.7±6.4% versus 68.4±12.3% for conventional treatment (+34.1% improvement), platelet count variability reduced by 67.8%, total disturbance rejection capability exceeded 85%, bleeding episodes decreased by 78.4%, and emergency interventions reduced by 84.2%. The system demonstrated exceptional robustness under ±50% parameter uncertainty and multiple external disturbances.
Conclusions: The advanced ADRC framework represents a paradigm shift in ITP management, achieving unprecedented control performance through intelligent disturbance handling and enabling truly personalized therapy with superior safety profiles
Impact of Irrigation Water Quality on Agro-Aquaculture Sustainability in the Konaseema Region of East Godavari
No full textThe present study evaluates the suitability of groundwater and surface water for irrigation in agricultural and aquaculture-dominated regions of the Konaseema area in East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. Irrigation water quality parameters such as Percent Sodium (%Na), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Magnesium Hazard (MH), Kelly’s Ratio (KR) and Permeability Index (PI) were analyzed in both pre- and post-monsoon seasons in water and soil samples. Results indicate that in agricultural zones, %Na values were within permissible limits, whereas aquaculture zones showed significantly higher %Na, with several samples exceeding Wilcox (1955) guideline values, particularly in the post-monsoon season. SAR values in both agricultural and aquaculture regions remained within permissible irrigation limits. However, RSC levels in water frequently exceeded safe limits in both land-use types, suggesting possible carbonate hazard. Magnesium Hazard exceeded threshold values in several water samples during both seasons, indicating potential adverse effects on soil structure. Kelly’s Ratio remained within permissible limits in agricultural areas but exceeded the guideline in most aquaculture water samples. The Permeability Index (PI) was generally within permissible limits in water samples but exceeded the acceptable range in soil samples during the pre-monsoon season. Overall, irrigation water near aquaculture areas shows higher salinity and alkali hazards compared to agricultural regions. The results highlight the need for careful monitoring and management strategies to prevent long-term soil degradation and maintain sustainable irrigation practices in the Konaseema region
Development of anti-Inflammatory Hydrogel Incorporating Tulsi and Indian Frankincens for Enhanced Wound Healing and Tissue Repairing
No full textThe intricate biological process of wound healing is frequently hampered by microbial invasion and excessive inflammation. The current study focusses on creating and testing a polyherbal hydrogel that contains extracts of Boswellia serrata (Indian Frankincense) and Ocimum sanctum (tulsi), both of which have well-established anti-inflammatory and medicinal qualities. Phytochemical analysis was performed on the essential oil from Boswellia serrata gum resin and the ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves that were obtained by steam distillation and Soxhlet extraction, respectively. Carbopol 940 was used as a gelling agent in the formulation of hydrogels, which were then optimised for physical properties such as appearance, pH, viscosity, homogeneity, spreadability, and drug content. The active ingredients showed a prolonged release profile in Franz diffusion cell-based in vitro release tests. The safety and therapeutic potential of the optimised formulation were validated by biological evaluations, such as protein denaturation-based anti-inflammatory assays and HET-CAM skin irritation. With no irritation or negative side effects, the produced hydrogel demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory effectiveness on par with regular diclofenac sodium. The robustness of the formulation under accelerated settings was further demonstrated by stability studies
Assessment of Apolipoprotein B, A1, And the Risk of Apo B/Apoa1 Ratio in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study from South India
No full textBackground: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is strongly associated with dyslipidemia. The apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio may provide superior metabolic risk assessment compared to conventional lipid parameters.
Aim: To assess apolipoprotein B, A1 levels and the B/A1 ratio in MASLD patients and evaluate their association with disease severity.
Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 150 MASLD patients at a tertiary care center in South India. Clinical evaluation, anthropometry, conventional lipid profile, apolipoprotein measurements, ultrasonography, and transient elastography (FibroScan) were performed. Correlation analysis, multiple regression, and ROC curve analysis were conducted.
Results: Mean age was 48.31±11.42 years with 61.3% males. Comorbidities included hypertension (88%), diabetes (84%), and dyslipidemia (81.3%). Lean MASLD comprised 23.3% of patients; 34.3% of lean patients had elevated Apo B/A1 ratio. Mean Apo B/A1 ratio was 1.14±0.34, with 60% having high cardiovascular risk (ratio >1.0). The ratio correlated strongly with controlled attenuation parameter (r=0.532, p<0.001) and liver stiffness (r=0.392, p<0.001). Notably, 10.7% had normal conventional lipids but elevated Apo B/A1 ratio. Dyslipidemia was the strongest predictor (OR 3.84, 95% CI 2.12-6.96), while normal lipids with increased ratio independently predicted MASLD risk (OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.23-5.79). ROC analysis showed AUC of 0.682 for moderate-severe steatosis and 0.714 for patients with normal lipids but metabolic risk.
Conclusion: Apo B/A1 ratio is a valuable biomarker for MASLD severity, identifying high-risk phenotypes including lean MASLD and metabolic dysfunction despite normal conventional lipids
Effect of Low and High Frequency Vibrations on Salivary IL-1β and RANKL Biomarkers in Orthodontic Patients
No full textIntroduction: Prolonged orthodontic treatment duration remains a major clinical challenge. Vibrational stimulation has been proposed as a non-invasive adjunct to accelerate tooth movement by enhancing bone remodelling through cytokine modulation. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) are key biomarkers involved in osteoclastic activity during orthodontic tooth movement. While most clinical studies have focused on low-frequency devices, emerging evidence suggests that higher-frequency vibration may induce stronger biological responses. This randomized controlled clinical trial aimed to compare the effects of low-frequency (30 Hz) and high-frequency (120 Hz) vibrations on salivary IL-1β and RANKL levels in orthodontic patients.
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of low- and high-frequency vibratory forces on salivary interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) levels in orthodontic patients undergoing fixed appliance therapy.
Methods: A parallel-arm randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on fifteen orthodontic patients (mean age 21.4 ± 2.3 years) with mild to moderate crowding. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 5 each): Group A (30 Hz vibration), Group B (120 Hz vibration), and Group C (control, no vibration). All patients were treated using 0.022-inch MBT pre-adjusted edgewise appliances. Saliva samples were collected at baseline (T0), one month (T1), and two months (T2). IL-1β and RANKL concentrations were quantified using ELISA. Data were analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05).
Results: Both vibration groups demonstrated significantly higher IL-1β levels compared with control (p < 0.05), with the 30 Hz group showing the greatest increase over time. RANKL levels increased modestly in both vibration groups, with the 120 Hz group demonstrating higher values at T2 (p < 0.05). The control group exhibited minimal biomarker changes across all time points.
Conclusions: Low- and high-frequency vibratory forces upregulated salivary IL-1β and RANKL during orthodontic treatment, with low-frequency vibration amplifying the inflammatory response and high-frequency vibration influencing RANKL more strongly. While these findings support the biological plausibility of vibration as an adjunct to accelerate tooth movement, further large-scale trials are needed to confirm clinical efficacy
Effect of Early Orthodontic Treatment on Body Weight, Dietary Habits, and Physical Activity in Young Adults
No full textBackground: Fixed orthodontic treatment improves facial esthetics, oral function, and psychosocial well-being in young adults. Beyond dental alignment, early treatment may influence body weight, dietary habits, and physical activity, as appliance-related discomfort often alters chewing patterns and food choices.
Objective: To evaluate the impact of early fixed orthodontic treatment on body weight, dietary habits, and physical activity in young adults.
Methods: A prospective study was conducted at BSMMU from October 2022 to September 2023, including 130 first-time orthodontic patients aged 18–27 years. Anthropometric measurements, dietary patterns, and physical activity levels were assessed at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months post-appliance placement. BMI changes were analyzed using paired t-tests, and associations with diet and activity were assessed with Chi-square tests (p < 0.05). Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained.
Results: Among 130 participants (mean age 21.3 ± 2.4 years; 59% female), baseline BMI and waist circumference were within normal ranges. During the first three months of treatment, soft-food consumption increased significantly (37.7% → 56.2%, p < 0.001), while hard-food intake decreased (31.5% → 20.0%, p = 0.02). Meal frequency and overall diet balance remained largely unchanged. Changes in food texture were associated with modest BMI fluctuations, whereas physical activity levels were unaffected.
Conclusion: Early fixed orthodontic treatment predominantly affects food texture preferences, resulting in moderate BMI changes, without significantly altering overall diet or physical activity. Awareness of these early modifications can help clinicians provide targeted dietary guidance to support patient health and complianc