Journal of Chemical Health Risks (Islamic Azad University, Iran)
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Prediction of Osteoporosis through Orthopantomogram: A Gender-Inclusive Study
Get PDFIntroduction: Osteoporosis, a metabolic bone disorder, is characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. Traditionally considered a condition affecting women, osteoporosis also significantly impacts men. Due to the high cost and limited availability of the gold standard diagnostic tool, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), alternative methods are necessary. This study explores the mandibular cortical index (MCI) derived from orthopantomogram (OPG) images as a non-invasive, cost-effective alternative for screening osteoporosis in both men and women.
Objectives: To investigate the role of OPG-based MCI as a predictive tool for osteoporosis, evaluating its effectiveness across genders and its potential as a screening tool in a cost-effective and inclusive manner.
Methods: A cohort of 120 participants (60 men and 60 women, aged 40 and above) was selected. OPG imaging was performed, and MCI scores were evaluated based on the inferior margin of the mandible near the mental foramen. MCI was scored as C1, C2, or C3 based on cortical bone appearance. Grouping was done based on presence of teeth as Group 1 (all teeth present) and Group 2 (more than 6 teeth missing). Descriptive (Mean & Standard deviation) and Inferential Statistical analysis was done for inter-group (Independent t-test) comparison based on gender and periodontal status.
Results: When comparison was done between Group 1 and 2, highly significant difference was observed for both males (p = 0.001**) and females (p = 0.000**). Gender-specific analysis revealed higher MCI scores in women compared to men with significant difference in both groups (p < 0.01)
Conclusions: The study highlights the potential of MCI as a reliable, non-invasive screening tool for osteoporosis in both genders. It suggests integrating MCI into routine dental care for early diagnosis and intervention, especially in resource-limited settings
Development and Characterization of Momordica dioica Extract Loaded Cubosomes for Enhanced Drug Delivery
Get PDFIntroduction: Momordica dioica (MD) has been used to treat various disorders due to its potential pharmacological properties. It contains several important phytochemicals, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, steroids, glycosides, and terpenes, which contribute to its diverse biological activities.
Objectives: This study focused on designing, developing, and evaluating a patient-friendly formulation of cubosomes loaded with Momordica dioica extract.
Methods: MD extract loaded cubosomes were developed using a high-speed homogenizer and the top-down approach, and it was then optimized using a 2-factor, 3-level factorial design. Formed MD-loaded cubosomes were evaluated for entrapment efficiency (EE), zeta potential, and particle size (PS). Optimized MD-loaded cubosomes were then adsorbed onto lactose and the Syloid XD 3150 to create a solid powder. Optimized MD-loaded cubosome powder was assessed for in vitro release and stability research.
Results: The optimized MD-loaded cubosomes indicated spherical-polyangular cube-shaped structure with mean particle size, entrapment efficiency, and zeta potential were 241.06±2.16 nm, 89.26 ± 0.021 %, and −49.4 ± 2.00 mV, respectively. The PDI value of the cubosomal dispersion was 0.12 ± 0.04. In vitro drug release of optimized MD-loaded cubosomes was 85.96 ± 0.063%. The investigation proposed the controlled sustained release of MD extract to enhance its bioavailability and extend its activity. The sachet formulation of MD extract was chemically stable at room temperature storage conditions.
Conclusions: Momordica dioica methanolic extract was successfully incorporated into cubosomal nanoparticles and overcame gastrointestinal effects from oral administration
Electrochemical Determination of Lead (II) ION Using 4-(6-Phenyl-7h-[1,2,4] Triazolo[3,4-B][1,3,4]Thiadiazin-3-Yl)Aniline Reagent
Get PDFThe electrochemical properties of the reagent 4-(6-phenyl-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazin-3-yl)aniline were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and amperometric techniques. An electrochemical method for the determination of lead(II) ions was developed and optimized. The influence of different solvents, including acetic acid, pentyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, and ethyl alcohol, on the determination of lead(II) ions was studied. It was found that the oxidation of lead(II) ions increases with higher acidity, with the highest oxidation observed in acetic acid. The half-wave potential in acetic acid was determined to be 0.3 V. Furthermore, the complex formation reaction between 4-(6-phenyl-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazin-3-yl)aniline and lead(II) was shown to occur at a rate of 4.8 per second. These findings provide insights into the electrochemical behavior of the reagent and its potential for lead(II) ion detection
The Study of Cutaneous Manifestations in Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Get PDFBackground: The clinical spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 infection appears to be wide. Cutaneous manifestations can acts as a windows for the diagnosis, severity assessment and risk stratification of COVID-19 patients.
Aims and objectives: To study cutaneous manifestations in patients with COVID-19 infection at a tertiary care hospital and to study the association of cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 with the disease severity.
Materials and methods: This was a 1 year, observational study involving 34 cases (>12 years) of RT-PCR or Rapid antigen test confirmed COVID-19 patients with cutaneous manifestations.
Results: Mean age of 43.41±17.43 years and male group was predominantly observed. Most common presentation was maculopapular rash (35.3%), followed by vesicular rash (29.4%), urticarial lesions (17.6 %), psuedochilblain (8.8%), livedoid lesion (5.9 %), and telogen effluvium (2.9 %). Vesicular lesions were divided into diffuse monomorphic (n=4, 40%) and herpes zoster (n=6, 60%). Livedoid lesion and maculopapular lesion noticed in severe category of the COVID-19 illness in terms of derangement of blood parameters, high flow oxygen, ICU admission and mortality. Urticarial group (100%) were having mild, vesicular and psuedochilblain were in all severity of the disease.
Conclusion: The severity of the associated disease followed a gradient, from less severe disease in urticaria, and pseudo-chilblain to most severe in patients with livedoid, maculopapular lesions, and vesicular lesions and heralding a bad prognosis with high mortality.  
A Study to Find the Effect of Physical Activity Level on Quality of Life in Different Stages of Cancer
Get PDFPurpose: In our recent study, we explored the relationship between physical activity and quality of life across various stages of cancer.
Subjects and Methods: This observational study involved 100 participants, selected according to specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants were categorized into tumor, lymph node, and metastasis stages. They were required to complete the EORTC QLQ-C30 and the Godin Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire.
Results: The evaluation of both questionnaires showed a decline in components corresponding to the different cancer stages. The six components and five symptomatic scales of the EORTC QLQ-C30 demonstrated a significant difference (p-value < .00) across various cancer stages. Similarly, the Godin Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire indicated a significant reduction in physical activity (p-value < .000).
Conclusion: The study reveals how physical activity and quality of life decline at different stages of cancer, emphasizing the need for an active lifestyle throughout the cancer journe
Viscosupplementation Versus Corticosteroid Injection in Lumbar Facet Arthropathy: A Retrospective Comparative Study
Get PDFBackground: Lumbar facet joint arthropathy is a common cause of low back pain, often treated with either corticosteroid injections or hyaluronic acid (HA) viscosupplementation. While both treatments are used in clinical practice, their comparative efficacy in managing facetogenic pain remains unclear.
Objective: To compare the efficacy of injected Hyaluronic acid versus Corticosteroids in the treatment of clinico-radiologically diagnosed lumbar facetogenic pain.
Methods: This was a single centre, hospital based retrospective study conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics, R L Jalappa Hospital & Research Center, associated with the Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, Karnataka between February 2023 and January 2024.
Results: This study included 36 participants in both the HA and Triamcinolone (TA) groups, with similar (P > 0.05) baseline characteristics such as age, gender, height, and weight. Regarding the severity of osteoarthritis, assessed using the Kellgren scale, no statistically significant differences were found across lumbar levels (P > 0.05). However, significant severity differences were noted, with lower lumbar levels exhibiting higher severity (P < 0.001). At baseline, pain scores were comparable between the HA and TA groups (P = 0.758). At 1 month, the TA group showed significantly lower pain scores compared to the HA group (P < 0.001). At 3 months, pain scores were similar between the groups (P = 0.792), but at 6 months, the TA group again had significantly lower pain scores (P = 0.001). Both groups showed significant improvement in pain scores over time (P < 0.001). For functional status, measured by the Roland Morris Questionnaire (RMQ), baseline scores were similar (P = 0.848). At 1 month, the TA group had significantly better functional improvement (P = 0.025), but by 3 months, the HA group showed better improvement (P = 0.039). By 6 months, the HA group maintained better functional outcomes compared to the TA group (P < 0.001), with significant overall improvements in both groups (P < 0.001).
Conclusion: While TA provided rapid and significant short-term pain relief and functional improvement, HA demonstrated a sustained effect on functional outcomes over six months
Functional Outcomes of Cannulated Cancellous Screws with Tension Band Wiring in Transverse Patella Fractures: A Prospective Study
Get PDFBackground: Transverse patella fractures pose a significant challenge in orthopedic surgery due to their impact on knee function. The combination of cannulated cancellous screws (CCS) and tension band wiring (TBW) is a commonly used fixation technique. However, there is a need for further evaluation of its functional outcomes in specific patient populations.
Methods-This prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Chengalpattu, involving 30 patients with transverse patella fractures treated using CCS with TBW. Patients were followed for six months postoperatively. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, and range of motion (ROM) measurements.
Results-Significant improvements were observed in KOOS scores postoperatively, with 85% of patients achieving near-normal knee function by six months. The mean VAS pain scores decreased from 7.8 preoperatively to 1.9 at six months. Radiographic assessments confirmed fracture healing in 90% of patients by three months. Complications such as hardware irritation (10%) and mild stiffness (6.6%) were noted but managed conservatively.
Conclusion-The CCS with TBW technique provides stable fixation, allows early mobilization, and leads to favorable functional outcomes in transverse patella fractures. Further multicenter studies with larger cohorts are recommended to validate these findings. 
Macular Toxicity after Long-Term Hydroxychloroquine Therapy- A Case Series
Get PDFHydroxychloroquine is widely prescribed across multiple medical specialties for the long-term management of autoimmune conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.1 Although considered safer than chloroquine, prolonged use of hydroxychloroquine carries the risk of irreversible macular toxicity, which can lead to permanent vision impairment.2,3 Several factors may elevate the risk of developing retinal toxicity from hydroxychloroquine use. These include taking more than 6.5 mg/kg per day, being obese, using the medication for over five years, having compromised kidney or liver function, being older than 60, or having an existing retinal condition.
Literature Review on Pal Podi (Tooth Powder) for Pal Noigal (Dental Diseases)-Siddha System of Medicine
Get PDFThe Siddha system of medicine, one of the oldest traditional medical systems in Southern Asia, offers a holistic approach to health by emphasizing the balance of the physical and subtle bodies through various therapeutic practices. In India, dental diseases are highly prevalent, with over 95% of adults affected by dental caries. Pal podi (tooth powder) is one of the external medicines for dental diseases that is traditionally used. There are a lot of tooth powder formulations in Siddha literature, so this review was done to gather different tooth powder formulations. Literature collection was done from the library of the National Institute of Siddha. The review highlights the preparation methods, ingredients, and applications of these formulations, with a focus on dental conditions. These compiled formulations represent a valuable resource for clinical practice, academia, and future research