Journal of Chemical Health Risks (Islamic Azad University, Iran)
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Comparative Evaluation of Sputum GeneXpert, Smear Microscopy, and Culture in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
No full textBackground: Early and accurate diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is critical for timely treatment and reduction of transmission. Conventional smear microscopy, though widely available, has limited sensitivity, whereas culture is time-consuming. The GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay, a rapid molecular diagnostic tool, has emerged as a promising alternative for simultaneous detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance.
Aim: To compare the diagnostic efficacy of sputum GeneXpert, smear microscopy, and culture in detecting pulmonary tuberculosis among suspected patients.
Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 160 patients with clinical suspicion of PTB at a tertiary care hospital. Two sputum samples per patient were processed for Ziehl-Neelsen smear microscopy, GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay, and Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) culture. Culture served as the reference standard. Diagnostic accuracy indices-sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV)-were computed with 95% confidence intervals. Concordance and rifampicin resistance detection were also analyzed.
Results: Of 160 samples, 94 (58.8%) were culture-positive. GeneXpert showed sensitivity 93.6% and specificity 90.9%, compared to smear microscopy (71.3% and 93.9%, respectively). The overall diagnostic agreement with culture was 92.5% for GeneXpert (κ = 0.85) and 80.6% for smear microscopy. Among culture-positive cases, rifampicin resistance was detected in 11.6% by culture-DST and 12.6% by GeneXpert, with near-perfect concordance (sensitivity 90.9%, specificity 98.8%, p = 1.000).
Conclusion: GeneXpert MTB/RIF demonstrated superior sensitivity and diagnostic concordance with culture while rapidly identifying rifampicin resistance. It offers a robust, rapid, and accurate diagnostic option for PTB, supporting its role as a frontline test in TB diagnostic algorithms
An Integrative Model for Ayurveda-Based Drug Discovery and Development: Linking Traditional Knowledge with Molecular Validation
No full textDrug discovery and development (DDD) represent a complex and multidisciplinary process involving the identification, optimization and clinical validation of bioactive compounds for safe and effective therapeutic use. Ayurveda, with its millennia-old pharmacopeia and holistic framework, provides a unique foundation for modern drug discovery through its systematic classification of Dravyas (substances), Gunas (properties), Karmas (actions), and Prayoga (therapeutic application).
This conceptual research article explores an integrative framework that maps classical Ayurvedic principles of Naveen Dravya Nirmana (novel formulation development) which is parallel to addition or deletion of dravyas in formulation described in Sharangadhara Samhita1 with contemporary stages of drug discovery -Target identification, Target validation, lead Identification, Lead optimization, preclinical and clinical evaluation, and regulatory validation.
Drawing from Samhitas, Nighantus, and Rasashastra treatises, the study establishes theoretical correlations between Dosha–Dhatu–Srotas interactions and modern molecular targets like genes, receptors and enzymes. Modern analytical and computational tools such as network pharmacology, molecular docking, and omics technologies are integrated within this framework.
The model emphasizes the translational potential of Ayurveda-based drug discovery through reverse pharmacology - beginning with empirical clinical evidence and moving toward experimental validation. Finally, the paper underscores the necessity of standardization, safety profiling, intellectual property rights, and global regulatory compliance to promote evidence-based Ayurvedic drug development
Ecotoxicological Assessment of Synthetic Fragrance Compounds as Endocrine Disruptors in Freshwater and Marine Vertebrates: An overview
No full textSynthetic fragrance compounds, widely employed in household and personal care products, have become persistent pollutants in aquatic ecosystems due to insufficient removal during wastewater treatment processes. This review highlights their capacity as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on aquatic animals. Principal scent compounds, such as galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), and musk ketone, were identified in wastewater effluents and surface waters at quantities varying from nanograms (ng/L) to micrograms (µg/L). This paper elucidates the mechanisms of hormonal interference in fish and amphibians, focusing on estrogenic, androgenic, and thyroidal pathways, through a synthesis of literature, experimental design, and in silico toxicity modeling. The findings suggest that extended, low-level exposure to these chemicals can alter reproductive behavior, gonadal development, and endocrine gene expression. Combining analytical chemistry, molecular assays, and ecological modeling is crucial for evaluating the cumulative danger of fragrance-derived endocrine-disrupting chemicals and formulating mitigation methods for sustainable aquatic ecosystem health
Perineural Invasion as a Prognostic Marker in Oral and Oropharyngeal Carcinoma — A Review
No full textPerineural invasion (PNI) is a well-recognised pathological phenomenon in which malignant cells infiltrate, surround, or track along nerve sheaths. It represents an alternative route for tumour spread in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas and is increasingly identified as a marker of aggressive tumour biology. The presence of PNI is associated with increased local recurrence, nodal metastasis, and reduced disease-free and overall survival. Mechanistic studies reveal a dynamic and reciprocal interaction between tumour cells and neural elements mediated by neurotrophic factors, chemokines, and matrix-remodelling enzymes that facilitate tumour migration along perineural pathways. Despite strong evidence of its adverse prognostic impact, inconsistencies in histopathological definitions and variations in reporting practices have hindered its uniform application in staging and treatment planning. Contemporary research supports incorporating PNI into multidisciplinary decision-making, particularly for adjuvant therapy considerations. This review synthesises current evidence regarding the epidemiology, biological mechanisms, diagnostic standards, prognostic significance, and clinical management implications of PNI in oral and oropharyngeal carcinomas. It also highlights the need for standardised pathological criteria and prospective validation to establish PNI as a reliable and independent prognostic marker, ultimately aiding in precise risk stratification and improved patient outcomes
Antidiabetic Activity of Acmella Oleracea Extracts Using In vitro And in Vivo Models
No full textDiabetes mellitus is one of the common metabolic disorders with micro-and macrovascular complications that results in significant morbidity and mortality. It is considered as one of the five leading causes of death in the world. In modern medicine no satisfactory effective therapy is still available to cure diabetes mellitus. There is increasing demand by patients to use natural products with antidiabetic activity due to side effects associated with the use of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents. This present study evaluated the antidiabetic potential of the Acmella oleracea leaves extract. The antidiabetic potential was evaluated using STZ-induced diabetic rat model (in vivo) and inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity (in vitro). The ethanol extract of Acmella oleracea leaves exhibited a significantly (p<0.05) higher percentage reduction in fasting blood glucose and a concomitant increase in serum insulin level relative to the diabetic control group. The methanol extract also significantly reversed the alterations in oxidative stress markers occasioned by the diabetic condition. In conclusion, the result of the present study has demonstrated evidently that extracts of Acmella oleracea leaves ameliorates hyperglycemia and the associated oxidative stress in STZ-induced rats.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/jchr.v15.i6.1078
An Ayurveda Management of Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis -A Case Study
No full textSuperior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis is the inflammation of superior part of bulbar conjunctiva with the involvement of the superior sclerocornial junction ( limbus ),which is also associated with the involvement of epethilial layer of the cornea and upper tarsal conjunctiva resulting in papillary hypertrophy.. The SLK symptoms are foreign body sensation, burning and photophobia.Cause for SLK is unknown. Most common theories suggest that it is related to loosening of superior bulbar conjunctiva.Which leads to friction and inflammation between the eyelid and eyeball. However, the other theories suggest that pervious infections, immunologic conditions and allergic status of the health also influence the case of SLK. For Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis vatapradhanaPittakaphanubandhi Chikitsa which includes Bahya and AbhyantaraDoshavasechana are very effective in the management.The Combined regimen of Kayashodhana,NetraSeka,Aschottana,MukkadiPurampada, and internal administratitions of Pittakaphaharadrvyas helps to treat the conditions of Netra Amavastha
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/jchr.v15.i6.1083
Biodegradation of Orthodontic Appliances: An Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Assessment
No full textBackground: Orthodontic appliances are routinely exposed to the oral environment for extended periods, raising concerns about metal ion release and potential systemic effects.
Objectives: This in vitro study aimed to compare the degradation of nickel and chromium from standard orthodontic appliances containing either stainless steel or nickel-titanium archwires in artificial saliva, and to assess whether released metal concentrations remain within biological limits.
Materials and Methods: Ten identical sets of orthodontic appliances simulating complete maxillary fixed appliances were used. Five sets were ligated with 0.016 × 0.016-inch stainless steel archwires and five with nickel-titanium archwires of identical dimensions. Each appliance was immersed in 100ml of artificial saliva (pH 6.75) and maintained at 37°C for 28 days. Metal ion release was measured at days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Results: Nickel release peaked on day 7 for both archwire types (0.358 ± 0.013 ppm for stainless steel; 0.372 ± 0.013 ppm for nickel-titanium), while chromium release peaked on day 14 (0.156 ± 0.013 ppm for stainless steel; 0.152 ± 0.008 ppm for nickel-titanium). Total nickel release over 28 days was 1.266 ppm for stainless steel and 1.326 ppm for nickel-titanium appliances. Total chromium release was 0.526 ppm for stainless steel and 0.536 ppm for nickel-titanium. No statistically significant differences were observed between archwire types (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: Both stainless steel and nickel-titanium orthodontic appliances release nickel and chromium ions in artificial saliva, with release patterns showing temporal variation. The amounts released remain within established biological safety limits, though individual patient susceptibility should be considered
Nutritional Assessment and Vitamin D Deficiency among adolescent Students in Almarj, Libya
No full textBackground: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide public health issue. Adolescents are most at risk of vitamin D deficiency due to lifestyle habits, growth phases, and dietary considerations. The purpose of this research was to document the most prevalent nutritional and hematological concerns in Almarj, Libya, specifically the vitamin D deficiency pattern and potential determinants.
Methods: A total of 140, 12–18-year-old students in Almarj, participated in the cross-sectional study. The standard biochemical measurements for vitamin D, hemoglobin, and ferritin were performed and documented. BMI was estimated from anthropometric data collected during measurements, and lifestyle, chronic illness, and physical activity data were collected through tailored questionnaires. Data were analyzed statistically using a significance level of 0.05, in SPSS v25.
Results: The average level of vitamin D in the sample was 21.65 ± 7.54 ng/mL, and the average for males was statistically greater than females (24.26 ± 6.98 vs. 19.47 ± 7.57 ng/mL; p = 0.03). The average hemoglobin level of the total sample was 11.86 ± 1.86 g/dL, this was statistically lower in males (p = 0.02). Ferritin concentrations were significantly lower in females (p = 0.12). The BMI distribution data showed that a greater prevalence of females were overweight and obese (p < 0.001). Anemia that correlated with the perceived health of the subject and physical inactivity was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Anemic students reported headaches (52.9%), fatigue (55.7%), and tachycardia (44.3%).
Conclusion: Among adolescents, the documented vitamin D deficiency and anemia in Almarj is particularly concerning for females.Preventing long-term complications requires the use of public health measures centered on dietary diversity, supplementation, and increased exposure to the sun
An In-Vitro Evaluation of Nano-Scaled Changing Surfaces Topographies of the Three Commercially Available Rotary File Systems in Biomechanical Preparation of Maxillary Premolars: An Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Original Research Study
No full textAim: This study aims to evaluate the nano-scaled changing surface topographies of the three commercially available rotary file systems in the biomechanical preparation of maxillary premolars by atomic force microscopy
Materials and Methods: This investigation studied 90 maxillary first premolars, selected for being free from caries and cracks, and stored in saline. After extracting the teeth for periodontal reasons, root surfaces were encapsulated in acrylic resin, and access cavities were standardized. The working length was confirmed with a No. 15 K-file. For the biomechanical preparation Three rotary file systems divided into three groups, group 1 ProTaper Gold, group 2 Wave One Gold (WOG)and group 3 Edge One Fire (EOF) were used for biomechanical preparation. These three Rotary files were analysed with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to evaluate surface topographies and roughness by three parameters: Average Roughness (Ra), Root Mean Square Roughness (Rq) and Maximum Peak Height (Rp).
Statistical Analysis and Results: This study examined 90 maxillary first premolars, categorizing them into three groups based on the rotary file systems used for biomechanical preparation. Each tooth had an access cavity created and was instrumented accordingly. Group 1, with 30 teeth shaped using ProTaper Gold files, showed surface roughness measurements of Ra 160 ± 10, Rq 170 ± 13, and Rp 310 ± 20. Group 2, using Wave One Gold files, had Ra 220 ± 10, Rq 240 ± 15, and Rp 350 ± 20. Group 3, prepared with Edge One Fire files, recorded Ra 150 ± 10, Rq 140 ± 12, and Rp 300 ± 14. The Pearson Chi-Square test assessed statistical significance, with a summary table comparing the effectiveness of the rotary file systems on surface roughness through one-way ANOVA, offering insights for endodontic practices.
Conclusion: This study concluded that WaveOne Gold files have greater surface roughness compared to ProTaper Gold and Edge One Fire (EOF) Endo files, which could impact cleaning and shaping effectiveness. Additionally, the surface characteristics of these files deteriorate with clinical use, leading to increased roughness due to wear and tear. These results highlight the need for further research to better understand the performance of rotary files, which is essential for improving patient outcomes in endodontics
Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Care: Shifting Paradigms and Emerging Therapies
No full textIntroduction: Osteoporosis, a chronic condition predominantly affecting postmenopausal women, significantly impairs quality of life. While conventional treatments prevail, emerging alternative therapies offer promising solutions for enhanced bone health.
Methodology: This review synthesizes evidence from multiple databases, encompassing traditional therapies (bisphosphonates, calcium, and vitamin D supplementation) and innovative approaches (vibration therapy and bone-building devices like Osteoboost).
Results: Findings confirm the efficacy of traditional treatments in maintaining bone density and reducing fracture risk. Notably, novel therapies demonstrate potential for bone regeneration without medication.
Conclusion: Traditional therapies remain essential, while alternative approaches like vibration therapy offer innovative options for osteoporosis management. Further research is warranted to optimize these therapies and improve patient outcomes.
Abbreviations: BMD = bone mineral density, BPs = bisphosphonates, FDA = Food and Drug Administration, HRT = Hormone Replacement Therapy, PTH = parathyroid hormone, RANKL = receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-alpha, WHO = World Health Organization