Journal of Chemical Health Risks (Islamic Azad University, Iran)
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Comparison of the Effects of N-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Fenofibrate on Markers of Inflammation and Vascular Function and on the Serum Lipoprotein Profile in Overweight and Obese Subjects
Get PDFBackground and aims: To compare the effects of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA), with those of fenofibrate, on markers of inflammation and vascular function, and on the serum lipoprotein profile in overweight and obese subjects.
Methods and results: Twenty overweight and obese subjects participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial and received 3.7 g/d n-3 fatty acids (providing 1.7 g/d EPA and 1.2 g/d DHA), 200 mg fenofibrate or placebo treatment for 6 weeks separated by a 2 weeks wash-out period. Fish oil and fenofibrate treatment reduced triglyceride (_0.61 _ 0.81 mmol/L, P < 0.001, and _0.34 _ 0.85 mmol/L, P Z 0.048, respectively) and increased HDL cholesterol concentrations (0.13 _ 0.21 mmol/L, P Z 0.013, and 0.10 _ 0.18 mmol/L, P Z 0.076), as reflected by a decrease of large very VLDL particles and increases of large HDL particles and medium size HDL particles. Fish oil increased serum LDL cholesterol concentrations (0.34 _ 0.59 mmol/L, PZ 0.013). Fenofibrate reduced concentrations of soluble endothelial selectin (sE-selectin) (_4.1 _ 7.5 ng/mL, P Z 0.032), but increased those of macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) (28 _ 55 ng/mL, P Z 0.034). Fish oil had no effects on these markers.
Conclusion: Although n-3 LCPUFA and fenofibrate can both activate PPARa, they have differential effects on cardiovascular risk markers. In overweight and obese subjects fenofibrate (200 mg/d) or n-3 LCPUFA (3.7 g/d) treatment for 6 weeks did not improve markers for low-grade systemic inflammation, while fenofibrate had more profound effects on plasma lipids and markers for vascular activity compared to fish oil
Investigation on Synthesis and Etymology of Antifungal Action of Triazole Compounds by Coupling of Pyrimidine with Hydrazine Carbothioamide
Get PDFSequences of triazole-included pyrimidine compounds were synthesized via a multi-step process under mild and convenient conditions, affording reasonable to high yields. The structures of the synthesized selected compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis, GC-MS, 1H and 13C NMR, FT-IR, and CHN analysis. Further, biological assessment revealed that most of the compounds unveiled prominent antifungal activity, with compounds 3a and 3g demonstrating the most promising inhibition, comparable to the standard drug Amphotericin-B. This kind of biological active antifungal action of triazole compounds have wide potential applications in medical environment
Biocompatibility Analysis of Embelia ribes–Loaded Hydrogel Using Cell Viability and Hemocompatibility Assays: An In Vitro Study
Get PDFIntroduction: Embelia ribes Burm. F, also known as false black pepper, is used for an array of medicinal applications. Cell viability assays are essential for evaluating the biocompatibility of novel biomaterials intended for biomedical applications. A hydrogel was formulated incorporating Embelia ribes silver nanoparticles and hyaluronic acid, with hydroxy methylcellulose serving as a carrier.
Objectives: To assess the in vitro cytocompatibility of indigenously developed Embelia ribes-based hydrogel formulations, with and without silver nanoparticles, using cell viability and Hemocompatibility test on fibroblast cells to determine their potential suitability for biomedical and endodontic applications.
Methods Hydrogel Formulation primarily comprises seed formulation of Embelia ribes mediated silver nanoparticles (3%), Hyaluronic acid(3%), hydroxethyl cellulose (3%)in the ratio of 1:1:1. The hydrogel was then subjected to the above-mentioned biocompatibility tests.
Results: MTT and Live/Dead assays demonstrated that both E. ribes extract and E. ribes-AgNP hydrogels were highly biocompatible, maintaining fibroblast viability above 75% even at 300 µg/mL. Haemolysis analysis showed minimal red blood cell damage (<3%), indicating strong hemocompatibility. Notably, the E. ribes-AgNP hydrogel exhibited slightly enhanced cytocompatibility compared to the extract alone.
Conclusions: Excellent biocompatibility and hemocompatibility were proven by the E. ribes-AgNP hydrogel, which makes it a viable option for upcoming biomedical applications
Morphological Analysis of Palmaris Longus Muscle: A Cadaveric Study
Get PDFIntroduction: The palmaris longus (PL) muscle is one of the most variable muscles in the human body and has been the focus of anatomical, clinical, and surgical interest for over a century. Situated in the superficial flexor compartment of the forearm, it arises from the medial epicondyle of the humerus via the common flexor origin and usually inserts into the palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum.
Aims: The primary aim of this study is to perform a detailed morphological analysis of the Palmaris longus muscle through cadaveric dissection, generating anatomical data specific to the regional population and enriching global knowledge of this variable muscle. The study seeks to determine the prevalence of absence, duplication, and other variations, while characterizing differences in origin, insertion, belly features, and tendon formation. Morphometric parameters such as length, width, and thickness of both muscle belly and tendon will be quantitatively evaluated. Additionally, right–left comparisons will assess bilateral symmetry and asymmetries. Finally, the findings will be correlated with clinical relevance, particularly for surgical procedures and grafting applications.
Materials and methods: This study is an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional investigation conducted over one year, from May 2024 to April 2025, allowing sufficient time for specimen collection, detailed examination, and comprehensive data analysis. A total of 50 upper limb specimens—25 right-sided and 25 left-sided—will be examined, sourced from embalmed cadavers routinely used in undergraduate dissection. The sample size was determined based on prior studies and practical considerations of specimen availability and study feasibility.
Result: The morphometric analysis of the palmaris longus muscle revealed no significant differences among normal, fleshy, and reversed variants for belly length (p = 0.67) and thickness (p = 0.18), though the fleshy type showed a trend toward greater belly width (1.52 ± 0.31 cm) compared to normal (1.28 ± 0.25 cm) and reversed (1.34 ± 0.18 cm), with post-hoc analysis approaching significance (p = 0.06). Tendon width was significantly higher in the fleshy variant (0.81 ± 0.33 cm) than in the normal type (0.35 ± 0.12 cm, p = 0.03), while tendon length and thickness did not differ. Regression analysis indicated a positive association between belly length and the outcome (β = 0.29, p = 0.03), whereas width and thickness were non-significant. Clinically, normal and reversed types were graded Grade A, whereas the fleshy type received Grade A+ due to suitability for complex reconstructive procedures. Complete absence occurred in 6% of cases, reversed morphology in 6.4%, and unexpected variants in 14.9%, with all adequately addressed by preoperative assessment. Bilateral comparison revealed no significant differences in any morphometric parameter, indicating general symmetry between right and left sides. Overall, the fleshy variant exhibited relatively larger belly and tendon widths, while other parameters remained consistent across variants and sides.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the palmaris longus muscle demonstrates notable morphological variability, with the fleshy variant exhibiting relatively larger belly and tendon widths compared to normal and reversed types, while other morphometric parameters remain largely consistent. Bilateral comparison showed no significant asymmetry, suggesting general right–left symmetry. The normal and reversed types are suitable for standard reconstructive procedures, whereas the fleshy type may offer advantages in more complex surgical applications. Variations such as absence, reversed configuration, and unexpected morphology were infrequent and can be effectively managed through thorough preoperative assessment and careful intraoperative evaluation. These findings provide valuable anatomical and morphometric data, aiding surgical planning and graft selection in clinical practice
Pharmacological Inhibition and Plasmid Curing as Dual Trajectories for Reversal of New Delhi Metallo β Lactamase: A Systematic Review of Experimental and Translational Strategies
Get PDFAntimicrobial resistance driven by New Delhi metallo β lactamase represents a formidable global health crisis, eroding the efficacy of carbapenems and threatening the treatment of severe Gram negative infections. This systematic review synthesises ten pivotal investigations published between 2010 and 2025 that collectively address two principal reversal strategies: pharmacological inhibition of NDM enzymes and genetic destabilisation of bla_NDM plasmids. Literature retrieval across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and ScienceDirect yielded 832 records, of which 10 met the inclusion criteria after rigorous screening.
Pharmacological interventions were dominated by rationally designed scaffolds such as thiosemicarbazones and dipyridyl derivatives, which demonstrated nanomolar to submicromolar inhibition with restoration of carbapenem activity in resistant isolates. Repurposing of FDA approved molecules, including dexrazoxane, provided immediate translational value and yielded survival benefits in murine sepsis models, although potency remained modest compared with novel ligands. Natural products and peptide based inhibitors expanded the mechanistic spectrum by introducing allosteric and non zinc dependent modalities, underscoring chemical diversity in inhibitory design.
Plasmid focused studies revealed the genetic complexity of bla_NDM carriage, highlighting addiction systems, conjugation modules, and incompatibility backbones that complicate curing strategies. Nonetheless, genomic insights and proof of concept approaches suggest that CRISPR based nucleases or engineered incompatibility plasmids may provide future solutions for permanent elimination.
The evidence collectively indicates that pharmacological adjuvants and plasmid curing approaches are conceptually complementary. A combined trajectory, integrating immediate translational candidates with long term genetic extirpation, offers the most coherent pathway toward reversing the clinical impact of NDM mediated resistance
Development and Validation of UV Spectrophotometric and HPLC methods for the Concurrent determination of Tramadol and Etoricoxib
Get PDFThis study\u27s goal is to outline the creation of an analytical technique for concurrently estimating two medications, Tramadol HCL and Etoricoxib, in a combination formulation shows better analgesic effect than individual drug. As such, there is no analytical method available for Qualitative and Quantitative determination of particular drugs in both combinations. Different analytical techniques can be applied for multicomponent analysis including: spectrophotometer, chromatography and electrophoresis. The proposed approach, the analytical methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis for combination of Tramadol and Etoricoxib have been using employing a UV spectrophotometer and RP-HPLC. Absorption The subtraction technique employed in simultaneous determination utilising a UV Spectrophotometer. In high performance liquid chromatography, separation carried out using a Phenomenex C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile (65:35 v/v) and phosphate buffer (20 mM) at a flow rate of 1.02 ml/min. The parameters validated in accordance with ICH requirements, and it discovered that they had acceptable levels of accuracy, precision, repeatability, and robustness. Because of this, the procedure is quick and exact, and it may be used to identify both medications at the same. The objective of validation of analytical procedures is to demonstrate that it is suitable for its intended purpose
Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Antiplatelet vs. Anticoagulant Therapy
Get PDFBackground: Ischemic stroke accounts for ~85% of all strokes and carries a high risk of recurrence despite secondary prevention. While antiplatelet agents are standard for non-cardioembolic stroke and anticoagulants are established in atrial fibrillation (AF), the optimal therapy for embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) and other subtypes remains uncertain.
Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA 2020 compliant) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing oral anticoagulation (warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants [DOACs]) with antiplatelet therapy in adults with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Primary outcomes were recurrent ischemic stroke and major bleeding. Risk ratios (RRs) were pooled using a random-effects model.
Results: Four RCTs (WARSS, WASID, NAVIGATE ESUS, RE-SPECT ESUS) involving 15,378 participants were included. Anticoagulation did not significantly reduce recurrent ischemic stroke compared with antiplatelet therapy (RR 1.02; 95% CI, 0.91–1.14; I² = 0%). However, anticoagulation was associated with a significantly increased risk of major bleeding (RR 1.62; 95% CI, 1.21–2.16; I² = 22%). Subgroup analyses showed consistent results across ESUS and non-cardioembolic populations.
Conclusions: In patients without AF, anticoagulant therapy offers no added benefit over antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention of ischemic stroke and confers a higher bleeding risk. Antiplatelets should remain the mainstay of therapy for non-cardioembolic and ESUS populations, whereas anticoagulation should be reserved for patients with confirmed cardioembolic mechanisms. Future trials should focus on identifying subgroups (e.g., atrial cardiopathy, covert AF) that may benefit from anticoagulation
Diagnostic Accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF and Line Probe Assays for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Get PDFBackground: Rapid and accurate detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is essential to guide effective therapy and prevent transmission. Molecular assays such as Xpert MTB/RIF and Line Probe Assays (LPAs) are widely implemented for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and mutations associated with rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) resistance. Despite their widespread use, variations in diagnostic performance across settings warrant a comprehensive synthesis of global evidence.
Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to PRISMA-DTA guidelines. Electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) were searched from inception to March 2024. Studies evaluating Xpert MTB/RIF or LPAs against a reference standard (phenotypic drug susceptibility testing or gene sequencing) were included. Two reviewers independently assessed study quality using QUADAS-2 and extracted data to construct 2×2 tables. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) were calculated using a bivariate random-effects model, and HSROC curves were generated to summarize diagnostic performance.
Results: Seventy-four studies encompassing 39,184 clinical specimens were included. For Xpert MTB/RIF, the pooled sensitivity and specificity for RIF resistance detection were 93.1% (95% CI: 90.4–95.1) and 98.0% (95% CI: 96.2–98.9), respectively (AUC = 0.989). For LPAs, pooled sensitivity and specificity for RIF resistance were 89.7% (95% CI: 86.2–92.5) and 97.8% (95% CI: 95.6–98.9), while for INH resistance they were 88.9% (95% CI: 85.3–91.8) and 97.1% (95% CI: 94.8–98.5) (AUC = 0.982). Both assays exhibited excellent specificity and high diagnostic accuracy, with minimal publication bias.
Conclusion: Both Xpert MTB/RIF and LPAs demonstrate excellent diagnostic accuracy for detecting drug-resistant tuberculosis. Xpert provides rapid, near-patient detection of rifampicin resistance, while LPAs offer broader profiling by simultaneously identifying isoniazid resistance. Integrating both assays within national diagnostic algorithms can enhance early detection, optimize treatment initiation, and strengthen global DR-TB control efforts
Clinico-Pathological Study of Benign Breast Disease with Special Reference to Fibroadenoma of the Breast
Get PDFBackground: Benign breast disease (BBD) is one of the most common conditions affecting women, with fibroadenoma being the most frequent lesion, particularly in young females. Despite its benign nature, fibroadenoma often poses diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. This study evaluates the clinical spectrum of benign breast diseases, with special reference to fibroadenoma, including age distribution, presentation, diagnostic accuracy of FNAC, and clinico-histopathological correlation.
Methods: A prospective study was conducted from April 2004 to April 2006 on 50 patients aged 16–40 years presenting with benign breast disease at the Department of General Surgery, Mysore Medical College, K.R. Hospital. Detailed clinical history, examination, and investigations including FNAC were performed. Patients undergoing surgery were subjected to histopathological examination. Clinical, cytological, and histological correlations were analyzed.
Results: Of 50 cases, fibroadenoma was the most common lesion (60%), followed by fibroadenosis (16%). The majority of patients were between 11–30 years of age. The most frequent presentation was a palpable breast lump (82%), with the upper outer quadrant being the most common site. FNAC had a diagnostic sensitivity of 95%. Clinico-histological correlation showed 60% sensitivity, while cyto-histological correlation showed 85% sensitivity.
Conclusion: Benign breast diseases are frequent among young women, with fibroadenoma being the predominant lesion. FNAC is highly reliable for diagnosis, and conservative management can be offered in select cases. Accurate diagnosis and tailored management prevent unnecessary surgical interventions while ensuring patient safety
Comparative Diagnostic Performance of Xpert MTB/RIF and Line Probe Assays in the Detection of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Get PDFBackground: The global emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) poses a serious challenge to TB elimination efforts. Early detection of resistance to first- and second-line drugs is essential for effective treatment and control. Molecular diagnostic tools such as Xpert MTB/RIF and Line Probe Assays (LPAs) have revolutionized TB diagnostics by enabling rapid identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and associated resistance-conferring mutations. However, variations in diagnostic performance across different populations and settings warrant a comprehensive comparative evaluation.
Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) were searched up to September 2025. Studies evaluating Xpert MTB/RIF and/or LPAs (GenoType MTBDRplus or MTBDRsl) against culture-based drug susceptibility testing were included. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve were estimated using random-effects models. Study quality was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool, and heterogeneity was explored through subgroup and sensitivity analyses.
Results: Forty-seven studies involving 28,560 clinical specimens met the inclusion criteria. The pooled sensitivity and specificity for detecting rifampicin resistance were 94.1% (95% CI: 91.8–96.0) and 97.3% (95% CI: 95.8–98.4) for Xpert MTB/RIF, respectively. LPAs demonstrated slightly higher accuracy, with pooled sensitivity 96.7% (95% CI: 94.5–98.0) and specificity 98.2% (95% CI: 96.9–99.1). The diagnostic odds ratio was 472.6 for Xpert and 521.3 for LPAs, with AUC values of 0.98 and 0.99, respectively. Moderate heterogeneity (I² = 43–54%) was observed, mainly due to variations in sample type and study design. Both assays performed better in pulmonary than extrapulmonary samples.
Conclusion: Both Xpert MTB/RIF and LPAs exhibit excellent diagnostic accuracy for detecting drug-resistant tuberculosis. LPAs demonstrate marginally superior analytical performance, while Xpert MTB/RIF offers operational advantages for rapid, decentralized testing. A tiered diagnostic algorithm employing both assays can optimize early detection, improve treatment outcomes, and strengthen global efforts to control drug-resistant TB