Journal of Chemical Health Risks (Islamic Azad University, Iran)
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Spectroscopic Analysis of Zno Nanocomposite from Green Leaf Extract of Hibiscus Rosa Silensis and Its Biopotentials
No full textIntroduction: Zinc oxide (Zno) Nanoparticles have gained significant attention due to their unique physicochemical properties and wide applications in various fields, including medicine, environmental science, and agriculture.
Objectives: The objective of the current research is to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles from Hibiscus rosa- sinensis and characterize them using analytical techniques like UV, FTIR, and XRD, and their bio applications.
Methods: The Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles is carried out by the precipitation method, and characterization of nanoparticles using analytical techniques like UV (FTIR Bruker) and XRD, and antibacterial activity is carried out by agar-agar method.
Results: The Characterization of Zno Nanoparticles by UV spectroscopy are observed at 250–320 nm and FTIR spectroscopy is strong C=O stretching at 1676 cm⁻¹ suggests key compounds flavonoids, ketones, or carboxylic acids, XRD spectroscopy suggests that the peaks appeared at 2θ value ranging from 31.73°, 34.38°, 36.22°, 47.50°, 56.56°, 62.81°, 66.34°, 67.91°, 69.03,72.6° and 76.90° values
corresponds to pure Zno.
Conclusions: The green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts has emerged as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable approach. This research study revealed that the synthesis of Zno nanoparticles using the green leaf extract of Hibiscus rosasinensis as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using various analytical techniques like UV, FTIR, and XRD, and their biological applications, including antibacterial, were investigated
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP): Biological Basis and Expanding Clinical Applications
No full textPlatelet-rich plasma (PRP) has emerged as a promising therapeutic modality in regenerative medicine, dentistry, orthopaedics, and aesthetic practices. Derived from autologous blood, PRP is a concentration of platelets enriched with growth factors, cytokines, and bioactive proteins that stimulate tissue repair and regeneration. This article reviews the biological foundation of platelets and plasma, the evolution of PRP from discovery to clinical application, techniques for its preparation, and its wide-ranging therapeutic applications. Special attention is given to its role in orthodontics, temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) and cleft repair. The challenges in standardization of PRP protocols and the future prospects of its use in regenerative therapies are also discussed
Development of Water Chestnut–Based Electrolyte Sports Drinks: Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Product Quality Evaluation
No full textIntroduction: Water chestnut (Trapa bispinosa) is an underutilized aquatic crop rich in starch and essential minerals, with potential for sports beverage development. Conventional carbohydrate sources in electrolyte drinks are often imported and highly processed. Enzymatic hydrolysis enables efficient starch conversion into readily absorbable sugars while maintaining nutritional quality, supporting the development of a functional, locally sourced carbohydrate–electrolyte sports drink.
Objectives: This study aimed to develop a water chestnut–based carbohydrate–electrolyte sports drink (WC-CESD) by optimizing enzymatic hydrolysis and evaluating product quality.
Methods: Fresh water chestnut extract was prepared and hydrolyzed using α-amylase and amyloglucosidase under varying temperatures and reaction times to determine optimal conditions for sugar release. Hydrolysis efficiency was assessed through total soluble solids (TSS), total sugar content, and reducing sugar levels.
Results: Condition 3 (37°C, 180 min) produced the highest reducing sugar content (1.13 ± 0.00 mg/100 mL), indicating effective starch conversion. Subsequently, three WC-CESD formulations—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—were developed and analyzed for physicochemical properties, nutritional composition, and sensory acceptability. The isotonic formulation demonstrated balanced carbohydrate content (6.07 g/100 mL), high potassium (137.50 mg/mL) and sodium (777.32 mg/mL) concentrations, and suitable energy (91.05 kcal/100 mL). FTIR spectroscopy confirmed glucose as the primary sugar, reflecting successful enzymatic hydrolysis. Sensory evaluation revealed the isotonic WC-CESD achieved superior color and overall acceptability.
Conclusions: These results suggest that optimized hydrolysis combined with proper formulation produces a glucose-rich, nutritionally balanced, and consumer-preferred WC-CESD, suitable for hydration, energy replenishment, and enhanced athletic performance
Knowledge, Attitude, And Practice on Solid Waste Management Among Slum Residents Under Ulubari Ayushman Arogya Mandir, Kamrup Metro: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
No full textBackground:
Solid waste management (SWM) is a major environmental and public health challenge, especially in rapidly urbanizing regions. Slum settlements face disproportionate risks due to unplanned waste disposal, poor sanitation, and limited municipal services. Despite policy efforts, success in SWM depends largely on community knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP).
Objectives:
This study assessed KAP on SWM among slum residents under Ulubari Ayushman Arogya Mandir, Kamrup Metro, Assam, and explored socio-demographic determinants of waste management behavior.
Methods:
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted (September–December 2025) among 421 residents aged ≥18 years from four purposively selected slum clusters. Data were collected using a pretested questionnaire covering socio-demographics and KAP dimensions. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were applied to examine associations between socio-demographic variables and KAP outcomes. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained.
Results:
Among participants, 84.1% identified solid waste as a pollutant and 81.2% recognized health hazards from burning. Attitudes were highly favorable, with 92.9% agreeing that SWM improves health and 87.5% supporting community participation. However, practices lagged: only 64.1% segregated waste at household level, and just 36.1% accessed door-to-door collection. Many reported roadside dumping or backyard disposal due to lack of bins and irregular services. Education was significantly associated with knowledge, and occupation influenced practice (p<0.05).
Conclusion:
While consciousness and attitudes to SWM were encouraging, practice is inadequate, Limited by infrastructure and service gaps.Strengthen municipal collection systems, ensure access to disposal facilities and continuous operation Health training campaign is important.community participation and side rivers are required for sustainable SWM in slum settings The ability to improve both environmental hygiene and public health consequences
Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis in a 6-Year-Old Child: Expanding the Paradigm of Autoimmune Neurology
No full textAutoimmune encephalitis (AIE) refers to a neuroinflammatory condition [1] characterised by formation of autoantibodies against extracellular, intraneural or synaptic antigens. Its manifestation is diverse and variable ranging from behavioral changes to intractable seizures, sometimes proving fatal. First recognised in 2007 with anti NMDA encephalitis[2], the field has since made many strides with the discovery of many more such antibodies like MOG[3], LGI1[4], mGluR5 [5]. However, seronegative autoimmune encephalitis being a diagnosis of exclusion remains to be one of the pitfalls of therapeutic management.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/jchr.v16.i1.1151
Surgical Site Infection Risk Score After Elective Abdominal Surgery: Development and Validation
No full textBackground: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are common complications after surgery, with a global incidence of roughly 10–25% for abdominal procedures, contributing substantially to patient morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs[1][2]. Known risk factors include patient comorbidities (e.g. diabetes, obesity, smoking), operative factors (e.g. prolonged duration, wound contamination), and system factors. Quantifying SSI risk can guide targeted prevention. We aimed to develop and internally validate a predictive risk score for SSI following elective abdominal surgery in adults.
Materials and Methods: In a prospective cohort of N=150 patients undergoing elective abdominal operations at a tertiary care center, preoperative and perioperative variables were recorded. The primary outcome was SSI within 30 days of surgery, defined by CDC criteria. Candidate predictors (age, sex, BMI, diabetes, smoking, ASA class, wound class, operative time, surgical approach, etc.) were analyzed. Univariate analysis (chi-square or t-test) identified factors associated with SSI (p<0.05), followed by multivariate logistic regression to derive independent predictors. Points were assigned to create a risk score. Model discrimination was assessed by area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC), and calibration by predicted vs. observed comparison.
Results: Of 150 patients, n=24 (16.0%) developed SSI (18 superficial, 6 deep; median onset 9 days). Table 1 summarizes baseline characteristics. In multivariate analysis, significant predictors of SSI included diabetes (OR≈7.1, 95%CI 1.98–25.65), ASA class ≥3 (OR≈3.5, 95%CI 1.76–6.99), contaminated/dirty wound class (OR≈4.8, 95%CI 1.50–15.19), prolonged surgery (>2 h, OR≈1.3) and open approach (vs. laparoscopic, OR≈3.0). These factors were incorporated into a score (Table 3). Patients were stratified into low (0–2 points), medium (3–4), and high (≥5) risk groups; SSI incidence was 0.0%, 16.7%, and 45.2% respectively (p<0.001). The model showed good discrimination (AUC = 0.86), comparable to prior SSI prediction models. Calibration analysis indicated acceptable agreement between predicted and observed rates (Hosmer–Lemeshow p>0.10).
Conclusion: We developed an easy-to-use SSI risk score for elective abdominal surgery based on readily available factors. This score showed good predictive accuracy and may help identify patients who would most benefit from enhanced SSI prevention. External validation and impact studies are warranted
Incidence and Screening for Rhino-Cerebral Mucormycosis and other Fungal Infections in Patients with COVID-19
No full textBackground & Objectives: Mucormycosis is a fungal infection which mainly affects immunocompromised patients and the cases showed an upward trend coinciding with the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India. Considering the poor prognosis of established mucormycosis cases, it is worthwhile to identify them at earliest within COVID-19 patients. The objective of this study was to monitor COVID-19 patients prospectively for mucor spp.. and other fungal infections via detailed microbiological analysis of their nasal wash samples. Materials and
Methods: COVID-19 patients were called upon at every week interval for one month after their COVID-19 infection and their nasal wash samples were subjected to KOH mount, Gram staining, Calcofluor white staining, SDA culture and LPCB mount. Results: A total of 297 samples were derived from 90 patients. 16(5.3%) were positive for fungal elements in KOH and calcofluor staining. Culture of samples on SDA agar showed that 13(4.3%) samples had Mucor spp. All 13 patients were hyperglycemic during their course of COVID-19. Conclusions: Around 4.3% nasal wash samples of COVID-19 immunocompromised patients taken within two weeks of COVID-19 infection demonstrated definite growth for mucor spp.. These patients could be closely monitored for mucormycosis symptoms/complications and timely interventions could be provided therein.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/jchr.v16.i1.1147
Smog (Air Pollution) and its link with Plate Tectonics-Climatic Emergency
No full textGlobally, the continuous increase in the world’s population, combined with the excessive use of pollution-causing agents such as vehicles, the burning of fossil fuels, and industrial machinery, has significantly contributed to adverse climate changes. One of the most pressing environmental challenges emerging from this situation is smog, which has become increasingly prevalent in Pakistan and its neighboring countries. Scientific studies have shown that tectonic factors can also influence the presence and concentration of smog in specific regions due to geographical and atmospheric conditions. Smog poses a severe health threat, leading to respiratory and cardiovascular issues among the population, especially in urban areas. Additionally, it has a detrimental impact on the country’s economy by reducing labor productivity, increasing healthcare costs, and disrupting transportation. However, with advancements in Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, early detection and monitoring of smog have become more accurate and efficient. Promoting the use of renewable energy, encouraging green infrastructure like liquid trees, and reducing dependence on conventional vehicles are essential steps to mitigate smog and its harmful effects in the future
Relation of ADA (Adenosin Deaminase) Test with Pleural Fluid Analysis and Cytology in Non-Tuberculosis Exudative Pleural Effusion
No full textBackground and Objectives: Non-tuberculous exudative pleural effusion poses a diagnostic challenge due to overlapping clinical and biochemical features. Although Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) is widely used for diagnosing tuberculous pleuritis, its relevance in non-tuberculous effusions, particularly in relation to pleural fluid analysis and cytology, remains insufficiently explored. This study aimed to determine the association between ADA levels, pleural fluid characteristics, and cytological findings in patients with non-tuberculous exudative pleural effusion.
Materials and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, including 63 consecutive patients meeting inclusion criteria. Pleural fluid samples underwent biochemical analysis, cytology, and ADA testing. Data were analyzed using chi-square and correlation tests, with significance set at p < 0.05. ROC analysis assessed ADA’s diagnostic performance.
Results: The mean ADA level was 20.27 IU/L. Malignant effusions demonstrated significantly higher ADA values (22.7 IU/L) than non-malignant cases (18.0 IU/L). ADA showed strong correlations with pleural pH, leukocyte count, LDH, and mononuclear predominance. ADA also differed significantly between infectious and non-infectious etiologies. ROC analysis revealed excellent diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.93), with an optimal cut-off of 21 IU/L yielding 80% sensitivity and 94% specificity for identifying malignant effusions.
Conclusions: ADA levels exhibit significant associations with cytology and key pleural fluid parameters, demonstrating strong diagnostic value in distinguishing malignant from non-malignant non-tuberculous exudative pleural effusions. ADA may serve as a useful complementary biomarker within a multiparametric diagnostic framework
Cemented vs Uncemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty for Intracapsular Fractures
No full textBackground: Although there have been many comparisons done regarding Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty (BHA), which is often used for elderly patients with displaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures, there has still been considerable debate about the benefits of using cemented or press-fit femoral stems in this population. Cemented fixation provides the surgeon with the advantage of providing the strongest possible mechanical stability immediately after surgery, as well as decreasing post-operative pain; whereas, uncemented fixation avoids the use of cement, and therefore, decreases the risk of cement related cardiopulmonary complications. Therefore, we conducted a comparison of the clinical outcomes, functional scores and complications that occur when using either cemented versus uncemented BHA in an elderly population.
Materials and Methods: We completed a retrospective cohort study of elderly patients (age ≥ 60 years) who suffered from displaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures and underwent bipolar hemiarthroplasty between 2018 - 2020. The patients were grouped into two categories based on the type of femoral stem they received (cemented versus uncemented). There were no statistically significant differences in preoperative data collected (age, gender, ASA score, type of fracture) between the two groups. Primary outcomes studied included operative time, amount of blood lost during surgery, length of hospital stay, postoperative Harris Hip Scores (HHS), pain, and complications. Secondary outcomes studied included functional outcome, which was measured using the HHS at six months post-operatively, and complications (infection, dislocation, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), periprosthetic fracture, reoperation, and death) that occurred postoperatively. A two-sample t-test was utilized to compare continuous variables between the two groups, and a chi-squared test was utilized to assess differences in categorical variables between the two groups. Differences between the two groups were deemed to be statistically significant if the p-value associated with each statistical test was < .05. Institutional review board (IRB) approval and patient informed consent were both obtained prior to the completion of the study.
Results: There were fifty patients in each treatment group (mean age ~79 years, ~70% females). Statistically significant differences in the preoperative data collected (Table 1, p > .1) were observed between the two treatment groups. The patients that underwent cemented BHA experienced a longer operative time (120 ± 20 minutes) and greater blood loss (400 ± 100 ml) during their surgeries than the patients that underwent uncemented BHA (operative time = 90 ± 15 minutes, blood loss = 300 ± 80 ml, Table 2). However, the length of hospital stay for patients that underwent cemented BHA (5.5 ± 1.2 days) was not statistically significantly longer than the length of hospital stay for patients that underwent uncemented BHA (5.0 ± 1.0 days). At six months post-operatively, the mean HHS was statistically significantly higher for patients that underwent cemented BHA (85 ± 10) than it was for patients that underwent uncemented BHA (80 ± 12, Table 2). Additionally, patients that underwent cemented BHA reported a statistically significantly lower resting pain level (VAS = 1.5) than patients that underwent uncemented BHA (VAS = 2.0). The rate of surgical infections that occurred in patients that underwent cemented BHA (1/50) was statistically significantly lower than the rate of surgical infections that occurred in patients that underwent uncemented BHA (4/50, Table 3). The rates of dislocation and DVT that occurred in patients that underwent cemented BHA were statistically equivalent to the rates of dislocation and DVT that occurred in patients that underwent uncemented BHA. Furthermore, the rate of reoperations that occurred in patients that underwent cemented BHA (4%) was statistically equivalent to the rate of reoperations that occurred in patients that underwent uncemented BHA (10%). Finally, the rate of mortality at final follow-up for patients that underwent cemented BHA (4%) was statistically equivalent to the rate of mortality at final follow-up for patients that underwent uncemented BHA (6%).
Conclusion: In conclusion, our study demonstrated that cemented BHA yields slightly better mid-term function and lower pain levels with fewer infections and complications at the cost of longer surgeries and increased blood loss. Our results are consistent with those previously published randomized trials and meta-analyses that demonstrate that cemented femoral stems yield modestly superior hip function and less residual pain without increasing long-term mortality. Overall, both cemented and uncemented BHA produce acceptable outcomes for elderly patients with displaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures. However, because cemented fixation produces immediate strong mechanical stability, it may be preferred in patients with osteoporotic bone. Future prospective studies and long-term registries will continue to help provide recommendations for choosing the best implants for treating displaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures in the elderly