Journal of Chemical Health Risks (Islamic Azad University, Iran)
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“Histogenesis of Human Fetal Spleen at Different Weeks of Gestational Age”
No full textBackground: The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ with a rich blood supply. It appears approximately in the 6th week of gestation as a thickening of the coelomic epithelium of the dorsal mesogastrium near its cranial end. The underlying angiogenetic mesenchyme becomes vascularised and compacted due to the invasion of proliferating cells. The process takes place concurrently in multiple adjacent regions, which quickly unite to produce a lobulated spleen. During the third month of pregnancy, the spleen acquires its final morphological form, and its size progressively grows.
Aims: The study provides detailed knowledge about the cellular changes of the human fetal spleen. It also suggests the functional status of the spleen in the fetal period.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 76 human fetuses (40 males and 36 females), 10% formalin-fixed fetuses with gestational ages ranging from 12 to 36 weeks in the Department of Anatomy, DVVPF’s Medical College Campus, Ahilyanagar, and the Department of Pathology, Shree Narayan Medical Institute and Hospital, Saharsa.
Results: In the present study, immature types of lymphocytes were seen at 11th weeks of GA, Number and maturity of lymphocytes were growing with age advancement. Up to the 14th weeks lymphocytes were arranged irregular manner. At 15th weeks onwards, lymphocytes start appearing around some arterioles, and lymphatic nodules were ill-define. Till the 18th week of GA, there is undifferentiated white and red pulp. At the 19th week, lymphocytes were present around the central arterioles, and lymphatic nodules were well defined at the same time, white pulp and red pulps were ill defined.
Conclusion: we conclude from our study that the capsule, trabeculae, and cells of white and red pulp showed variations at different age groups. A thorough understanding of the histogenesis of the human fetal spleen is also provided by this study. Additionally, it implies the spleen\u27s functional state during the fetal stage.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/jchr.v16.i1.1150
A Comparative Study between Palonosetron and Granisetron to Prevent Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
No full textAim: This study aims to Compare Granisetron and Palonosetron for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting following laparoscopic surgery.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 80 patients in the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Management. The inclusion criteria were patients with ASA physical class 1 and 2, patients in the Age between 20 to 70 yrs, patients who undergone Elective laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Exclusion criteria included patients with ASA physical class 3 and above, patients with Inability to understand or co-operate with the study, The study design was prospective randomized, single blind comparative study. Group A: Received 40 mcg/kg Granisetron IV. Group B: Received 0.075 mg Palonosetron IV. At the completion of surgery patients received Neostigmine 0.05mg/kg and Glycopyrrolate 0.01mg/kg for several of Neuro muscular blockage. Nausea according to verbal descriptive scale (VDS) (0=no nausea, 1= mild nausea, 2=moderate nausea, 3= severe nausea) use of rescue antiemetic drug and adverse effect was monitored at 0- 2hrs, 2-6hrs and 6-24hrs.
Statistical Analysis and Results: SPSS software version 23.0 was used for our statistical analysis, Mean age in Granisetron group was 47±15 and in Palonosetron group was 45±14. The p-value is 0.667607. There was no significant difference in the mean age between the groups. Mean baseline SBP in Granisetron group was 123.4±13.5775 mmHg and in Palonosetron group was 128.425±13.013 mmHg. There was no significant difference in the SBP between two groups. In the study mean duration of surgery in Granisetron group was 1.22±13 hrs and in Palonosetron group was 1.2±22 hrs. There was no significant in episodes of vomiting between the two groups at 0 to 2 hrs, 2 to 6 hrs and 6 to 24 hrs. There was no significant difference in the use of rescue anti emetic drugs at 0 to 2 hrs, 2 to 6 hrs and 6 to 24 hrs between the both groups. The numbers of patients free of nausea at 24 hrs were more in Granisetron group as compared to Palonosetron.
Conclusion: Authors concluded that patients receiving Palonosetron had less incidence of vomiting than Granisetron group but the difference was not statistically significant during 0-2, 2-6 and 6-24 hours. The number of patients free of nausea vomiting was significantly lower in Palonosetron group than Granisetron at the end of 24 hrs. Therefore, both Granisetron and Palonosetron are equally effective in the immediate post operative period but palonosetron is more effective over 24 hour’s period
Interleukin-6 Levels in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Non-Autism Spectrum Disorder
No full textIntroduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors. Increasing evidence suggests that immune dysregulation and neuroinflammation, particularly involving Interleukin-6 (IL-6), play an important role in ASD pathophysiology. However, data regarding IL-6 profiles in Indonesian children with ASD are still limited.
Objectives: This study aimed to compare serum IL-6 levels between children with ASD and non-ASD controls and to evaluate the diagnostic performance of IL-6 as a potential inflammatory biomarker.
Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at the Pediatric Social Developmental Clinic of Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo General Hospital, Makassar. Sixty children aged 3–10 years were enrolled, comprising 30 children with confirmed ASD and 30 non-ASD controls selected through consecutive sampling. ASD diagnosis was established using DSM-5 criteria. Serum IL-6 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analyses included Mann–Whitney U test, Chi-square test, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results: Median serum IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the ASD group than in the non-ASD group (113.26 vs. 26.83 ng/L; p < 0.001). ROC analysis demonstrated good discriminative ability, with an optimal IL-6 cut-off value of 58.82 ng/L. Using this threshold, 90% of children with ASD showed elevated IL-6 levels, whereas 93.3% of non-ASD controls had levels below the cut-off (p < 0.001). Elevated IL-6 levels were observed across all age groups. A non-significant trend toward higher IL-6 levels was found in children with more severe ASD symptoms.
Conclusions: Serum IL-6 levels are significantly elevated in children with ASD and show good discriminatory performance. IL-6 may serve as a useful adjunct inflammatory biomarker in pediatric ASD
Comparative Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Effects of AH Plus Sealer and Bioroot RCS on Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts
No full textBackground: As sealers come in direct contact with periapical tissue their biocompatibility is crucial. Sealers cytotoxicity due to released components can induce inflammation, delayed healing and necrosis of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts.
Aim: To compare and evaluate the cytotoxic effects of AH Plus and BioRoot RCS on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts
Materials and Methods: AH Plus and BioRoot RCS mixed to prepare discs and allowed to set. After setting eluates were collected at 24 and 48 hours and human periodontal ligament fibroblasts cells were treated with elutes. Untreated cells are maintained as a negative control. Post incubation cell viability was assessed using MTT assay. Data were then analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (p<0.05).
Results: At both 24h and 48h BioRoot RCS demonstrated significantly higher cell viability than AH Plus with (p<0.001). over the time AH Plus showed a progressive reduction in cell viability with(p=0.048), whereas BioRoot RCS showed a slight increase in viability over time with (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Superior biocompatibility and significantly lower cytotoxicity were observed with BioRoot RCS than AH Plus. The enhanced cellular response seen with BioRoot RCS is due to bioactivity and calcium ion release. Therefore BioRoot RCS is been considered a preferable endodontic sealer for achieving optimal periapical tissue healing
"The Effectiveness of Sealing Fissures Using Ozone in the Prevention of Caries of Permanent Teeth in Children with Down Syndrome"
No full textTarget: The aim is to improve methods of early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of caries in permanent teeth in mentally retarded children studying in specialized schools.
Methods:During the study, general clinical, laboratory, biochemical, functional, instrumental and statistical methods were used.
Results obtained:The prevalence of dental caries in mentally retarded children attending specialized schools depends on their level of socialization, nutrition, and the presence of Down syndrome. Socialized children without Down syndrome are at risk: the caries intensity index was 3.8, 4.9, and 5.8, while the prevalence was 42.0, 76.0, and 85.0% in children aged 8, 10, and 12 years, respectively. The prevalence of caries in children with Down syndrome was lower: 33.0, 64.0, and 72.0% in children aged 8, 10, and 12 years, respectively.
Conclusions:Following the application of a specialized preventive algorithm, the number of cariogenic microorganisms on teeth decreased slightly from baseline. Thus, the most optimal treatment regimen with a high therapeutic effect in mentally retarded patients has been identified, improving treatment effectiveness and reducing treatment time
The Relationship of FEV1/FVC Ratio, FEF 25-75% and Carbon Monoxide Levels as a Pulmonary Function Parameters In Smokers
No full textBackground and Objectives: Smoking remains a major preventable cause of morbidity and continues to increase in Indonesia, especially among productive-age adults. Early identification of smoking-related pulmonary impairment is crucial, as small-airway dysfunction may not be detected by standard spirometric indices. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between FEV₁/FVC ratio, FEF₂₅–₇₅%, and exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) as combined markers for early ventilatory impairment in smokers.
Materials and Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in October 2025 among hospital security officers. Purposive sampling yielded 49 smokers and 40 non-smokers. Spirometry assessed FEV₁/FVC and FEF₂₅–₇₅%, and exhaled CO (eCO) was measured using a standardized analyzer. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, t-test or Mann–Whitney U test, Spearman correlation, and simple linear regression, with p<0.05 considered significant.
Results: Smokers exhibited significantly lower FEV₁/FVC and FEF₂₅–₇₅% values and markedly higher eCO levels than non-smokers (p<0.05). Among smokers, eCO levels demonstrated strong negative correlations with both FEV₁/FVC (ρ up to –0.940) and FEF₂₅–₇₅% (ρ up to –0.682). Regression analysis indicated that every 1-ppm increase in eCO was associated with a 2.13% reduction in FEV₁/FVC and a 2.88% reduction in FEF₂₅–₇₅%. A positive correlation was observed between FEV₁/FVC and FEF₂₅–₇₅%, reflecting linked impairment of central and peripheral airways.
Conclusions: Exhaled CO is significantly associated with reduced pulmonary function and serves as a practical, non-invasive biomarker of smoking exposure. Combined interpretation of FEV₁/FVC, FEF₂₅–₇₅%, and eCO enhances early detection of smoking-related airway dysfunction and may support targeted cessation interventions
Residual Monomer Induced Occupational Dermatitis from Acrylic Denture Base Resin: A Case Report
No full textAcrylic resins are indispensable materials in prosthodontics, primarily used for denture bases and temporary restorations. Despite their widespread use, exposure to unpolymerized monomers and degradation by-products can provoke allergic reactions among dental professionals. This case report presents a clinically documented episode of allergic contact dermatitis in a prosthodontist following repeated occupational exposure to heat-cured polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin. Characteristic erythematous lesions appeared within 30 minutes of exposure, intensifying over the subsequent two hours. The report emphasizes the need for awareness, early recognition, and preventive strategies among dental professionals frequently handling acrylic-based materials
To Compare the Study of Single Versus Double Bone Intramedullary Fixation in Paediatric Both Bone Forearm Fractures
No full textBackground: Forearm fractures which are commonly observed amongst children, accounts for 40% of all fractures. The question of whether fixing the ulna or radius alone is sufficient to restore and sustain stability in fractures of both forearm bones, as well as if it has equivalent complication rates, is still up for debate.
Objective: To compare the study of single versus double bone intramedullary fixation in paediatric both bone forearm fractures.
Material and Methods: This study was taken up as a prospective randomized study of 24 patients of whom 12 children underwent single forearm fixation, while the remaining underwent double forearm fixation, in a tertiary care institute in South India. Simple random sampling technique was used in selection of study participants from the study population and were then randomly allocated into study groups using table of random numbers.
Results: Maximum of the study participants were in the age group of 10-12 years (58.3%) and were males (62.5%). The mean age of the study participants was observed to be 11.2 ± 2.2 years. None of the participants in both the group developed any complications post-operatively. Mean casting time of the single group was 53.1 days and that of the double group was 45 days (p-value < 0.001). Mean union time of the single group was 12.7 weeks and that of the double group was 10.8 weeks (p-value < 0.001).
Conclusion: For children with both-bone forearm fractures, Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nail (ESIN) fixing is not always required , single-bone intramedullary fixation of the ulna offers better outcomes and is an adequate and effective choice. Yet, it has been observed that an intramedullary nail in the radius and ulna offers fracture stability, a shorter time spent in a cast, and prevents joint stiffness
Diagnostic Utility of Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy in Various Hematological Disorders: A Study of 3 Years
No full textBackground: Bone marrow is involved in variety of hematological and non-hematological disorders. The hematological disorders include acute leukemia, myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), hemato-lymphoid neoplasm, nutritional deficiency diseases. On the other hand non-hematological disorders include infectious diseases infiltrating the bone marrow such as tuberculosis, parasitic infections and metastatic deposits
Aim:The aim of study is the diagnostic utility of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy findings in various hematological disorders
Study Design: This is retrospective study. The findings of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy is correlated in various hematological disorders after retrieving the data from record available in pathology department.
Material and Methods:This was a 3 year retrospective study done in the department of pathology, UPUMS, Saifai, Etawah from Jan 2023 to December 2025. A total of 39 cases presented with clinical haematological disorders. All the smears and sections were reviewed for morphological details and findings on peripheral blood,aspirate and biopsy and compared to each other. A detailed history, clinical findings, routine relevant laboratory investigations and radiological findings were carried out in each case
Results:The most common diagnosis based on BMA cytology was erythroid hyperplasia (normoblastic/micronormoblastic) seen in 9 cases (23.1%), followed by erythroid hyperplasia with megaloblastoid change in 7 cases (17.9%) (Fig 3 a,b) and hypocellular marrow in 5 cases (12.8%)(Fig 4). Other findings included hemodiluted marrow (10.3%), CML (7.7%), myelodysplastic syndrome and ITP (5.1% each), and a few rare entities like ALL, pure red cell aplasia, idiopathic eosinophilia, and inflammatory pathology (2.6% each). In 4 cases (10.3%), aspirate was inadequate for opinion.Concordant diagnosis was observed in 17 cases (48.6%), including conditions like erythroid hyperplasia with megaloblastoid change, marrow hypoplasia, and CML
Conclusion: The study demonstrates a high diagnostic yield of bone marrow examination in evaluating hematological disorders. While BMA is effective and easier, it may be insufficient in certain neoplastic or hypo-plastic disorders. BMB significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy, especially in cases of inadequate aspirate or marrow failure, which is supported by multiple referenced studie
Latest Advancements in Surgical Guides for Precise Implant Placement: A Review
No full textPrecise three-dimensional positioning of dental implants is fundamental to the success of implant-supported prosthetic rehabilitation. Inaccurate implant placement can result in compromised esthetics, unfavourable load distribution, prosthetic complications, and biological failures. Surgical guides were developed to translate prosthetically driven treatment planning accurately into the surgical field. Over the past two decades, surgical guide technology has progressed from simple conventional templates to sophisticated digital systems incorporating cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM), dynamic navigation, augmented reality, and artificial intelligence–driven planning. Contemporary advancements now allow real-time intraoperative guidance, complex anatomical navigation, and automated decision-making, significantly improving surgical precision and predictability. This review comprehensively discusses the evolution, classification, and latest advancements in surgical guide systems, emphasizing their clinical applications, advantages, limitations, and future potential in modern implant prosthodontics