Journal of Chemical Health Risks (Islamic Azad University, Iran)
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Anaesthetic Management of Facial Arteriovenous Malformation for Endovascular Embolisation: A Case Report
Full text linkBackground: Facial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare vascular anomalies that can significantly complicate airway management due to anatomical distortion, risk of bleeding, and restricted airway access.
Case Summary: We describe the anaesthetic management of a 33-year-old woman with a large facial AVM scheduled for endovascular embolization under general anaesthesia. Despite anticipated airway difficulty, successful oral intubation was achieved using video laryngoscopy. The case highlights the importance of individualized planning and multidisciplinary coordination.
Conclusion: In selected cases of facial AVMs where intraoral structures are spared, video laryngoscopy can be a safe and effective first-line airway management strategy
Oral Health Status Among Brick Workers in Gautam Buddha Nagar-A Cross-Sectional Study
Full text linkAIM : This study aims to assess the oral health status and treatment needs among the workers of brick factories in GB Nagar.
Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among _brick factory workers in GB Nagar. A convenience sampling technique was used for the sample selection. The study group consisted of workers of all ages and genders. The oral health status was assessed using the WHO oral health assessment form,2013. Personal interviews and clinical examinations were performed in order to collect the data.
Result : A total of 115 brick factory workers in Gautam Buddha Nagar were examined, with nearly equal numbers of male (49.5%) and female (50.4%) participants. The majority of workers were aged 26-35 years, with an average age of 19. The oral health findings revealed that 100% of workers had dental calculus, 32% experienced bleeding on probing, 11% had periodontal pockets, and 60% showed signs of gum recession. These results highlight significant oral health issues among the workers, pointing to the need for improved oral hygiene practices and access to dental care.
Conclusion: The study concludes that brick factory workers in Gautam Buddha Nagar face significant oral health challenges due to poor hygiene, limited dental care, and harmful habits. It highlights the need for oral health education, better access to dental care, and workplace interventions to improve workers\u27 oral health and overall quality of life. [ Ref no 1&3
Pharmacological Induction and Modulation of Catalepsy: A Comparative Analysis of Dopaminergic and Non-Dopaminergic Pathways
Full text linkBackground:
Catalepsy is a neurophysiological condition characterized by muscular rigidity, diminished responsiveness to external stimuli, and maintenance of abnormal postures. It serves as a critical experimental model in preclinical studies, especially for evaluating extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic drugs and exploring Parkinsonism-related mechanisms. The dopaminergic system, particularly D2 receptor antagonism, has long been associated with cataleptic manifestations. However, growing evidence highlights the contribution of non-dopaminergic pathways, including cholinergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, and opioid systems.
This review synthesizes and compares existing literature on the pharmacological induction and modulation of catalepsy via dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic pathways. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were searched using terms like “catalepsy,” “dopamine antagonists,” “neurotransmitters,” and “animal models of Parkinsonism.” Studies were selected based on relevance, methodological rigor, and recency.Dopaminergic antagonists such as haloperidol reliably induce catalepsy by blocking D2 receptors in the striatum. In contrast, non-dopaminergic agents affect cataleptic states by modulating neurotransmitter balance. Cholinergic agonists exacerbate catalepsy, whereas anticholinergics attenuate it. GABAergic and serotonergic systems exhibit a dual modulatory effect depending on receptor subtype and dose. The interaction between these pathways reveals a complex network regulating motor rigidity and responsiveness.Understanding the multifaceted neurochemical regulation of catalepsy enhances the development of safer neuropsychiatric drugs and improves models for extrapyramidal side effects. Future research should focus on integrated neurotransmitter targeting and the development of modulators with minimized cataleptogenic potential
Metric Analysis of Mental Foramen Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in Sex Determination: A Retrospective Study
Full text linkIntroduction Forensic odontology plays a pivotal role in human identification, particularly in scenarios where only skeletal remains are available. The mandible, being the most resilient craniofacial bone, is frequently utilized for sex determination. The mental foramen (MF) serves as a stable anatomical landmark, retaining its position throughout life, and may therefore be employed as a reliable indicator of sexual dimorphism.
Objectives: To evaluate sex-based differences in the dimensions and interforamen distances of the mental foramen using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), and to assess its applicability in forensic sex determination.
Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 100 CBCT scans (50 males, 50 females) of individuals aged 18–50 years. Measurements included the height and width of the MF on both sides, as well as lateral and medial interforamen distances, using the lower first premolar as a reference. Data were analyzed statistically to assess sexual dimorphism.
Results: Males exhibited significantly greater MF height on the right side and width on the left side, while females showed greater MF height on the left side (p < 0.05). Both lateral and medial interforamen distances were consistently larger in males compared to females (p < 0.001).
Conclusions: The present study highlights evident sexual dimorphism in the morphometric characteristics of the mental foramen and interforamen distances. These parameters may serve as reliable adjuncts in forensic sex determination. Larger, population-based studies with advanced imaging tools are recommended to further validate these findings
Artificial Intelligence: Deciphering the Promising New Way to Detect Early Signs of Lung Cancer
Full text linkArtificial intelligence (AI) is transforming lung cancer diagnosis by combining computed tomography imaging technology with AI apps. However, images like chest X-rays and CT scans may miss small tumors or those still in their early stages, leading to false positives and unnecessary tests. AI can improve early detection by making it easier to get tests, finding biomarkers, lowering diagnostic errors, personalizing screening, integrating data, making healthcare more accessible, and constantly changing. AI\u27s ability to find biomarkers and merge multimodal data, including imaging, pathology, and electronic health records, allows for more accurate diagnostic tests and better treatment choices. AI has become a crucial field in clinical areas, particularly in imaging analysis, histopathology evaluation, and genomic assessment of lung cancers. AI is transforming research on lung cancer and therapy, particularly in the identification of promising biomarkers. AI systems have proven their capacity to improve diagnostic precision by minimizing the likelihood of erroneous outcomes, enabling radiologists to make better choices and reduce the incidence of diagnostic errors. AI technologies are crucial for the precise interpretation of genomic markers critical for early detection, accurate diagnosis, and personalized therapy options. Healthcare professionals can employ AI algorithms to develop personalized treatment regimens that correspond with a patient\u27s distinct genetic profile, ensuring medications target the molecular characteristics of their malignancy
Challenging the Midline: A Prospective Comparison Between Traditional Excision and Karydakis Flap in Pilonidal Sinus Management
Full text linkIntroduction: Pilonidal sinus disease predominantly affects young adult males and remains a challenging condition for surgeons. While various theories exist regarding its aetiology, the acquired theory—suggesting hair penetration and chronic inflammation in the natal cleft—is the most widely accepted. Surgical management is complicated by the high risk of postoperative wound infection, delayed healing, and recurrence, making the choice of operative technique critical to optimising outcomes.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare the excision-only technique with the Karydakis flap procedure in the management of uncomplicated sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease. The comparison focuses on key clinical outcomes, including wound healing time, postoperative pain, duration of hospital stay, time to return to normal activity, postoperative complications, and recurrence rates.
Methods: All patients diagnosed with sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. The participants were then allocated into two groups: Group A underwent the Karydakis flap procedure, while Group B was treated with the excision-only technique. The groups were compared in terms of early postoperative complications, intensity of postoperative pain, and time taken to return to normal activities. Patients were followed up for a period of three months to assess wound healing and recurrence. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, and the Chi-square test was applied for categorical variables. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: In a study conducted at Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, a total of 42 patients were included. The findings are as follows:
Patients who underwent the Karydakis flap procedure returned to work significantly earlier compared to those who underwent the excision-only technique. Similarly, the time required for complete wound healing was notably shorter in the Karydakis group. However, there was no statistically significant difference observed between the two groups with respect to postoperative pain and early postoperative complications.
Conclusions: The Karydakis flap offers clear advantages over the excision-only technique, including earlier return to physical activity, faster wound healing, and a shorter duration of hospital stay. Based on these findings, the Karydakis flap is recommended as the preferred surgical approach for the management of sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus
Assessing the Performance of Large Language Models in Maxillofacial Trauma Triage: A Prospective Observational Study
Full text linkBackground: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and related technologies into healthcare is on the rise. In trauma triage, effective decision-making plays a crucial role in managing mass casualty incidents. This study aims to evaluate the clinical accuracy of ChatGPT4o and other large language models (LLMs) in the context of triage, with input from oral and maxillofacial surgeons along with residents.
Methodology: We developed ten clinical scenario questions that were verified for their precision and relevance by two consulting oral and maxillofacial surgeons. These scenarios included a range from straightforward maxillofacial injuries to complex cases such as foreign body aspiration/invasion, airway obstruction, retrobulbar hemorrhage, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, pan-facial trauma, gunshot wounds, and extensive facial lacerations. A standardized prompt was utilized for LLMs; responses were evaluated using the Questionnaire for Assessment of Medical AI (QAMAI) and Artificial Intelligence Performance Instrument (AIPI), rated by two attending OMF surgeons.
Results: The findings indicated that both ChatGPT4o and Gemini performed comparably to trained medical professionals across most parameters while significantly surpassing untrained practitioners.
Conclusion: Although certain limitations exist, this AI model demonstrates commendable performance in accurately classifying patients based on condition severity. Such capabilities could substantially influence patient outcomes and resource distribution in emergency room settings. 
Correlation of Ultrasonography Findings and CA-125 Level with Histopathological Diagnosis of Ovarian Tumor
Full text linkBackground: Ovarian tumors encompass a wide spectrum of benign and malignant conditions. Malignant ovarian tumors rank as the second most common gynecologic malignancy and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death among women. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonographic findings and serum CA-125 levels in differentiating benign from malignant ovarian tumors and to correlate these parameters with histopathological diagnosis.
Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Rangpur Medical College Hospital, Rangpur, from January to December 2017. A total of 62 patients clinically diagnosed with ovarian tumors were enrolled through purposive sampling. Preoperative assessments included detailed history, clinical examination, ultrasonography, and serum CA-125 testing. Final diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23, applying appropriate statistical tests.
Results: The mean age was 35.85 ± 11.20 years in the benign group and 49.14 ± 16.59 years in the malignant group (p < 0.05). Abdominal distention and significant weight loss were more frequent in malignant cases (p < 0.05). Ultrasonography demonstrated 57.42% sensitivity and 89.50% specificity, while CA-125 showed 71.81% sensitivity and 87.32% specificity. Combined evaluation of both parameters improved diagnostic accuracy to 90.32%, with 78.57% sensitivity, 93.75% specificity, 78.57% positive predictive value, and 93.75% negative predictive value.
Conclusion: Preoperative assessment using both ultrasonography and serum CA-125 significantly enhances the diagnostic accuracy for differentiating benign and malignant ovarian tumors.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/jchr.v15.i5.1019
Histopathological Insights into Placental Infections and Neonatal Morbidity: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Full text linkPlacental infections and their histopathological manifestations remain important determinants of adverse neonatal outcomes. Lesions such as acute chorioamnionitis, funisitis, villitis, and intervillositis represent maternal and fetal immune responses that may compromise fetal growth and predispose to morbidity. While several cohort and case–control studies have investigated these associations, pooled evidence quantifying their impact is limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized available data to clarify the relationship between placental infection-related lesions and neonatal morbidity. A total of 42 studies, encompassing 27,486 pregnancies, were included. Acute chorioamnionitis was associated with early-onset neonatal sepsis (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.89–3.18) and NICU admission (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.45–2.28). Funisitis demonstrated a stronger association with sepsis (OR 3.67, 95% CI 2.74–4.92) and severe morbidity (OR 2.91, 95% CI 2.08–4.08). Chronic villitis correlated with low birth weight (RR 1.54, 95% CI 1.21–1.95) and fetal growth restriction (RR 1.72, 95% CI 1.30–2.28). Intervillositis and massive perivillous fibrin deposition were linked with perinatal death (RR 2.68, 95% CI 1.64–4.39). Evidence certainty was moderate for funisitis and neonatal sepsis, but low for villitis and intervillositis. These findings highlight the prognostic role of placental histopathology in neonatal outcomes and the need for standardized diagnostic criteria
Urinary Nephrin and Serum Magnesium for Early Detection of Nephropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Full text linkIntroduction: Nephropathy is an clinical condition in patients with T2DM. To early detection and progression of nephropathy is necessary to reduce burden for T2DM patients.
Objectives: The role of serum magnesium, and urinary nephrin, for early detection of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods: This was a cross sectional study which compared biochemical, clinical parameters in 40 type 2 diabetes mellitus with normo albuminuria, 40 type 2 diabetes mellitus with micro albuminuria, 40 type 2 diabetes mellitus with macro albuminuria and 40 age, gender and BMI matched healthy controls. Blood sugars, lipid profile, glycated haemoglobin, magnesium, eGFR, urinary ACR and urinary nephrin were analysed.
Results: There were significant differences in serum magnesium, urinary nephrin, urinary ACR, and eGFR among different stages of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients when compared to controls. Additionally, the serum magnesium negatively correlated with BMI, blood sugars, glycated haemoglobin, lipid profile, urinary ACR and positively correlated with eGFR and HDL (P=0.001**). Additionally, the urinary nephrin positively correlated with BMI, blood sugars, glycated haemoglobin, lipid profile, urinary ACR and negatively correlated with eGFR, serum magnesium and HDL (P=0.001**). Furthermore, the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed the serum magnesium and urinary nephrin shown very high significant at area under the curve.
Conclusions: Hypomagnesemia precede beneficial for type 2 diabetes mellitus and urinary nephrin can serve as early predictive and prognostic indices for type 2 diabetic nephropathy.