Journal of Chemical Health Risks (Islamic Azad University, Iran)
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Carotenoids in Plant-Based Food Systems
Full text linkCarotenoids are plant pigments that have antioxidant and bioactive qualities; their bioavailability is dependent on mechanical and thermal processing as well as the presence of fats. Of the 40 carotenoids that are found in food, the main ones are carotenes (lycopene, β-carotene, and α-carotene) and xanthophylls (lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin). This article presents recent data on the carotenoid content of fresh vegetables, fruits, and berries; fresh vegetables have higher levels of carotenoids than fruits and berries, but their bioavailability is lower. Carotenoids are found in vegetables, fruits, and leafy greens like spinach; carrots are particularly rich in carotenoids, with 58.4% β-carotene and 40.4% α-carotene, with orange carrots having the highest levels. Among fruiting vegetables, tomatoes are a major source of lycopene (86%). Capsanthin (70%) and capsorubin (10%) are abundant in sweet and spicy chili peppers, whereas β-carotene (50–80%) is found in squash. In fact, 85% of orange chili peppers have zeaxanthin. Through genetic engineering, tomato cultivars with higher quantities of zeaxanthin (50%) and lycopene in its trans form (96%) have been created.
Carotenoids, primarily in the form of xanthophylls, are plentiful in leafy greens such as spinach, arugula, and watercress. β-carotene is the predominant carotenoid in the majority of fruits and berries, irrespective of their hue. But anthocyanins (found in hawthorn, rowan, cherries, rosehips, and blueberries) or chlorophyll (found in green apples) can cover it up. Sea buckthorn, rosehips, and cloudberries have the largest amounts of carotenoids, including β-carotene, lycopene (found in sea buckthorn and rosehips)
Frontal Sinus –The Future of Growth Prediction: A Review Article
Full text linkEvery orthodontic treatment planning is dependent on the age of the patient. Skeletal maturity indicators play an important role in assessing the skeletal age. They help in evaluation of stage of maturity in a patient objectively. Thus, they can help in early diagnosis and delivering prompt treatment to the patient so that complex surgical procedures can be avoided in the future which will be less traumatizing to the patient as well. Many methods like radiographs of hand, CVMI asessment on lateral radiographs are used for growth prediction. Frontal sinus is an important parameter which can be studied to evaluate the growth status of an individual. So, the present review aims at exploring the role of Frontal sinus as a growth predictor, its corelation with types of malocclusion, its variability in mouth breathers and cleft patients. 
Examination of Body Mass Index, Health status and associated risk factors among Life Science Students: Cross-Sectional Study.
Full text linkIntroduction: Adolescents in India, comprising 21.4% of the population, frequently suffer from poor health due to unhealthy eating habits, with BMI being a crucial diagnostic tool. This article investigates the impact of determining body mass index, blood group, and sugar levels on life science students to raise awareness about healthy eating, behaviour, and weight maintenance.
Objectives: Body mass index is a valuable tool for diagnosing disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, undernutrition or over nutrition. Being underweight or overweight or obese is a desirable health condition and can have negative health consequences.
Aim: The present study was focused to determine body mass index, blood grouping, and sugar level among life science students and to assess the factors associated with it.
Methods: In this article the descriptive study was carried out among Life Science students of SRM Arts and Science College, from June 2022 to April 2023. Body mass index was calculated for 100 students including male and female. Blood samples were collected from the students and glucose levels were assessed before and after meals.
Results: In this article a total of 50 study population was considered for statistical analysis and the majority were between 17 and 23 years of age. The data classifies individuals into two weight status categories, healthy and overweight, based on their BMI values. The mean BMI values show some variation across these age groups. Mean ± S.D values for 17, 18 and 19 Year-olds were 24.198 ± 0.724, 23.310 ± 1.027 and 22.199 ± 0.418 respectively. They were healthy. Mean ± S.D values for 20, 21, 22 and 23 year-olds were 25.293 ± 0.454, 25.079 ± 0.621, 25.349 ± 0.665 and 27.173 ± 0.097 respectively. They were overweight.
Conclusions: The rise in overweight people as they age is often due to irregular lifestyles, study stress, hormonal changes, and teenage psychology, which can lead to frequent eating habits. As a result, glucose concentration rises significantly, which is associated with higher BMI. Further analysis is required to find the exact cause of being overweight.
An in Vitro Study Comparing the Anti-Candidal Efficiency of Neem Solution with Various Cleaning Techniques on the Orthodontic Acrylic Base Material.
Full text linkIntroduction: Individuals pursuing orthodontic treatment aim to rectify malocclusions and improve various aspects of health and self-esteem. Self-polymerizing acrylic resin, prevalent in orthodontic applications, is prone to microbial biofilm formation due to its intrinsic properties and poor oral hygiene. Candida albicans, a prevalent oral microorganism, asymptomatically colonizes over 60% of healthy individuals, facilitated by the hydrophobic nature of acrylic materials, potentially leading to enamel demineralization through cariogenic biofilms.The neem tree, Azadirachta indica, native to India, is recognized for its therapeutic properties, with its seeds containing valuable oil and bioactive compounds. Due to its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory characteristics, neem oil is extensively employed in both traditional practices and contemporary medicine
A Comparative Study of Laparoscopic Transabdominal Pre-Peritoneal (Tapp) Repair and Lichtenstein Mesh Repair of Inguinal Hernia
Full text linkBackground: Inguinal hernias represent one of the most frequently encountered surgical pathologies in general surgery practice. The surgical management has evolved from traditional tissue-based repairs to contemporary mesh-reinforced techniques, with both open and minimally invasive approaches available. The established Lichtenstein tension-free mesh repair remains a cornerstone treatment, while laparoscopic Transabdominal Preperitoneal (TAPP) techniques are increasingly adopted for their minimally invasive benefits. This investigation seeks to evaluate TAPP versus Lichtenstein approaches across multiple clinical parameters including surgical duration, post-surgical recovery metrics, adverse events, economic considerations, and hernia recurrence rates.Methods: We conducted a prospective comparative analysis within the General Surgery Department at IIMSR, Lucknow, spanning 18 months. Sixty patients presenting with uncomplicated inguinal hernias were randomized into equal cohorts: 30 patients received TAPP repair while 30 underwent Lichtenstein mesh repair. We systematically documented surgical duration, post-operative pain assessment via Visual Analog Scale, complication profiles, length of stay, time to ambulation, treatment costs, and 6-month recurrence surveillance. Statistical analysis employed SPSS v26.0 with significance threshold set at p < 0.05.Results: TAPP procedures demonstrated significantly extended operative duration compared to Lichtenstein repairs. Conversely, TAPP patients experienced markedly reduced post-operative pain scores, abbreviated hospitalization periods, and accelerated mobilization timelines relative to the Lichtenstein cohort. Economic analysis revealed substantially higher costs associated with TAPP procedures. Post-surgical complication rates remained statistically equivalent between groups, with zero hernia recurrences documented during 6-month surveillance in both cohorts.Conclusion: Laparoscopic TAPP repair demonstrates clear advantages in pain reduction, recovery acceleration, and early mobilization, though at the expense of increased operative duration and financial cost. Both surgical modalities prove safe and efficacious with comparable short-term clinical outcomes. Surgical approach selection should incorporate patient-specific factors, surgeon experience, and institutional resource allocation
Evaluation of Perceptions and Responses of Community Pharmacists Towards Pharmaceutical Services
Full text linkBackground: Community pharmacist is the professional who has direct access to the public and whose duties are widely required by the public and patients. A community pharmacist is an important bridge between physicians and patients in the healthcare system, essential in ensuring patients receive the best possible pharmaceutical care.
Objectives: Present study was conducted among pharmacists working in community pharmacies in Uttarakhand districts to evaluate perception regarding providing pharmaceutical care and responses to assess their practice in community pharmacies.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst randomly selected community pharmacists, and questionnaires were hand-delivered to the participants.
Results: A total of 400 completed questionnaires were analysed in this study. The majority of respondents were male (71.00%). Overall, 52.75% of pharmacists reported a high level of understanding of the pharmaceutical care process, and more than 60.75% demonstrated a correct conceptual grasp of pharmaceutical care principles. 167 respondents (41.75%) emphasized the importance of continuing pharmacy education in enhancing pharmacists’ ability to deliver effective pharmaceutical care services. Our study shows that the majority of 50.25% of community pharmacists agreed on not discussing ongoing complementary medicine by patients.
Conclusions: The study found that the community pharmacy environment in Uttarakhand had a high level of understanding of the pharmaceutical care process. The researchers further identified the need for continuing education programs that would help pharmacists stay updated on the latest clinical practices, while also empowering patients with the knowledge needed to understand and manage their medications effectively. When attempting to implement these service challenges, urgent efforts by private and government sectors are essential to improve pharmaceutical care in community pharmacy settings. 
Awareness of Maxillofacial Prosthetic Treatment Options in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer in Coastal Karnataka Population
Full text linkIntroduction: Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a significant public health concern in coastal Karnataka, with many cases presenting at advanced stages due to poverty, illiteracy, and lack of access to affordable treatment. Maxillofacial prosthetics play a crucial role in the rehabilitation of these patients, but awareness levels among patients are often limited..
Objectives: To evaluate the awareness and knowledge of various maxillofacial prosthetic treatment options among patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer in coastal Karnataka.
Methods A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted among 60 patients visiting the Outpatient Unit of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine and Radiology and Oral Pathology. The questionnaire assessed general knowledge about maxillofacial prosthetics, perception of benefits, and barriers to treatment. Ethical approval from the institution and informed consent were obtained from the participants..
Results: The study found that while 75% of participants were aware that facial parts could be replaced with artificial materials, of these only 10% knew about the role of prosthodontists. Financial considerations and lack of awareness were identified as significant barriers to treatment. Most participants (86.7%) felt that healthcare providers should educate patients about all available treatment options.
Conclusions: There is a significant gap in patient awareness regarding maxillofacial prosthetic treatment options. Enhancing patient education and improving access to information can lead to better treatment acceptance and improved quality of life for patients with head and neck cancer. Future efforts should focus on targeted educational interventions to bridge this knowledge gap
Unlocking Herbal Power Through Nanotechnology: A New Era in Wound Management
Full text linkThe integration of nanotechnology with herbal medicine represents a groundbreaking approach in modern wound management. This review explores the potential of nano-herbal ointments as a novel therapeutic modality for enhancing wound healing. The use of nanocarriers, such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and niosomes, in the delivery of herbal compounds offers significant improvements in stability, bioavailability, and skin penetration, which are critical factors in promoting effective wound closure. Phytochemicals derived from medicinal plants such as Aloe vera, Centella asiatica, and curcumin have demonstrated powerful anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and regenerative properties, which are further amplified when formulated at the nanoscale. While traditional herbal ointments face limitations in terms of potency, bioavailability, and controlled release, the advent of nanotechnology overcomes these challenges by facilitating precise drug delivery and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Despite these promising advancements, the scale-up, commercialization, and regulatory hurdles associated with nano-herbal formulations remain significant challenges. Nevertheless, the future of nano-herbal wound therapy is promising, with the potential for personalized medicine and greater accessibility to these advanced wound care solutions. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the benefits, innovations, and challenges associated with the use of nano-herbal ointments in wound healing and outlines a vision for the future of this rapidly evolving field
Assessment of Concentration of Licorice (Mulethi) Crystals and Ajwain Flower Extract Crystals to Be Used as a Chairside Herbal Disinfectant for Chairside Sterilisation of Orthodontic Wires: In Vitro Study.
Full text linkIntroduction: The use of fixed orthodontic appliances increases the risk of gingival inflammation and microbial contamination due to biofilm accumulation. Preformed NiTi or stainless-steel wires, which are often handled prior to sterilisation, are susceptible to contamination. While chemical disinfectants like chlorhexidine are effective, they have notable side effects such as staining. Due to increasing resistance of pathogens such as E. coli and S. aureus and the limitations of conventional agents, this study aims to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of Licorice (Mulethi) and Ajwain extracts at various concentrations for disinfecting orthodontic wires.
Objectives: The study aimed to formulate and evaluate herbal disinfectants containing Trachyspermum ammi and Glycyrrhiza glabra at different concentrations for the effective disinfection of preformed NiTi archwires.
Methods: Herbal formulations of 5%, 10%, and 20% concentration were prepared using standardized Licorice and Ajwain extracts. Their efficacy was tested on Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli using Mueller-Hinton agar and orthodontic wires. Control was 70% alcohol
Prevalence of Endocrinopathies in Moderate Anemic Patients with Β-Thalassemia Major - A Collaborative Study
Full text linkIntroduction: Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder resulting in a mutation or deletion of the genes that control globin production. Every year around 100000 children are born with thalassemia major in the world and around 10,000 are born in India alone.
Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of endocrinopathies in moderate anaemic patients β- Thalassemia major, in the study population.
Methods:
Data collection procedure: Information regarding the demographic features and clinical examinations will be collected from each patient.
A 5-ml intravenous blood sample will be collected in EDTA and plain vial to determine the following biochemical investigations.
Biochemical Investigations:
Serum calcium
Phosphate Ferritin
Parathyroid hormone [PTH]
A random blood glucose level
Sample Size: 50 children of the same age group were considered
All children with β-thalassemia major between age group of 6 to 18 who are on regular follow up with thalassemia centres.
Results: Our study showed that 62% of BTM patients had at least one endocrine disorder, with 28.7% having two disorders and 9.3% having three types of disorders.
Hypogonadism: This was the most prevalent endocrine complication. In the Omani study, 62% of patients were affected, with 35% exhibiting hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and 27% normogonadotropic hypogonadism.
Conclusions: Endocrine complications are common among patients with β-thalassemia major, even in those with moderate anemia. Hypogonadism, diabetes mellitus, and hypoparathyroidism are among the most prevalent. Regular screening for endocrine dysfunctions, early initiation of chelation therapy, and multidisciplinary management are crucial for improving the quality of life and outcomes in these patients