Journal of Chemical Health Risks (Islamic Azad University, Iran)
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Spectrum of Cervical Cytology Findings: Analysis of 800 Pap Smears in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Chikkamagaluru
Full text linkBackground: Cervical Cancer remains a significant public health concern in India, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas. Pap smear screening is a vital tool for early detection of precancerous and cancerous lesions. This study aims to evaluate cervical cytology findings in 800 cases at a tertiary care hospital in Chikkamagaluru, Karnataka.
Methods: A retrospective study was conducted over a two year period, analyzing 800 pap smears collected from women attending the Gynecology Outpatient Department. The smears were stained using the Papanicolaou method and categorized based on the Bethesda System 2014.Demographic and clinical data were also reviewed.
Results: Among the 800 cases, 71% smears were reported as Negative For Intraepithelial Lesion/ Malignancy (NILM), with infections such as Bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis being the most common findings. Low Grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) were observed in 1.8%, while High grade squamous Intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) accounted for 1.7%. Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) were noted in 25% of cases. And invasive carcinoma was diagnosed in 0.25%. Women in the age group of 30-50 years exhibited the highest prevalence of abnormal cytology.
Conclusion: This study highlights the utility of Pap Smear screening in detecting a spectrum of cervical abnormalities, including precancerous lesions. Strengthening awareness and accessibility to cervical screening in rural regions like Chikkamagaluru is crucial for reducing the burden of cervical cancer
Detection and Characterization of Microplastics in Drinking Water Using Advanced Analytical Techniques
Full text linkIntroduction: The universal problem of microplastic pollution has drawn significant global attention in recent years. The detection of these tiny plastic particles in drinking water raises concerns about possible health hazards and emphasizes the need for a thorough investigation into their origins, distribution, and effects on human health. Objective: The present study aimed to detect the presence of microplastics in drinking water from various sources including bottled water from 2 branded companies and one local brand and tap water. Methods: By using field water testing kit developed by the Tamilnadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD) the water samples were analyzed for parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, conductivity, temperature, phosphate, chlorine, ammonia, nitrate, fluoride, and iron. Additionally, the water samples were filtered through membrane filtration techniques to detect the microplastics in the water samples. The membrane was further analyzed for the presence of microplastic using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy)Results: FTIR results revealed the presence of some contaminants in the water samples. SEM analysis revealed particle size of 2μm which may confirm the presence of microplastics in the water samples. The XRD pattern exhibited an amorphous or semi-crystalline peak, further indicating that microplastics may be present. It is suggested that microplastics may have been introduced into the water samples during processing
Assessment of Mandibular Incisive Nerve Canal in Cone Beam Computed Tomography: Cross Sectional Study
Full text linkBackground: The mandibular incisive canal (MIC), an extension of the inferior alveolar nerve, plays a critical role in anterior mandibular anatomy. Its presence and dimensions are essential considerations for surgical procedures such as implant placement, as improper assessment can lead to nerve damage and postoperative complications. Conventional imaging often fails to identify the MIC accurately, necessitating the use of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) for precise evaluation.
Aim & Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence, dimensions, and positioning of the mandibular incisive canal using CBCT and to analyze its relationship with anatomical landmarks such as the mental foramen, cortical bone, and alveolar process. The main objective of this study is to measure the distance between the canal and neighbouring anatomical landmarks like mental foramen, cortical bone and alveolar process to avoid the complication, to survey those with and without incisive nerve canal in mandible and to measure the various dimensions of the mandibular incisive nerve canal.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included 330 Indian-origin patients aged 30–50 years. CBCT images were analyzed for MIC presence, dimensions, and proximity to anatomical landmarks. Data were recorded in Microsoft Excel, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 23. Descriptive statistics and paired t-tests were used to analyze the data, with a p-value of <0.05 indicating statistical significance.
Results: The MIC was present in 82.2% of the participants (63% unilateral, 19.2% bilateral), while 17.8% lacked the canal. The average canal length for unilateral cases was 8.15 ± 2.46 mm, with a diameter of 2.02 ± 1.13 mm at the origin and 1.37 ± 1.20 mm at the apex. Bilateral canals showed significant differences in length between the right (7.61 ± 2.57 mm) and left (8.94 ± 2.28 mm) sides (p = 0.003). Distances from the canal to buccal and lingual cortices varied across samples.
Conclusions: The study highlights the anatomical variability of the MIC and underscores the importance of CBCT imaging for preoperative planning. Accurate identification of the canal’s dimensions and positioning can help prevent surgical complications and improve outcomes for anterior mandibular procedures
Predictive and State-of-the-art Machine Learning Models for Brain Tumors Prediction and Classification
Full text linkBrain tumors as part of complicated diseases impacting delicate functions of the brain, are generally caused by brain cell’s uncontrolled proliferation or within locations such as the pituitary gland, the pineal gland, nerves, and the membranes covering the brain surface. Brain tumors are classed as critical diseases due to the brain’s complex structure, and challenges related to early detection. In recent decades, machine learning (ML) has revolutionized medical imaging processing, innovating how healthcare professionals diagnose diseases and treat various conditions. This technique allows computers to learn to identify specific image features and patterns, and automatically classify different medical conditions. Several ML techniques are commonly used for image preprocessing in diverse domains.
This study aims to predict and classify brain tumors and analyze the performance of ML models: Support Vector Machine (SVM), XGBoost classifier, Light GBM (LGBM), and Random Forest (RF), using performance metrics: precision, recall, f1-score, and accuracy. This research paper reveals that the LGBM classifier outperforms other algorithms, achieving 91% accuracy.
Conclusively, this study illustrated that ML methods prove efficiency in brain tumor prediction at an early stage and provide a robust model for medical professionals to save patient lives
The Intersection of Mental Health and Social Care for the Elderly
Full text linkThe intersection of mental health and social care for the elderly is a critical area of concern as the aging population faces unique challenges. Older adults often experience increased mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety, exacerbated by social isolation, chronic illness, and the loss of loved ones. Effective social care strategies must prioritize mental well-being by integrating mental health services into comprehensive care plans. This holistic approach ensures that elderly individuals receive support that addresses both their physical and emotional needs, enhancing overall quality of life and promoting independence. Furthermore, fostering strong community connections is fundamental to mitigating mental health issues among the elderly. Social care providers can facilitate engagement by creating programs that encourage socialization and interaction. Activities such as group therapy, art classes, and community outings can help combat loneliness and provide emotional support. By prioritizing mental health within social care frameworks, we can empower older adults to lead healthier, more fulfilling lives while also reducing the burden on healthcare systems
Case Study: Examining Academic Stress in Children: Insights from A Case Study
Full text linkIntroduction: Stress has become a fundamental component of students\u27 academic experiences, influenced by many internal and external demands. Ayurvedic literature identifies chinta (stress) and atichintan (over-thinking) as the causes of Rasavaha Srotodushti, leading to various diseases.
Objective: A female student, aged about 19, came to our college exhibiting symptoms of sleep deprivation, memory loss, and dysphoria. The student had under treatment with Shirodhara and Nasya. Outcomes were assessed utilizing stress biomarkers and the POMS score.
Methods: The POMS Score and stress biomarkers shown considerable improvement after the completion of Shirodhara and nasya, employed in this context due to their features and mechanisms of action, which influence both Vatadosha and stress.
Results: No negative effects were observed during or after her treatment.
Conclusion: The assessment of the POMS Score on the 7th and 14th days of Shirodhara and nasya markedly facilitated the process. It markedly enhanced the positive domain of the POMS score and substantially reduced the negative domain score
Eco-Friendly Control of Disease-Transmit Mosquito Vectors using the Mosquito Fish Gambusia Affinis and Low Dosages of Mukia Maderaspatana Extracts
Full text linkIn many countries, mosquitoes pose a serious threat to public health, and managing mosquito populations is one of the most difficult aspects of mosquito control programmes. There is a need for decision biological active molecules to control mosquito in order to prevent dengue virus transmission. In the present investigation, ethanol and methanol using mosquitocidal compounds isolated against disease-transmitting mosquitoes. The highest preliminary larvicidal effective was found in the methanol leaf extract of Mukia maderaspatana (MLE-M. maderaspatana), followed by Trigonella foenum, Phyllanthus niruri, Senna auriculata, Justicia adhatoda, Andrographis paniculata, Hybanthus enneaspermus, Cardiospermum corundum and Azadirachta indica. The MLE and ELE-M. maderaspatana had the highest mortality rates at 48 hours, with LC50 values of 4.46 ppm and 60.55 ppm against An. stephensi, respectively. The phytochemical studies by quantitative and qualitative methods were MLE and ELE-M. maderaspatana, showed presence of saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, flavaonoids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, cardiac glycosides, coumorins, and steroid. The functional groups where FT-IR analysis was found included secondary profiling, which is obviously a phytochemical and may function as a geranylgeraniol molecule. It is evident from the Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum that MLE-M. maderaspatana was the source of the geranylgeraniol compound. MLE-M. maderaspatana exhibited a more potent antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS+, H2O2 tests than ascorbic acid. The primary component of the 26 MCCs found in the MLE-M. maderaspatana was geranylgeraniol. The results so show that MLE-M. maderaspatana, a component from a medicinal plant, may be a more effective mosquito control agent than readily available insecticides. 
MS/MS Method Validation for the Quantitative Determination of Vadadustat in In-Vitro Spiked Saliva
Full text linkIntroduction: Vadadustat is an orally administered hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor (HIF-PHI) developed for the treatment of anemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). It mimics the body\u27s natural response to hypoxia (low oxygen levels) by stimulating endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) production, thereby increasing red blood cell (RBC) levels.
Objectives: To prevent frequent blood withdrawal during bio analysis,there is a necessity to develop convenient method for patients.So far there are no existing methods for determination of the same in in-vitro saliva by LC-MS/M which rapid in estimation.
Methods: The max of Vadadustat was observed at 245 nm by UV spectrometry establishing a very good linearity along with sensitivity. The detection limit (LOD) =0.2845µg mL-1 and quantitation limit (LOQ)= 0.9013 μg mL-¹ were obtained from the linear concentrations taken in the range of 1.5-15 µg mL-1. The correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.999 was found. The method validation parameters according to ICH Q2 (R1) were performed.
Results: The developed method described here UPLC-MS/MS method was found to be novel, sensitive and rapid with improved results when successfully tested for human saliva samples without significant differences in the steady state Vadadustat concentrations.
Conclusions: Current method could answer the safety issues during therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug when tested clinically. 
Comparison between Magnesium Sulphate and Buprenorphine as an Adjuvant to Bupivacaine in Ultrasound-Guided Transverse Abdominis Plane Block for Post-Operative Analgesia in Parturients Undergoing Caesarean Section
Full text linkBackground: This study evaluates the comparative efficacy of Magnesium Sulphate and Buprenorphine as adjuvants to Bupivacaine in an ultrasound-guided Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) block for post-operative analgesia in parturients undergoing Caesarean section.
Methods: A prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled study was conducted on sixty patients (n=60) aged 18–40 years with ASA grade 2 and 3, undergoing elective or emergency Caesarean section. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: Group M (n=30) received 18 ml of 0.25% Bupivacaine with 1 ml Magnesium Sulphate (500 mg) and 1 ml normal saline per side, while Group B (n=30) received 18 ml of 0.25% Bupivacaine with 0.5 ml Buprenorphine (150 mcg) and 1.5 ml normal saline per side. The primary outcome was the duration of post-operative analgesia, while secondary outcomes included the time to first rescue analgesic requirement, total rescue analgesia required over 24 hours, pain intensity using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and hemodynamic stability.
Results: Group B demonstrated significantly prolonged analgesia (9.72±0.879 hours) compared to Group M (7.45±1.03 hours) (p<0.001). The requirement for rescue analgesia was lower in Group B (1.7±0.466 doses) than in Group M (2.13±0.68 doses) (p=0.045). VAS scores were significantly lower in Group B at 8, 12, 18, and 24 hours post-operatively (p<0.05). Hemodynamic parameters remained stable in both groups.
Conclusion: The addition of Buprenorphine to Bupivacaine in TAP block provides prolonged post-operative analgesia, reduces the need for rescue analgesia, and minimizes pain intensity without significant hemodynamic alterations. Buprenorphine appears superior to Magnesium Sulphate as an adjuvant for enhanced post-operative pain management in Caesarean section patients
VMAT Treatment Evaluation in Patients with Head-And-Neck Cancer (HNC): Analysis of Systematic, Random Errors and Evaluation of CTV-PTV Margin.
Full text linkThis study focuses on refining the accuracy of treatment setup and delivery for patients with advanced head-and-neck cancer (HNC) undergoing Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT). VMAT allows rapid, dynamic delivery of highly targeted radiation doses, making precise error control essential to avoid unnecessary radiation exposure to healthy tissue. We evaluated 40 patients with stage III or IV HNC who received VMAT at our center, delivering a simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) of 70 Gy to the primary tumor and 57.75 Gy to the nodal regions. This research specifically assessed variations in patient setup along the vertical, longitudinal, and lateral axes. The study relied on data from the Monaco Treatment Planning System (Version 5.11.02, Elekta) and the Mosaiq software (Version 2.0), integrated with iViewGT and XVI onboard imaging systems on the Elekta Versa-HD machine. Before treatment, we conducted quality assurance and quality controls (QA/QC) and dosimetric verification using the MyQA platform and a high-resolution Matrixx Universal detector array. This allowed us to create a database capturing treatment setup variations to ensure consistency and reliability across all treatment fractions. The results emphasize the importance of understanding both systematic and random errors to enhance treatment precision. Following the International Commission on Radiation Units (ICRU-51 and 62) recommendations, we calculated systematic errors in the X, Y, and Z directions to be 0.93 mm, 0.9 mm, and 0.88 mm, respectively, while random errors were 0.98 mm, 0.82 mm, and 0.92 mm in these same directions. Using Van Herk’s margin formula, we determined the Clinical Target Volume to Planning Target Volume (CTV-PTV) margins as 3.011 mm, 2.824 mm, and 2.844 mm for each axis. QA/QC results also confirmed a high dose accuracy with a gamma index average of 99.5% across treatments. In conclusion, managing systematic and random errors in external beam therapy is critical, especially for complex regions like the head and neck, where anatomy can vary significantly. Despite advancements in VMAT, errors remain inherently unpredictable, underscoring the need for precise margin calculations to maintain treatment quality. Accurate CTV-PTV margins are crucial for minimizing radiation exposure to healthy tissue while ensuring that the tumor receives the prescribed dose, ultimately improving treatment outcomes for patients with large tumor volumes in radiosensitive areas