Journal of Chemical Health Risks (Islamic Azad University, Iran)
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Gingival Crevicular Fluid-A Medium for Diagnosis-An Overview
Full text linkIntroduction: A change in the periodontal microbiota, which leads to irreparable loss of the periodontal tissues, characterizes periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease.A higher incidence of tooth loss is associated with the development of intrabony osseous abnormalities as periodontal disease worsens. (Koidou et al.2022) .By highlighting a number of proinflammatory components that is believed to be found in gingival sulcular fluid, microbial action in periodontal diseases stimulates the host\u27s local and systemic immune responses.(Sereti et al,2020).
Objectives: Given that gingival crevicular fluid serves as a reservoir of indicators and biomarkers of connective tissue as well as bone deterioration, it has been proposed as a viable diagnostic and prognostic marker for a noninvasive investigation of periodontal disorders.In order to assess the existence and severity of disease of periodontal tissues, GCF might be thought of as a potential prognostic tool.( Gupta et al.2021)
Results: A healthy periodontium produces minimum quantities of gingival crevicular fluid, which is similar to blood plasma in composition.The elements of gingival crevicular fluid also come from gingival tissues, as well as from bacteria and cells that respond to their environment, known as host reaction cells, that are found within the gingival crevicular crevice and the adjacent periodontal structures.Collecting and evaluating the Sulcular Fluid are hence the noninstrusive techniques used to evaluate the host\u27s response to periodontal disease.(Kasuma & Oinzel.2018).
Conclusions:A biomarker is a substantial material that exhibits a biological state and is used as a goal measure to evaluate the current and potential future course of a disease.Thus severe infection of tissues surrounding periodontium can’t be projected by a sole biomarker. In order to predict how a disease may manifest, combinations of biomarkers are used.(Kharkar VV et al,2022
Anthropometric Study of Cranial Vault Thickness with Respect to Age, Gender, and Somatotype in Indian Adults
Full text linkBackground:
Cranial vault thickness (CVT) is a key anatomical parameter relevant in clinical, anthropological, and forensic contexts. It is influenced by various biological and physiological factors including age, sex, and body build. However, population-specific data, especially from India, remain scarce.
Objective:
To examine the variation in cranial vault thickness with respect to age, sex, and general body build among a sample of Indian adults.
Methods:
A prospective observational study was conducted on 132 deceased individuals (75 males, 57 females), aged 20–80 years, undergoing medico-legal autopsy at Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology at tertiary care center. The study duration spanned from September 2024 to January 2025 CVT measurements were taken at three standard anatomical points: frontal, parietal, and occipital bones using digital Vernier Calipers. Age, sex, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Statistical analysis included correlation and regression models to evaluate associations between CVT and the studied variables.
Results:
The mean cranial vault thickness was higher in males across all measurement sites. A mild positive correlation was observed between CVT and BMI, while a weak inverse relationship with age was noted, especially at the parietal region. Statistically significant differences were noted between sexes for all three cranial regions (p < 0.05).
Conclusion:
Cranial vault thickness in the Indian population varies with age, sex, and general body build. Males tend to have thicker cranial bones, and higher BMI is associated with marginally increased CVT. These findings hold implications for forensic identification, trauma analysis, and biomechanical modeling
Study Of Portal Vein Doppler Indices and Other Noninvasive Markers as Predictors of Esophageal Varices in Cirrhotic Patients
Full text linkBackground: Portal hypertension commonly accompanies liver cirrhosis. The development of esophageal varices (EV) is one of the major complications of portal hypertension. Guidelines recommend that all cirrhotic patients should be screened for the presence of EV when liver cirrhosis is diagnosed.
Objectives: To evaluate portal hypertension parameters in liver cirrhosis by using Doppler ultrasound and other non-invasive parameters in predicting esophageal varices and to correlate portal hypertension parameters in predicting esophageal varices and upper GI bleed from esophageal varices.
Materials and Methods: 99 Cirrhotic patients were enrolled in our study based on their clinical presentation, Child-Pugh status, co-morbid conditions, baseline blood parameters, liver function test, etiology and endoscopic grading of varices were noted. All patients will be subjected to Doppler evaluation of portal system and other indices like Liver vascular index, congestion index, portal hypertensive index and presence of porto-systemic collaterals also noted. Platelet/spleen ratio, AST/platelet ratio were calculated.
Results: The most common aetiology of cirrhosis in this part of country is Alcohol related liver disease (29%), followed by cryptogenic and Hepatitis B related liver disease (28% & 21% respectively). Non-invasive parameters like Platelet count (114578 in patients without varices vs. 78113 in patients with large varices, P=0.049), Prothrombin time (16.53±4.3 vs. 18.18±4.5, P=0.030), Platelet count/spleen diameter ratio (957 vs. 627, P=0.011) predicted the presence of large esophageal varices. Among the Colour Doppler Ultrasound study parameters, the Portal vein mean velocity (15.44±4.63 vs. 11.91±3.97, P=0.019), Liver vascular index (14.38±5.56 vs. 9.38±4.01, P=0.001), Spleen size>16.2 cm (13.34±4.20 vs.16.29±3.42, P=0.05) predicted the presence of large esophageal varices, increasing the risk for upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Conclusion:
Results of our study indicate that non-invasive tools like platelet count, prothrombin time, platelet/spleen diameter ratio, spleen size >16.2 cm, and Doppler parameters like portal vein velocity, liver vascular index are predictors of presence of large esophageal varices
Novel Bioactive Compounds in Methanolic Extract of Andrographis paniculata through GC MS
Full text linkIntroduction
Medicinal plants have garnered significant attention in biotechnology research due to their pivotal role in synthesizing bioactive compounds essential for various pharmaceutical applications. Historically, these plants have been primary sources of numerous biologically active substances, including therapeutic agents, natural dyes, fragrances, and flavour enhancers, especially in India. Herbal remedies often derive from raw plant extracts rich in diverse phytochemicals, predominantly secondary metabolites, which can vary considerably among different plant species. Andrographis paniculata is a well established medicinal herb known for its anti inflammatory, antiviral, and hepatoprotective properties. Despite extensive study of its major diterpenoids, andrographolide, many minor phytochemicals remain unexplored.
Objective
To uncover and profile previously unreported phytoconstituents in A. paniculata leaf extract using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC MS).
Methods
Botanical identity of A. paniculata was validated via morphological and taxonomic criteria. Air dried leaves were pulverized and subjected to methanol extraction by Soxhlet and the concentrated extract underwent. The GC-MS evaluation was performed following standard procedures with a Mass Hunter GC/MS Acquisition B.07.05.2479 system (Agilent Technologies, Inc.).
Result
GC MS profiling identified 14 phytoconstituents, of which one of compounds Dodecanedioic has not been previously reported in A. paniculata based on library match quality and fragmentation patterns.
Conclusion
This study expands the phytochemical repertoire of A. paniculata by reporting one newly compound and fourteen, several compounds of which as fatty acid methyl esters and phenolic ethers contribute to its pharmacological actions. These findings support further bioactivity assays (antioxidant, cytotoxicity, anti inflammatory) to evaluate therapeutic potential and may inform isolation and structure activity relationship studies.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/jchr.v15.i5.890
Diagnostic Accuracy of MRI and Clinical Examination in Estimating Tumor Size in Early-Stage Cervical Carcinoma
Full text linkBackground: Cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women globally, particularly in developing countries. Accurate tumor size estimation is critical for staging and treatment planning in early-stage cervical carcinoma. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of MRI and clinical examination in estimating tumor size in early-stage cervical carcinoma.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Gynecological Oncology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January 2020 to December 2020. A total of 40 patients diagnosed with early-stage cervical carcinoma (FIGO stage Ib1–IIa1) were enrolled in the study. Tumor size was recorded by clinical examination, MRI, and histopathology post-radical hysterectomy. Pearson’s correlation and size estimation accuracy within ±0.5 cm was analyzed.
Results: MRI showed a stronger correlation with histopathology (r = 0.7567; p = 0.001) than with clinical examination (r = 0.5707; p = 0.001). MRI demonstrated higher accuracy in tumors ≥2.0 cm, particularly in the 2.0–3.9 cm group (22.5% vs. 7.5% for clinical). MRI also outperformed clinical examination in estimating tumors ≥4.0 cm (30.0% vs. 25.0% accuracy within ±0.5 cm).
Conclusion: MRI is more accurate than clinical examination in tumor size estimation and should be integrated into standard cervical cancer staging protocols.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/jchr.v15.3.893
Morphogenesis of Anterior Cruciate Ligaments on Both the Knee Joints in Adult Indian Population and Its Surgical Approaches: A Patient based Study
Full text linkBackground: The strongest ligament in the knee joint, the anterior cruciate ligament aids in standing, rotational stability, and the avoidance of joint hyperextensibility. Collagen fibres connect it to the tibial and femoral insertions. Its anatomy differs depending on the race and is difficult to repair if it is ruptured. Its anatomy is essential for recognising their footprints, and this article analyses its relationship to the long bones of the lower leg to comprehend ligament reconstruction and restoration.
Obejectives : The purpose of this study is to compare the overall length of the ACLs in both knee joints and connect them with the lengths of the tibia and femur. Materials and Procedures: Observation and surgical procedures on 20 patients were observed in the study. The length of the ACL was measured using a digital calliper, and the femur and tibia were measured using a measuring tape. Result : The mean ± standard deviation of the total length of the ACL in the right and left knees is 29.42 ± 5.48 and 29.78 ± 4.07, respectively, and ranges from 19.5 - 37.1 and 22.5 - 34.7. The parametric distribution of femur length on the right and left sides is 42.97 ± 2.42, with ranges of 39 – 45.6, respectively, while the mean ± standard deviation of tibia length on both lower limb sides is 36.55 ± 1.87, with ranges of 34 – 37.8, respectively. All of the parametric distributions show a positive connection at the p<0.05 level of significance. In conclusion, the current study gives orthopedic surgeons the information they need to undertake surgery and grafting
Evaluating Maxillary Buccal Posterior Cortical Bone Thickness: A CBCT Study of Average and Vertical Growth Patterns in Orthodontics
Full text linkIntroduction: Orthodontic skeletal anchorage enables the clinician to proceed with absolute anchorage during treatment. Cortical bone thickness is considered a determinant factor for the primary stability of TADs. Vertical facial morphology is important for the orthodontist, since it affects the goals and the approach of orthodontic treatment by having an effect on the growth & anchorage system also. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the cortical bone thickness in the maxillary buccal posterior region in average and vertical growth pattern subjects for orthodontic implants.
Objectives: To measure and compare cortical bone thickness between 4&5, 5&6, 6&7 regions in subjects with average and vertical growth patterns. To measure bone thickness at 12mm, 14mm & 16mm at angle of 45°,60°,70° & 80° for each height from maxillary occlusal plane as reference line. To investigate cortical bone thickness differences between right and left sides.
Methods: A total of 60 subjects were selected for CBCT images. 30 subjects in group A- Average Growth pattern (14 males and 16 females) & 30 subjects in group B- Vertical Growth pattern (14 males and 16 females). CBCT scans of the maxilla were taken in a VATECH machine. For all scans, the standard protocol was 95 kV, 8 mA, 12 × 10 cm field of view, 0.30 mm voxel size, and scanning time of 11-17 seconds. The CBCT images were analyzed using CS imaging software & bone thickness was measured in the maxillary buccal posterior region. Data were collected and analyzed using independent t test, Shapiro Wilk test, One-way ANOVA test, and Bonferroni post-hoc test.
Results: Both group A and group B showed significant differences on comparing inter-radicular cortical bone thickness between 4&5, 5&6, and 6&7 regions at different heights and different angles, between 5 & 6region had the maximum thickness followed by 6 & 7 region and then 4 & 5 region and group A showed greater values than group B from maxillary occlusal plane.
Conclusions: The desirable site for orthodontic TADs placement, stability & success rate may be between the 2nd premolar & 1st molar then 1st molar & 2nd molar, and 1st premolar & 2nd premolar respectively from maxillary occlusal plane
Role of Sonoelastography in the Evaluation of Supraspinatus Tendinopathy – A Comparative Study with Mri in a Tertiary Care Centre in Chengalpattu District
Full text linkBackground: Rotator cuff pathologies are main cause for chronic shoulder pain, among them supraspinatus tendinopathy is more common. Magnetic resonance imaging, which is usually considered as the reference standard. Sono-elastography is noninvasive and reliable ultrasound technique that provides qualitative as well as quantitative assessment of tendon quality through alteration in the tissue composition.
Objectives: To determine if there is a correlation between Sono elastography and MRI for the purpose of early diagnosis of supraspinatus tendinopathy.
Design: Cross-sectional.
Settings: Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Thiruporur.
Patients And Methods: A cross-sectional study included 110 patients with supraspinatus tendinopathy aged 20-70 years, both MRI grades and sonoelastography (Shear Wave Velocity and modulus) parameters were assessed for each grade supraspinatus tendinopathy using a high-frequency linear probe. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 23 software.
Sample Size: 110
Main Outcome Measures: To assess the degree of correlation between MRI grades and sonoelastography measures in cases of supraspinatus tendinopathy.
Patients Results: Over 18 months, 110 cases were studied. Patients experiencing supraspinatus tendinopathy had a significantly decreased tendon stiffness, as shown by a low shear wave velocity (SWV) and high shear wave modulus (kPa) There was an average shear wave velocity of 3.9 m/s for Grade I tendon abnormalities, 3.4 m/s for Grade II abnormalities, and 2.7 m/s for Grade III abnormalities. Classification of tendinopathy was found to be mild in 27.2% of cases, moderate to severe in 31.8%, and severe in 40.9%. which are correlating with MRI grading with P<0.001.
Conclusions: SWE may be used in identification of tendon abnormalities early.Our study found a high association between tendinopathy MRI findings and tendon stiffness values in sonoelastography.It is a method that is simple, fast, and inexpensive helps to diagnose early and start the rehabilitation early so can prevent the tendon tear also reliable diagnostic tool in centers where MRI is not availabe or in patients in whom MRI is contraindicate
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Novel Imidazole Based Chalcone Derivatives.
Full text linkAim: To synthesize novel imidazole-based chalcone derivatives and assess their biological activities for potential drug development.
Method: The novel imidazole-based chalcone derivatives were synthesized by reacting benzylamine, dihydroxyacetone, and potassium thiocyanate, forming (1-benzyl-2-mercapto-1H-imidazol-5-yl) methanol. The introduction of methyl or ethyl iodide, coupled with oxidation using magnesium dioxide, yielded the target compounds by alkylation and oxidation method. Claisen-Schmidt condensation with various acetophenones under methanolic sodium hydroxide facilitated further derivatization. Structural elucidation involved Spectroscopic analysis and mass spectrometry, followed by antimicrobial activity testing.
Results: Compounds (9a-9j’) demonstrated varied antibacterial efficacy. Compound 9b exhibited notable activity against B. cereus and E. coli (MIC 125 µg/mL and 62.5 µg/mL). Compound 9e showed significant antibacterial activity across strains (MIC 50-125 µg/mL), and 9c consistently inhibited S. aureus, B. cereus, and P. aeruginosa (MIC 250 µg/mL). Compounds 9g and 9j’ displayed diverse antibacterial effects, indicating potential selectivity.
Conclusions: In conclusion, the synthesized imidazole-based chalcone derivatives exhibit promising antimicrobial potential, supported by methodological alignment and consistent observations in antibacterial and antifungal activities. The innovative inclusion of oxidation steps enhances structural diversity, emphasizing their efficacy against bacterial and fungal infections
Evaluation of Crestal Bone Height Post-Implant Placement: A Comparative In-Vivo Analysis Between Calcium Phosphate Coating and Alumina Oxide Blasting: An Original Research Study
Full text linkBackground: To radiographically evaluate crystal bone height changes around the calcium phosphate coated and alumino oxide blasted implants immediately, one month and three months after placement using a software in radionuclide Ventriculogram (RVG).
Methodology: This experimental randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted for a period 2 year. 30 patients with single posterior edentulous region were selected. These patients were divided into two equal groups with 15 sample size each. 15 patients were rehabilitated using alumino oxide blasted implants & 15 patients with calcium phosphate coated implants. Radiographic evaluation was done immediate after implant placement and follow up evaluation was done at one- and three-month time interval.
Results: Repeated Measure of ANOVA test &Boneferroni Post Hoc analysis were used in the study. The results of the study showed statistically significant difference in the crestal bone loss which was more in alumino oxide blasted implant as compared to calcium phosphate coated implants when measured in mm. It was 3.67±0.51 and 3.05±0.50 immediately after insertion, 3.26±0.50 & 2.77±0.56 at 1 month after placement and 3.08±0.45& 2.68±0.58 at 3-month interval after placement for alumino oxide blasted and calcium phosphate coated implants respectively.
Conclusion: Calcium phosphate coated implants were superior to alumino oxide blasted implants as measured and compared radiographically upto 3 months