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المواجهة الجنائية للتحايل على عنوان بروتوكول الإنترنت في القانونين الإماراتي والليبي
Get PDFAbstract
In the virtual world, criminals often attept to conceal their crimes and prevent detection by criminal justice agencies. They use many means and techniques for this purpose, and perhaps the most remarkable one is to circumvent the Internet Protocol (IP) address with the intent of committing a crime and obtaining its proceeds without being identified and held accountable by the criminal justice system.
There is no doubt that spoofing the IP address poses a significant problems to criminal justice agencies in their mission to investigat crimes and identify perpetrators.
The importance of this study lies in the necessity of criminalizing the act of the IP address spoofing, given the difficulty of proving electronic crimes, and for the alternative evidentiary means beyond traditional investigative methods, especially given the lack of specialized references on Libyan cybercrime law in general, and on the topic of this study in particular.
The problem addressed by this study is to determine the effectiveness of the current provisions in the Libyan legislation to combat IP address spoofing in comparison with the UAE legislation. From this central issue, the study explores several related questions.
The study yielded several results, perhaps the most important of which is the ineffectiveness of the provisions of the current Libyan legislation in providing an effective protection against IP address spoofing, in addition to the inability of UAE legal provisions to encompass spoofing of digital addresses other than the IP address, not to mention the weakness of the penalties stipulated by the Emirati legislator for an artificial personality.
The studies recommended the need to explicitly criminalize IP address spoofing the spoofing of any other digital protocol address, whithin the Libyan legislation, in addition to calling upon the UAE legislator to address the noted deficiencies and adopt further recommendations as elaborated in the full text of the research.
ملخص البحث
يحاول المجرمون في العالم الافتراضي إخفاء جرائمهم، ومنع تعقبهم من أجهزة العدالة الجنائية. ويستخدمون في سبيل ذلك العديد من الوسائل والتقنيات؛ لعلّ من أهمّها التحايل على عنوان بروتوكول الإنترنت (IP) بقصد ارتكاب جريمة، والظفر بعوائدها دون أن يتمّ كشفهم وتقديمهم للعدالة الجنائية .
ولاشكّ في أنّ التحايل على عنوان بروتوكول الإنترنت يعـدّ من أهم المشكلات التي تواجه أجهزة العدالة الجنائية، عند قيامها بدورها في البحث عن الجريمة وشخص مرتكبها .
وتجلّت أهمية الدراسة في أهمية تجريم فعل التحايل على عنوان بروتوكول الإنترنت، بالنظر إلى صعوبة إثبات الجرائم الإلكترونية، والحاجة إلى إيجاد طرق لإثباتها بديلة عن الطرق التقليدية، لا سيما مع قلة المراجع المتخصصة في قانون الجرائم الإلكترونية الليبي بشكلٍ عامّ، وفي موضوع الدراسة بشكلٍ خاصّ.
وتمثلّت إشكالية الدراسة في معرفة مدى نجاعة النصوص الحالية في التشريع الليبي لمكافحة التحايل على عنوان بروتوكول الإنترنت بالمقارنة بالتشريع الإماراتي. وتـفرّعت عن ذلك العديد من التساؤلات تـناولناها في البحث .
وقد أسفرت الدراسة عن العديد من النتائج، لعلّ أهمّها عدم فعالية نصوص التشريع الليبي الحالية في توفير مكافحة فعّالة للتحايل على عنوان بروتوكول الإنترنت، بالإضافة إلى عدم استيعاب النص الإماراتي للتحايل على عناوين رقمية أخرى غير عنوان بروتوكول الإنترنت، فضلا عن ضعف العقوبات التي يقرّرها المشرّع الإماراتي للشخص المعنوي.
وأوصت الدراسة بضرورة النصّ على تجريم التحايل على عنوان بروتوكول الإنترنت، أو أي عنوان بروتوكولي رقمي آخر، في التشريع الليبي، بالإضافة إلى مناشدة المشرّع الإماراتي للأخذ بالملحوظات السابقة وغيرها، كما ورد في البحث
GHAF MICROGREEN: A NOVEL FUNVTIONAL FOOD WITH IMPROVED NUTRITIONAL CONTENT USING NANOPARTICLES-SEED PRIMING
Get PDFProviding enough food for a growing global population is not only a significant issue for the future but also millions of people worldwide suffer from hidden hunger. Microgreens are renowned for their dense nutrient profile, and higher vitamin levels, minerals, and antioxidants than mature plants. Despite the burgeoning interest in microgreens, the availability of diverse and locally relevant varieties remains limited in many regions, including the UAE. This gap in the availability of indigenous microgreens presents an opportunity to explore alternative sources of nutritious greens tailored to the local environment. Among the indigenous flora of the UAE, the Ghaf (Prosopis cineraria) plant stands out as a promising candidate for microgreen production, owing to its nutritional richness and ecological resilience. Traditionally, the ghaf leaf is consumed by nearly all humans and livestock. This study explored the potential of producing a microgreen from the ghaf seed and investigated leveraging nanotechnology through seed priming to bolster the resilience and productivity of ghaf microgreen and enhance its nutritional value. ZnO nanoparticle-seed priming enhanced seed germination percentage and stimulated parameters of seedling growth of the roots and shoots. The antioxidant capacity as the content of phenolics and flavonoids were also increased in the ghaf microgreens. Variations in individual phenolic compounds such as sinapic acid, gallic acid, benzoic acid, rutin hydrate were observed with the highest expression of the sinapic acid in the leaves. Furthermore, ZnO nanoparticle treatment stimulated protein synthesis in both seeds and microgreens. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the physiological and nutritional responses of Ghaf seeds and plants to ZnO nanoparticle treatment, laying the groundwork for further research on nanoparticle-based strategies for enhancing crop productivity, nutritional value. The potential impact of the research is to provide innovative and future food from available UAE native plants for sustainable food security
INTEGRATING IOTA TANGLE AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN IOT NETWORK FOR NETWORK ANOMALY DETECTION
Get PDFThe Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem has advanced with the advent of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Individually, DLT and AI have been explored for enhancement of data management, security, integrity and efficiency of IoT systems. In this thesis, the combined use to apply DLT and AI for network anomaly detection in IoT systems is considered. A framework is proposed to integrate IOTA Tangle, a DLT architecture with Machine Learning (ML)- Random Forest, Decision Trees, and LightGBM, to detect network anomalies in IoT systems. The proposed framework processes network traffic data from UNSW-NB15 dataset and categorizes it into layers based on the OSI model with Smart Contracts for classification. Following this multiple Tip Selection Algorithms (TSAs) for Tangle formations are compared, and the Cache TSA is identified as the best performing with large datasets to form multiple OSI layer specific Tangles. After the formation of the Tangles, ML models are used on it with data mapping to map tangle data to raw dataset and train and test the models on normal vs anomalous traffic. The framework is then evaluated by comparing with traditional ML based anomaly detection on OSI-separated dataset slices without Tangle formation. The results demonstrate that the Tangle structure adds an additional data integrity and security layer with minimal loss of comparability to standard methods. This study contributes to the field of information security by improving IoT data management through IOTA Tangle ensuring integrity of data and Machine Learning to optimize anomaly detection
3D PRINTING OF SHORT FIBER REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE: NOVEL LATTICE ARCHITUCTURE AND MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION
Get PDFThis study explores the enhanced compressive behavior of 3D-printed single and double gyroid solid-networks lattices. Where the double gyroids are constructed from two intertwined single gyroid structures. These structures were designed by nTop implicit modeling tool and then fabricated by material extrusion additive manufacturing method at optimized printing parameters, including optimized nozzle temperature and raster angle. The main objective of this study is to reveal the compressive behavior of the novel double gyroid lattice structure and then to tailor its response through variable gyroid heights. Standard polymer tests were performed, considering thermogravimetric analysis, to confirm the thermal stability of the printed material and to reveal the initial degradation temperature of the filament, which was found to be around 277°C. The compression results demonstrate that increasing the relative density enhances both the mechanical properties and failure resistance in both architectures. For instance, a 32% increase in relative density from 0.5 to 0.66 for double gyroids led to a 102% increase in peak load. Distinct failure modes were observed: single gyroid structures exhibited shear failure at approximately 45°, while double gyroid structures failed via densification, showing a more gradual failure behavior. This unique failure behavior offers a more gradual collapse mechanism and potential controllability through gyroids’ height variation. Despite that, double gyroid structures achieving lower peak loads than single gyroid lattices at equivalent relative densities. This research provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between relative density, architecture, and failure in 3D-printed cellular structures, guiding the design and optimization of these materials for diverse applications such as aerospace and automotive engineering, where weight reduction is crucial
برنامج نافس في عامه الثالث: دراسة تحليلية في إطار السياسات العامة
Get PDFNafis Program in its Third Year: A Public Policy Analysis
Emiratization in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) stands at the forefront of government priorities, with policymakers placing significant emphasis on it as a fundamental pillar for providing citizens with a dignified life and enhancing their participation across various economic sectors. Emiratis are considered integral contributors to driving their country\u27s economic development. Recognizing this importance, the UAE government has focused its efforts since the country\u27s establishment on enacting public policies that enable Emiratis to integrate into both the public and private labour markets. However, these policies have faced several challenges, most notably citizens\u27 preference for public sector employment due to factors such as higher wage levels and prevailing societal perceptions that view the private sector negatively, contributing to elevated unemployment rates among Emiratis.
Given the success of Emiratization policies in the public sector and their limited effectiveness in the private sector —and considering that the private sector is the primary driver of the national economy—the government has directed its efforts toward encouraging the employment of Emiratis in this sector by launching numerous policies and initiatives, the latest of which is the Nafis program. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a scientific analysis of the Nafis program as a public policy by adopting the incremental model to public policy analysis, as it is the result of a series of accumulated Emiratization policies carefully refined to address previous obstacles. This approach was applied by analysing relevant federal laws, decrees, cabinet decisions, and ministerial resolutions. The study was further supported by a qualitative research method through semi-structured interviews with private sector employers holding managerial and supervisory positions in human resources and Emiratization. The program\u27s strategic objectives were used as a reference framework to explore their experiences and identify the challenges and opportunities associated with the program from their perspective, ultimately providing a comprehensive view of the program.
The study concluded with several important findings, highlighting the program\u27s strengths, such as its success in enhancing the attractiveness of the private sector and increasing the number of Emiratis within it, as well as setting clear Emiratization targets, effective monitoring and follow-up mechanisms, and enforced strict penalties to deter attempts to circumvent the law. However, the study revealed several challenges, most notably the absence of policies ensuring job continuity for Emiratis in the private sector, overlapping and duplication of roles among government entities overseeing the Emiratization, and standardizing Emiratization targets across all economic sectors without considering their needs for specialized and qualified personnel. Considering these findings, the study presented recommendations to improve the program\u27s effectiveness and Emiratization policies, focusing on the importance of enhancing Emiratization governance through establishing a Ministry of Emiratization that integrates roles and responsibilities among relevant government entities, and launching a second cycle of the Nafis” program under this new ministry
DOMESTIC INTER-SECTORIAL NETWORK TOPOLOGY EVOLUTION AND INDUSTRIAL POLICY: A COMPREHENSIVE NETWORK ANALYSIS
No full textWhile controversial, industrial policy propose a compelling argument for the government role in stimulating economic growth. The “new industrial policy” approach proposes a shift from a “Why” to “How” should industrial policy be implemented. Building upon this, in line with the increased utilization of network theory in economic research, this research examines network analysis as an econometric diagnostic tool asking, “How network analysis could be utilized in understanding the domestic economy and designing industrial policy?”. The study utilizes country input-output tables to calculate centrality measures corresponding to different connectivity concepts, and explore the dependency between domestic industries. The research demonstrated a three steps method of utilizing network analysis in industrial policy design. First, the study examined domestic industries’ positions and identified misalignments and underutilized industries that could be the focus of industrial policy makers. Then moved toward enriching policy makers’ understanding of the expected evolutionary behavior of each sector within each developmental stage by conducting an independent-samples Kruskal Wallis test. Finally, the research focused on examining the impact of some broad policy economic outcomes on industries’ centrality measures utilizing panel data models. The study contributes to a world-wide ongoing debate, paying special attention to exploring the effect of Economic Openness, in terms of both international trade and foreign direct investment, on the domestic inter-sectorial topology. The initial descriptive analysis of a sample of eight countries has shown that industries have inherited attributes corresponding to their role in the economy. The disposition of an industry centrality value provides a key insight to policy makers in identifying the underutilization of some industries or the over-dependency on others in the domestic economy. While absolute connectivity didn’t show significance across development stages in the Kruskal-Wallis Test, supply and demand connectivity and dependency measures show that that domestic inter-sectorial linkages become more specialized as economies develop. This transition involves early volatility in primary industries and reach a climax in the tertiary sector of developed economies. The panel analysis has shown that the effects of openness and other economic policy outcomes vary across industries and developmental stages. Overall, connectivity is found to be positively associated with net FDI, while industries’ demand-side dependency is negatively associated with trade openness. However, in developing economies, trade openness seems to be associated with greater industries’ demand-side dependency
GENOMIC AND METABOLIC NETWORK CHARACTERIZATION OF FUSARIUM SPECIES
No full textFusarium covers the wide genus of fungi with over 400 species that are key in agricultural and medical practice. The purpose of the current study was to perform a comprehensive genomic profiling of the 19 Fusarium species that were captured in the National Centre of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The study was made to make a comparison of the data, based on the descriptive statistics of every species, with graphical representation images enabling clear demonstration of the numbers. The study indicated that the chromosomal numbers were in the range of 0-15, the gene count was roughly 11000 -19000, while that of the total nucleotide was between 37-60 million base pairs. In relation to taxonomy, it emerged that the GC content of the species averaged at 47%, which indicated that most of them were relatively stable and not evolving.
Key findings from this study were the high metabolism rate of the majority of the Fusarium species studied with about 40% of them demonstrating a metabolism rate of between 1550 and 1600. The implications of these findings are that they are suitable for the biotechnological use, and industrial enzyme production. The Fusarium species with a high similarity and closer clusters in the results indicates that those strains had a similar ecological role or came from the same evolutionary origin, while the divergent cluster suggest that these differences in the gene content are due to specialization possibly to aid in the ability to adapt to a wide range of hosts or due to pathogenicity and adaptation requirements. Findings also confirm that Fusarium species studied had a vast range of accessory genes and Accessory chromosomes that are responsible in production of secondary metabolism. Key to note that the three major species F. oxysporum and F. solani, whose high metabolism rate puts them as a suitable candidate for industrial use. However, it is imperative to note that such highly metabolic and gene metabolic Fusariums tend to evolve and hence creating resistance against drugs and pesticides. Understanding the genomic structure of the Fusarium helps in revealing their virulence or utilization in biotechnology
GROUNDWATER QUALITY AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE FUJAIRAH REGION USING HYDROGEOCHEMICAL, STATISTICAL, AND SPATIAL APPROACHES
No full textGroundwater is a valuable resource in the arid climate of the United Arab Emirates, where growing population, agricultural, and industrial activities are putting increasing pressure on the limited groundwater reserves. This work investigates the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in the Fujairah region to assess water quality and potential health risks. A total of 64 groundwater samples were collected from the Eastern Shallow Aquifer (ESA) and the Ophiolite aquifer in the study area and were analyzed for physicochemical parameters, major ions, and trace metals. Hydrogeochemical methods such as Piper, Gibbs, Chadha, and Schoeller diagrams were used to identify water types and governing processes.
Multivariate statistical methods were used to identify the main geochemical processes and cluster samples based on similarity. Additionally, interpolation maps highlighted hotspots of elevated salinity, major ions, and trace elements concentrations. Irrigation suitability was assessed using %Na, SAR, PI, MH, PS, RSC/RBSC, KR, and USSL/Wilcox classifications. Health risk was assessed with USEPA’s non‑carcinogenic framework for adults and children. pH was slightly alkaline with limited spatial variation across all samples. However, TDS was significantly higher in ESA (180 - 22,500 mg/L) compared to the fresher water of the ophiolite aquifer (360 - 1560 mg/L). Moreover, Nitrate showed hotspots and poor to extremely poor NPI classification in Fujairah City, Dibba, and Masafi. In addition, facies analyses showed Na-Cl dominance in ESA and mixed Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 to Na-Cl evolution in the ophiolite aquifer. The WQI generally indicated good to excellent conditions in inland areas, while some coastal zones showed poor to significantly poor conditions. Furthermore, the Irrigation indices often indicated high potential salinity and magnesium hazard even in areas with low to moderate SAR. Adult HI rarely exceeded 1, while in children, HI values exceeded the safe limit in almost all samples. The Pb has exceeded the safe limit as per WHO (0.01 mg/L) in 11 samples, indicating potential long-term concerns.
This study demonstrates an integrated approach for understanding groundwater quality in the Fujairah region by combining multivariate, hydrogeochemical, spatial, and health risk assessment methods. Overall, this study has brought into focus the need for monitoring and sustainable management of groundwater to protect public health and secure long-term availability of this vital resource
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AND SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORS, AND METABOLIC CONDITIONS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY FROM THE HNNHS IN GREECE
No full textVitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a widespread global health concern associated with various sociodemographic, lifestyle, dietary, and metabolic factors. While previous studies examined VDD in Greece, few provided a comprehensive analysis across multiple determinants using representative national data. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and predictors of VDD among Greek adults and to examine its associations with sociodemographic, dietary, behavioral, and metabolic variables using data from the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (HNNHS). A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 978 adults (≥19 years) from the HNNHS. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations \u3c 20 ng/mL were defined as deficient and ≥20 ng/mL as normal. The median age of participants was 40.2 years, and 62.0% were female. The overall prevalence of VDD was 46.0%, with the highest rate observed among adults aged ≥60 years (62.2%). VDD was significantly associated with older age (p \u3c 0.001), retirement status (62.9% among retired; p \u3c 0.001), low and sedentary physical activity (32.7% and 32.6% vs. 50.8% among highly active; p \u3c 0.001), higher HDL (median 52.0 vs. 49.0 mg/dL among VDD vs Normal; p = 0.001), elevated serum calcium (median 9.4 vs. 9.2 mg/dL among VDD vs Normal; p = 0.020), and lower insulin levels (median 7.5 vs. 8.0 μIU/mL among VDD vs Normal; p = 0.044). Dietary intake (total energy and macronutrients) and body composition were not significantly associated with VDD. In the multivariate model, significant independent predictors of VDD included being retired (AOR = 2.383; 95% CI: 1.596–3.558; p \u3c 0.001), having higher serum calcium levels (AOR = 1.563; 95% CI: 1.078–2.266; p = 0.019), and higher HDL levels (AOR = 1.016; 95% CI: 1.005–1.027; p = 0.001). Physical activity level was also a key determinant; participants classified as sedentary or low active had significantly higher odds of deficiency compared to highly active individuals (AOR = 0.468; 95% CI: 0.319–0.690; p \u3c 0.001). This counterintuitive result may be influenced by factors such as increased indoor physical activity, and warrants further investigation. Dietary intake and body composition were not significantly associated with VDD. The findings underscore the importance of incorporating sociodemographic and lifestyle factors into prevention strategies. Interventions should particularly focus on older adults, retired individuals, even if they have higher HDL and calcium levels, and are physically active
MICROSTRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AA6082 /SIC/AL2O3 HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITE FABRICATED BY ULTRASONIC-ASSISTED VACUUM DIE STIR CASTING
No full textThe utilization of aluminium alloys has increased rapidly in past decades due to the increasing demand for lightweight and high-performance materials. Among the popular aluminium alloys, AA6082 is widely favoured for its excellent combination of strength, corrosion resistance, and machinability. Most previous work, however, has concentrated on either on micro scale reinforcement or on single ceramic particles, leaving very few experimental studies on the use of hybrid nano reinforcement in AA6082. Therefore, to further enhance its mechanical properties without compromising its inherent advantages, hybrid metal matrix composites were developed using various nano particulates as reinforcements. In this current study, AA6082-based composites reinforced with nano-sized silicon carbide (SiC) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) were fabricated using ultrasonic assisted stir casting under a controlled vacuum pressure. Hybrid reinforcements of nano SiC and Al₂O₃ were added at varying weight fractions of 0.5 wt.%, 0.75 wt.%, and 1 wt.% each by a two-step stir casting process. The fabricated composites were subjected to detailed microstructural characterization along with mechanical property evaluation through hardness, tensile and compression tests. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were utilized to examine the dispersion of reinforcements and the phase composition. Among the composites fabricated, AA6082- 1 wt.% SiC and Al₂O₃ hybrid nano metal matrix composite (NMMC) exhibited the highest improvement in Vickers hardness, ultimate tensile strength and compression strength, showing increases of 21.92%, 60.78%, and 30.50% respectively, compared to unreinforced AA6082 alloy. Such property enhancements arise from the uniform distribution of nano particles throughout the matrix, along with grain refinement seen under microstructural study, both of which enhanced the alloy’s ability to transfer load and resist deformation. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in microstructure and mechanical properties with increasing reinforcement content, confirming that AA6082 reinforced with nano SiC/Al₂O₃ is well suited for high performance applications, mainly in the automative and aerospace industry