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EVALUATION OF FIELD GROWN GRAPEVINE GRAFTS FOR DROUGHT TOLERANCE UNDER WATER DEFICIT IRRIGATION IN THE ARID REGIONS OF UAE
Get PDFGrapevines, among the most commercially significant fruit crops, are valued for their use in table grapes, raisins, and winemaking but are highly vulnerable to abiotic stresses such as drought, heat, and salinity. This study investigated the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic responses of grafted grapevines to drought stress, emphasizing rootstock-scion interactions. Grafting experiments were conducted with three rootstocks (Ramsey, RU140, and Paulsen) and table grape varieties (Thomson Seedless, Crimson Seedless, and Flame Seedless), with five combinations as Flame seedless × Ramsey (V1), Thompson seedless × Ramsey (V2), Crimson seedless × R110 (V3), Crimson seedless × Ramsey (V4) and Thompson seedless × P1103 (V5) under irrigation regimes of 100%, 75%, and 50% field capacity to simulate moisture stress. Results demonstrated the pivotal role of amino acids, including proline, cysteine, and arginine, in drought stress tolerance. Although several amino acids contribute to stress tolerance, cysteine and arginine play crucial roles with an increase in V2, V3, and V5 grafts, the former concomitant with downregulation of the chlorophyllase gene restricting chlorophyll pigment degradation, corresponds with increased nitrogen uptake while the latter as precursor amino acid involved in direct pathway for polyamine biosynthesis found in grafts are involved in various metabolic processes with anti-senescence and anti-stress effects by maintaining the integrity of the plasma membrane system. Phenylalanine was associated with enhanced photosynthetic activity through increased nitrogen and magnesium uptake, while glutamate, derived from nitrogen metabolism, supported stress tolerance in specific graft combinations. The antioxidant defense system, particularly the activities of CAT, SOD, and APX enzymes, effectively scavenged reactive oxygen species, maintaining redox balance and cellular water status. Hormonal dynamics, especially the interaction between ABA and GA3, revealed distinct antagonistic behavior, with cytokinin levels modulated by rootstock performance under soil moisture stress. Elevated glucose, glycine betaine, and macro and micronutrient accumulation further supported the physiological adjustments to deficit irrigation. Physiological traits such as net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration efficiency indicated enhanced water-use efficiency in specific grafts, particularly under 50% field capacity, correlating with increased biomass production. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the role of mineral elements, including calcium, in extracellular matrix formation, stomatal behavior, and trichome development under drought stress. Proline, arginine metabolism, and H₂O₂ detoxification are the main topics of this study\u27s transcriptome and metabolic analyses of Thompson Seedless * Ramsey grafted grapevines under drought stress. AREB1, AREB2, and NAC transcription factors were significantly upregulated, according to RNA sequencing, which encouraged proline buildup. Nitrogen recycling was supported by increased expression of ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), which connected proline production to arginine metabolism. Increased H₂O₂ levels improved ROS detoxification by activating antioxidant defences (SOD, POD, and CAT). Clear metabolic and transcriptomic changes were shown by the differential grouping of the stress and control samples, which was confirmed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This comprehensive study validates the significant role of rootstock-scion interactions in modulating drought-responsive mechanisms in grapevines. The findings provide valuable insights into the development of stress-resilient grafting strategies, enabling sustainable viticulture in arid and water-scarce regions
DISTURBANCE OBSERVER-BASED CONTROL FOR POWER CONVERTERS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
Get PDFRenewable energy systems face significant challenges in ensuring stability, efficiency, and reliability due to model uncertainties, unmeasured disturbances, and grid variabilities. This thesis addresses these challenges through the development and experimental validation of disturbance observer-based control (DOBC) strategies for power converters. The first study focuses on DC-DC boost converters, employing a backstepping-based DOBC to achieve zero steady-state error, robust stabilization, and compensation for control saturation without requiring anti-windup schemes. Experimental results confirmed the controller effectiveness under diverse load types and operating conditions. The second study presents a robust current control scheme for grid-tied inverters with LCL filters, combining state-feedback control with a disturbance observer (DOB) to ensure high tracking accuracy and closed-loop stability under both balanced and unbalanced grid voltages. Simulations and experiments validated its adaptability and superior performance, even in the presence of parametric uncertainties. The third study extends DOBC to PMSG wind turbine systems, introducing a reconfigurable control framework that dynamically interchanges the roles of machine-side and grid-side converters based on grid conditions. This innovative approach ensures seamless transitions between balanced and unbalanced grid voltages, with robust performance demonstrated through real-time implementation. Collectively, the research provides a comprehensive framework for designing and implementing advanced control strategies to enhance the stability, efficiency, and sustainability of renewable energy systems
STUDY OF THE EXTENSION OF CAVITIES IN JEBEL HAFEET BY IMPLEMENTING GEOPHYSICAL METHODS
Get PDFSubsurface cavities pose challenges to the buildings and their stability, leading to ground instability and subsidence. In Al Ain City, UAE, particularly in Jebel Hafeet, cavities within carbonate formations and sedimentary rocks present risks to infrastructure and urban development. This study employs Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Gravity Surveys to detect, locate, and determine the depth of these cavities, enhancing geological understanding and geohazard assessment. The ERT survey, using a pole-dipole array, was conducted along eight lines to identify subsurface anomalies. It revealed high-resistivity anomalies (\u3e 45 Ω·m), indicative of air-filled cavities, and low-resistivity zones (\u3c 6 Ω·m), corresponding to water-saturated or clay-rich deposits. The ERT survey detected resistivity variations, highlighting anomalies ranging from 45 to 120 Ω·m at depths between 1 m and 17 m. The gravity survey, conducted at 28 stations, detected low-density anomalies, whichaligned with high-resistivity ERT zones, confirming subsurface cavities at depths between -20 m and -200 m (a.s.l.). Five 3D gravity inversion models visualized density variations, revealing cavities at different depths from 50 m to 250 m. The integration of ERT and gravity methods significantly improved cavity detection accuracy, demonstrating a strong correlation between low-density gravity anomalies and high-resistivity features. This study recommends increasing gravity station density and avoiding heavy infrastructure in cavity-prone areas. The findings contribute to the geological understanding of Jebel Hafeet, providing insights for sustainable urban planning, risk mitigation, and infrastructure safety in Al Ain City
ELUCIDATING THE PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS OF DISEASE-CAUSING VARIANTS IN THE LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR (LDLR) AND THE VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR (VLDLR)
Get PDFThe Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor (LDLR) and the Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor (VLDLR) are major members of the LDLR family of proteins, and they have been shown to be responsible for Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and Cerebellar ataxia, mental retardation, and dysequilibrium syndrome type 1 (CAMRQ1), respectively. FH is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by increased LDL-cholesterol levels mainly caused by mutations in LDLR. Clinically, FH is characterized by increased levels of LDL-C, tendon xanthomas, corneal arcus, and premature coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as atherosclerosis, if left untreated. CAMRQ-related disorders are a group of rare, heterogeneous, autosomal recessive conditions characterized by cerebellar ataxia, intellectual disability, cerebellar hypoplasia, and delayed ambulation. CAMRQ1 is a subtype of these disorders caused by mutations in the VLDLR disrupting reelin signaling which results in delayed neuronal migration and abnormal brain architecture. The Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway has been previously associated with the pathogenesis of certain mutations causing both FH and CAMRQ1. This protein folding and assembly quality control system is residing within the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) network of all eukaryotic cells which is the site of synthesis and quality assurance of many proteins. Roughly one-third of all newly synthesized proteins undergo post-translational modifications in the ER and are subject to this stringent quality control system ensuring that proteins are properly folded and ready for trafficking to the Golgi apparatus for additional modifications before reaching their cellular final functional destinations. Misfolded secretory pathway targeted proteins are generally retained in the ER, recognized, and degraded via ERAD. However, the accumulation of misfolded proteins exerts stress on the ER, activating the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). UPR alleviates ER stress by halting protein synthesis and increasing the expression of ERAD components to degrade misfolded proteins. In the first part of this thesis, I investigated the cellular trafficking and functional implications of ten LDLR missense variants (p.C167F, p.D178N, p.C243Y, p.E277K, p.G314R, p.H327Y, p.D477N, p.D622G, p.R744Q, and p.R814Q) reported in multiethnic suspected FH patients in UAE using biochemical and functional approaches. I also analyzed the functional impact of three other LDLR variants (p.D445E, p.D482H, and p.C677F), two of which were previously shown to be retained in the ER. The results show that p.D622G variant is largely retained in the ER, whereas p.R744Q is partially ER-retained, while the other variants were predominantly localized to the plasma membrane. LDL internalization assays in CHO-ldlA7 (LDLR deficient) cells indicated that p.D482H, p.C243Y, p.D622G, and p.C667F variants have quantitatively lost their ability to internalize Dil-LDL, with the others (p.C167F, p.D178N, p.G314R, p.H327Y, p.D445E, p.D477N, p.R744Q, and p.R814Q) showing significant losses except for p.E277K, which showed full activity. We also assessed the degradation routes of three LDLR variants, p.D482H, p.D622G, and p.R744Q, in HEK293 cells treated with a group of proteasomal and lysosomal inhibitors, which showed some accumulation when treated with the proteasomal inhibitor epoxomicin, suggesting that these variants are likely to be degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. This was further confirmed in two HEK293 cell lines deficient in two major ERAD components: HRD1 and DERLIN1. A significant accumulation of these variants was observed in the two knock-out cell lines, confirming that these variants are largely degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The second part of the thesis presents the evaluation of several variants in the highly related protein VLDLR including a case study of CAMRQ1 caused by a novel missense variant, p.P565Q, in VLDLR. This variant was identified in a family from Senegal exhibiting clinical manifestations of CAMRQ1. In addition, I generated and evaluated several other VLDLR missense variants (p.N81S, p.I244M, p.Y378H, p.C419Y, p.G438D, p.V595G, p.R634H, and p.E654G) previously reported to cause hypobetalipoproteinemia, neurological, and neurodevelopmental disorders. The generated data show that VLDLR variants p.P565Q and p.V595G are largely ER-retained while p.N81S, p.C419Y, and R634H are partially ER-retained. The findings in this thesis conclusively consolidate the role of ERAD in the pathogenesis of FH and CAMRQ1 caused by variations in LDLR and VLDLR, respectively, which could pave the way for therapeutic interventions that could target ERAD to partially restore the functionality of LDLR or VLDLR and reduce their pathological impact. store cellular homeostasis
BAYESIAN BELIEF NETWORKS APPROACH TO PRIORITIZE ROAD SAFETY MITIGATION MEASURES FOR ECO-MOBILITY MODES
Get PDFThis study presents a novel approach to prioritizing road safety mitigation measures for eco-mobility modes in Abu Dhabi, employing a sophisticated Bayesian methodology integrated with cost-benefit analysis. The research addresses the pressing need for enhanced safety in sustainable urban transportation, focusing on pedestrians, cyclists, and users of micro-mobility devices. A comprehensive Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) model was developed, incorporating key variables influencing eco-mobility safety, including visibility, predictability, road curvature, obstructions, and lighting conditions. The model was constructed using a combination of historical accident data and Probabilistic reasoning. This approach allowed for the quantification of complex relationships between various risk factors and their impact on accident occurrence. The study analyzed data from 2020 to 2023, encompassing a wide range of accident types and causes specific to eco-mobility modes. The BBN model revealed that high visibility coupled with high predictability could reduce accident probability by up to 90%. Road curvature emerged as a critical factor, with sharp curves reducing high visibility conditions from 70% to 10%. Major obstructions were found to decrease high predictability conditions from 80% to 30%. In addition, the study evaluates Bayesian Belief network (Supervised BBN with Naïve Bayes), traditional machine learning (Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, AdaBoost, SVM, KNN, Decision Tree, Naive Bayes, Extra Trees, and Bagging) and deep learning (Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models for crash severity assessment. Among the models tested, BBN emerged as the best-performing model, with the overall precision (0.9991), mean precision (0.9992), R2 (0.9985), highlighting its potential for improving crash severity assessments in future safety initiatives. Integrating the BBN with cost-benefit analysis, the research prioritized safety interventions based on their potential impact and economic efficiency. Traffic calming measures in residential areas and school zones were identified as high-priority interventions, with a predicted 15% reduction in accidents. Increased traffic police presence and targeted enforcement campaigns showed a 12.5% potential reduction in accidents. The study also explored the implications of these findings for urban planning and policymaking in Abu Dhabi. Recommendations include both shortterm actions for immediate impact, such as enhanced visibility measures and rapid implementation of traffic calming devices, and long-term strategies for sustainable improvement, including comprehensive infrastructure overhauls and the integration of smart city technologies. Limitations of the study, including data constraints and generalizability considerations, were acknowledged, and future research directions were proposed. Overall, this research contributes significantly to the field of eco-mobility safety by providing a robust, data-driven framework for decision-making. The methodology developed here offers a template for other cities seeking to enhance the safety of sustainable transportation modes. The findings and recommendations have the potential to transform Abu Dhabi\u27s approach to eco-mobility safety, paving the way for a more sustainable and secure urban transportation system
INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF SEMI-PUBLIC OPEN SPACES OF HOUSING CLUSTERS AS A BOOSTER OF SOCIAL INTERACTION IN ABU DHABI NEIGHBOURHOODS
Get PDFThis thesis explores the relationship between urban housing cluster configurations, open space design, and social interaction in the context of Emirati neighborhoods, focusing on the Al Salamat area in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. It aims to investigate how different residential housing cluster types—such as cul-de-sacs, perimeter blocks, linear blocks, and closed-loop configurations—shape the usability and social function of semi-public open spaces. The study integrates theoretical insights from urban planning literature with empirical findings through spatial analysis (using Depth map X), field observations, and semi-structured interviews with residents.The research adopts a mixed-method case study approach. It begins with a conceptual framework derived from global urban design principles—safe streets, mixed land use, connectivity, and compactness—and adapts them to the cultural and environmental context of the UAE. Spatial syntax techniques are used to analyze global and local integration, step depth, and visibility within the neighborhoods. Thematic coding of interviews provides qualitative insight into user perceptions and everyday spatial behavior.Findings reveal a significant disconnect between the theoretical design intentions of open spaces and their actual use. While urban design literature positions open spaces as key to fostering community engagement, many of these spaces in Al Salamat were underutilized due to factors such as poor visibility, lack of shade, inconvenient access, and inadequate programming. Contrary to common planning assumptions, cul-de-sac clusters showed the lowest levels of connectivity and social interaction, while closed loop and linear configurations demonstrated better accessibility and higher interaction potential. The study also found that mosques played a more effective social role than parks or playgrounds, particularly among male residents, and that safety and visibility were essential for women’s participation in public space.The thesis concludes by proposing a revised conceptual framework tailored to the Emirati context, incorporating new indicators such as cultural anchors (e.g., mosques), flexible spatial programming, and inclusive design for all age groups. These findings offer practical recommendations for urban designers and policymakers aiming to enhance the livability and social vibrancy of low-rise residential neighborhoods in Abu Dhabi and similar Gulf cities
CRIMINAL SETTLEMENT IN THE UAE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW
Get PDFIn pursuit of enhancing justice and improving the efficiency of the criminal justice system, modern legislations have witnessed significant developments in the mechanisms through which the state exercises its right to impose sanctions. This has been achieved through the adoption of innovative approaches in criminal policy. Several legal systems have embraced alternative mechanisms to resolve criminal disputes outside the framework of traditional criminal proceedings, whether in cases of violations (infractions), misdemeanors, or even certain felonies.In line with this approach, the UAE legislator introduced the Criminal Settlement System in the latest amendment to the Federal Criminal Procedure Law as an alternative to traditional criminal proceedings. The objective is to alleviate the burden on courts and reduce the number of cases brought before them, thereby enhancing the speed and efficiency of adjudicating high-priority cases.The Criminal Settlement System is defined as a procedure initiated by the Public Prosecution before instituting criminal proceedings, wherein the prosecution offers the accused the possibility of accepting certain measures or specific penalties for legally designated crimes in exchange for a full confession of guilt. This agreement is subject to approval by the competent judge, and upon ratification, the criminal case is dismissed without resorting to conventional trial proceedings. This mechanism facilitates a consensual resolution of criminal disputes between the parties involved.This study aims to conduct a comparative analytical examination of the Criminal Settlement System in UAE legislation, while also reviewing similar legislative experiences in other jurisdictions. The objective is to identify points of convergence and divergence between the UAE\u27s model and other legal systems that have adopted the Criminal Settlement System as an alternative to traditional criminal proceedings.Additionally, the study explores the legal nature of the Criminal Settlement System, the conditions and procedures governing its application, as well as the types of offenses eligible for this mechanism. It further examines the legal implications of a successful or failed Criminal Settlement System agreement.The study concludes that the Criminal Settlement System plays a pivotal role in criminal procedures, requiring enhanced awareness and understanding among legal professionals and relevant stakeholders. Given that the UAE has adopted this system based on the French model, further research and practical evaluations are necessary to assess its effectiveness and applicability, especially in light of the absence of its implementation in the national procedural legislation
PERCEPTIONS OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF ANXIETY AS AN IMPACT OF THE EMSAT EXAM IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Get PDFThe Emirates Standardized Test (EmSAT) exam, introduced in 2017, is a key national standardized test in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) that is considered a major criterion for admission to higher education institutions. As such, the EmSAT exam can create significant pressure on students due to its role in determining future educational opportunities. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the UAE standardized EmSAT exams impact high school students’ anxiety from the students \u27 perspectives. The study employed a phenomenological qualitative study to collect and analyze data from grade 12 students. The research was framed by Spielberger’s Trait-State Anxiety theory, which distinguishes between trait anxiety, a stable predisposition to perceive situations as threatening, and state anxiety, a temporary response to specific stressors. Participants included government school grade 12 students from both the General and Advanced streams in the Western Emirate (Abu Dhabi) and Northern Emirate (Fujairah), who participated in semi-structured interviews. Data analysis followed Miles, Huberman, and Saldana\u27s (2020) qualitative analysis approach, which consists of data collection, data reproduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The study provided a rich description of how standardized exams impact students’ anxiety from a variety of perspectives. The findings reveal that the EmSAT exam significantly impacts students\u27 academic performance, preparation strategies, and overall well-being. While it serves as a crucial requirement for graduation and university admission, its high-stakes nature, misalignment with curricula, and lack of adequate support create considerable academic and emotional stress. These challenges highlight the need for a more structured and supportive approach to EmSAT preparation. Policymakers should reconsider high-stakes testing frameworks to promote a more balanced assessment of student abilities while reducing undue stress. Additionally, educational institutions must prioritize student well-being by integrating targeted mental health support and improved test preparation resources to foster a more supportive learning environment
حدود سلطة رئيس الجمهورية في تعديل الدستور في ظل الدستور السوري لعام 2012م
Get PDFAbstract
The Syrian constitution of 2012, like many contemporary constitutions, grants the head of state significant powers in the process of constitutional amendment. In this research, we have attempted to present a viewpoint that explains and demonstrates the limits of the President of the Republic’s authority and the role he can play within the framework of constitutional amendment process, whether in terms of the powers he holds under article 150 of the Constitution which governs the procedures, or in terms of the absolute powers he possesses, under his exceptional and referendum-based authority pursuant to Articles 114 and 116 of the Constitution.
Although involving the President of the Republic in the constitutional amendment process does not shed a negative light upon the constitutional legislator, however on the other hand, the exaggeration and the magnification of the powers granted to him, is undesirable and diverges from the path followed by democratic constitutions. On one hand the President of the Republic has the authority to propose amendments to the Constitution, but he is not bound by any restrictions. He also has absolute discretionary power to approve or reject constitutional amendments. On the other hand, there is nothing to prevent the President of the Republic from exploiting his referendum and exceptional powers in the context of constitutional amendment. What further reinforces the President of the Republic\u27s expanded authority to amend the constitution is the exclusion of the Constitutional Court from overseeing the constitutional amendment process, on the one hand, and the immunity of the President of the Republic from any liability, on the other hand.
ملخص البحث
خوّل الدستور السوري لعام 2012م، على غرار العديد من الدساتير المعاصرة، رئيس الدولة صلاحيات جوهرية في عملية تعديل الدستور. وقد حاولنا في هذا البحث عرض وجهة نظر تشرح وتظهر حدود سلطة رئيس الجمهورية والدور الذي يمكن أن يلعبه في نطاق عملية تعديل الدستور، سواء من حيث الصلاحيات التي يتمتع بها بموجب المادة 150 من الدستور الناظمة لإجراءات التعديل، أو من حيث الصلاحيات المطلقة التي يحوزها رئيس الجمهورية بموجب سلطته الاستثنائية والاستفتائية سنداً للمادتين 114 و116 من الدستور.
وإذا كان إشراك رئيس الجمهورية في عملية تعديل الدستور لا يعدّ مسلباً على المشرّع الدستوري، إلا أنّ المبالغة في الصلاحيات الممنوحة له وتعظيمها، هو أمر غير محمود ويخرج عن المسلك الذي سارت عليه الدساتير الديمقراطية. فرئيس الجمهورية يملك سلطة اقتراح تعديل الدستور ولكنه غير مقيد بأية ضوابط، كما أنّه يتمتع بسلطة تقديرية مطلقة في الموافقة على تعديل الدستور من عدمه. ومن ناحية أخرى، لا يوجد ما يمنع رئيس الجمهورية من الاستفادة من سلطتيه الاستفتائية والاستثنائية وتطويعهما له في نطاق تعديل الدستور. وما يعزّز من تعاظم سلطة رئيس الجمهورية في تعديل الدستور، هو إقصاء المحكمة الدستورية عن رقابة دستورية عملية التعديل من ناحية، وتحصين رئيس الجمهورية من المسؤولية من ناحية ثانية
جدلية الخطأ المُكسب في القانون المدني الفرنسي بين الرفض والقبول
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While discussing the draft reform of the provisions governing tort liability, the French legislator sought to recognize gainful mistake, by introducing the concept of civil fine. Hence, the purpose of this study is to clarify the concept of this fault, the reasons for the legislator’s reluctance to acknowledge it, and its recent acceptance. We believe that by examining the convergence between French and Arab law on the concept of civil responsibility, the reader will be able to identify this fundamental change in this concept, as well as gain a comprehensive understanding of one of the most significant developments in French law around the area of civil responsibility.
Based on the analysis of the current civil liability system and its inability to accommodate the concept of gainful mistake, as well as the analysis of the text proposed in the aforementioned draft amendment, we will take an analytical approach in our examination. Perhaps the main conclusion of this research is the judiciary\u27s inability to acknowledge the gainful mistake without amending civil liability laws.
We believe that this research will achieve its desired contribution by enabling readers to gain insight into French legislators\u27 behavior in recognizing punitive compensation, given that Arab legislation, like the current French legislation, does not recognize it. Furthermore, by expanding its scope and demonstrating its applicability to Arab laws, this study can also serve as a basis for future research, despite its contradiction with the essence of civil liability in these laws.
ملخص البحث
سعى المشرّع الفرنسي وهو بصدد مناقشة مشروع تعديل الأحكام المنظّمة للمسؤولية التقصيرية إلى الاعتراف بالخطأ المُكسب، وذلك من خلال إنشاء مصطلح الغرامة المدنية. وعليه، يهدف هذا البحث إلى بيان مفهوم هذا الخطأ، وأسباب تردّد المشرّع في الاعتراف به، ثمّ توجهه مؤخراً نحو الاعتراف به. نعتقد بأنّ تقارب مفهوم المسؤولية المدنية بين القانون الفرنسي وأغلب التشريعات العربية، سيسمح للقارئ بالتعرف على هذا التعديل الجوهري في مفهوم المسؤولية المدنية، وسيقدم له فكرة شاملة عن أحد أهم التطورات الحديثة في مجال المسؤولية المدنية في القانون الفرنسي.
وسنتبع في دراستنا المنهج التحليلي الذي يقوم على تحليل نظام المسؤولية المدنية القائم، وعدم قدرته على استيعاب مفهوم الخطأ المُكسب، وكذلك تحليل النصوص المقترحة في مشروع التعديل المشار إليه. ولعلّ النتيجة الرئيسة في هذا البحث تتمثل في عدم قدرة القضاء على الاعتراف بالخطأ المُكسب بدون اللجوء إلى تعديل الأحكام الحالية المنظمة للمسؤولية المدنية.
ونحسب أنّ هذا البحث محقق للإضافة المرجوة باعتبار أنّ التشريعات العربية على غرار التشريعي الفرنسي الحالي لا تعترف بالتعويض العقابي، الأمر الذي سيسمح للقارئ بفهم مسلك المشرّع الفرنسي في التوجه نحو الاعتراف به. كما أنّ هذا البحث قد يشكل لبنة يمكن البناء عليها في المستقبل بالتوسع في دراسته، وبيان مدى قابليته للتطبيق في التشريعات العربية رغم تعارضه مع جوهر المسؤولية المدنية في هذه التشريعات