CSRC Publishing: Open Journal Systems (Center for Sustainability Research and Consultancy)
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Occupational Stress and its Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence among Employees in Non-Government Organisations in Pakistan
No full textPurpose: Output of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) mostly depends upon efficiency and performance in completing different projects. NGOs in Pakistan operate in diverse fields including health, education, women empowerment etc. The job of the NGOs tends to be stressful due to security issues, psychological strains, organizational structures, and various roles of the employees. This study investigated and explored outcomes of occupational stress in the form of employee engagement at work; furthermore, the research investigated that how emotional intelligence intervenes the impact of occupational stress and employee engagement, as being the mediator. The conservation of resource theory (COR) is applied to explore the relationship of occupational stress and its outcomes in non government organizations of Pakistan.
Methodology/Design/Approach: Data was collected from 346 employees (middle level) of NGOs. Stratified sampling technique was used to collect the data. The study makes use of quantitative analytics to test the hypothesis. A positivist approach was adopted for the study as it follows a well-defined structure for the topic under study. Correlation, Regression and sobel’s test for mediation analysis was used in the research to study the relation among the variables.
Findings: The study finds the effect of occupational stress on engagement of employees in NGOs and this relationship is mediated by four constructs (relationship management, social management, self-awareness and self-management) of Emotional intelligence. The study concludes that more the level of occupational stress, lower the engagement of employees. This study also finds that relationship between occupational stress and reduced employee engagement is lowered in employees having high level of emotional intelligence. Results also found to be consistent with conservation of resource theory.
Limitations/Future Research: The current study is limited to the middle level management; future research can be further extended to all levels in the organization. Employee engagement as a single outcome off occupational stress is analyzed other outcomes may be explored in future researches.
Implications: This study contributes to the literature of occupational stress and its outcome in the shape of engagement with an individuality of how emotional intelligence mediates this relationship. The study supports the results of the growing scholarly work on the phenomenon.
Practical implications: This research provides insight for organizations, management and for individuals to incorporate emotional intelligence effectively to deal with the stress without being depleted. Additionally, recommendations are provided for the NGOs to enhance the organizational performance through employee engagement and emotional intelligence.
Originality/Value: This research explored and analyzed relationship of occupational stress and engagement and emotional intelligence in a different dimension. Further the non-governmental organization remains largely unexplored in this area
Current Issues and Problems about the Quality Improvement Faced by Management in Higher Educational Institutions
No full textHigher education plays a vital role in the community and the universities are the backbone of the higher education system. Management is an important part of higher education; to survive. The administration of higher education is considered essential to achieving economic progress, political stability and peace. . In this research the researcher found the current challenges facing administrators to maintain the status of higher education in public and private universities. The objectives of the study were to identify the issues and problems faced by management to maintain the quality of higher education at the university level, to identify the importance of quality in the management of higher education, to help in updating our universities for best meeting future demands, and to suggest the possible solutions of current issues and problems to improve the quality of higher education management.
The qualitative approach was used as a research methodology in this study. Five universities from Lahore were selected for observing the current issues and problems about the quality of higher education management.
Data were collected through interviews. The vice-chancellors, registrars, controllers, treasurers and heads of human resource departments of these universities were selected for interviews. Interview protocol was used for the collection of data.
The results were analyzed with the help of initial codes and broad categories It was concluded that it is necessary for the quality of higher education, to boost up higher education management. It was also determined that all the universities management almost is trying to improve their abilities towards academic matters under the umbrella of Higher Education Commission(HEC). The researchers recommended that by removing the current issues and problems concerned to the management in the universities should be mobilizing financial, technical, human and social resources for enhancing the quality of education, and for facilitating the reform process initiated within these institutions
Anticipated Volatility, Unanticipated Volatility Shocks, Excess Monthly Returns and Stock Market Behaviour of Pakistan
No full textAn investor considers various factors to choose the financial assets. The portfolio theory suggests that risk, return, taxes, information and liquidity are vital factors in portfolio choice. The study is based on risk premium, uncertainty, shocks and volatility of Pakistan stock exchange market. The study has used monthly time series data of returns of ten sectors of Pakistan stock market ranging from 2006 to 2014 to measure the anticipated and unanticipated factors of risk, return and uncertainty. Using CAPM, it is pointed out that volatility factor is present and high in overall stock market and the level of volatility in different sectors of the market moves in the same direction which suggest that speculative activities are widely spread in every sector and in overall market as well
Translating the impacts of Self-Efficacy on the Ethical Behavior of Sales Force: The Moderating Role of Gender
No full textPurpose: This study intends to assess the influence of self-efficacy on the ethical behavior of sales force along with the moderating effects of gender in the telecom sector at Pakistan.
Design/Methodology/Approach: This study has collected data through self-administered questionnaire from the sales representatives in the telecom sector at Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistic and stepwise regression.
Findings: The results have shown that self-efficacy has positive significant effects while gender has positive but insignificant effects on the ethical behavior of sales force in the telecom sector of Pakistan. In addition, gender has moderating effects on the relationship of self-efficacy and the ethical behavior.
Implications/Originality/Value: This study is addressing a need to examine the influence of self-efficacy on the ethical behavior of sales force in less developed and less educated areas of Pakistan, which is useful and helpful to explore understanding in the nature of defined variables in the eastern culture of Pakistan where male gender is more dominant
Access to Own Dwelling through Ijarah at Islamic Banks and State-Owned Housing Scheme in Pakistan
No full textPurpose: Access to a safe dwelling is one of the necessities of life and an indicator to reveal the economic development of a country. In Pakistan, however, the majority of the people do not have their dwelling rather have to spend their life in renting homes or in slums. To overcome the housing shortfall, the State Bank of Pakistan has pronounced a low-cost housing scheme for the poor and the low-income segment of the society while the Islamic banking sector also offers ijarah facility to purchase or to construct own dwelling and claims to work in the objective of Islamic legal system. Therefore, this study aims to analyze critically, ijarah and state-owned low-cost housing scheme from the public insight.
Design/Methodology/Approach: This research aims to utilize analytical, theoretical, and empirical methods of research rather than some combination thereof by utilizing experimental reasoning based on naturally occurring data, reports, and surveys. To evaluate ijarah and government housing scheme from public insight, a survey of 100 salaried persons has been conducted by way of the questionnaire at different companies in District Rawalpindi.
Findings: This study found that Pakistan is suffering from the acute issue of lack of own dwelling. The result of the conducted survey reveals that the majority of the employed people showed more trust in the state-owned housing scheme than ijarah at Islamic banks.
Those people showed their interest in the state-owned housing scheme than ijarah at Islamic banks.
Implications/Originality/Value: The practical approach to ijarah at Islamic bank found in trust deficit concerning the public insight. That ijarah does not provide low-cost homes to the homeless people, hence not serving by Shari’ah. The current policy of the state provides an opportunity to ijarah to facilitate poor people by softening its terms and conditions and by way of qard-e-hasanah. 
The Impact of Audit Committee Characteristics on Corporate Biodiversity Disclosure: An Analysis of Japanese Firms
No full textPurpose: The loss of biodiversity is considered one of the greatest threats to economic development and human life. Business organizations have a direct impact on biodiversity through their operations. Therefore, the objective of the study is to examine the impact of audit committee (AC) characteristics on corporate biodiversity disclosure by using the data of Japanese listed firms.
Design/Methodology/Approach: This study is based on secondary data that has been collected from the corporate reports for the period 2012 to 2018. A final sample consists of 476 firm-year observations. Due to the nature of the data, panel regression (fixed-effects model) has been used to test the proposed hypotheses.
Findings: The empirical results depict that the AC size, gender diversity, AC meetings, and financial expertise have a significant positive impact on corporate biodiversity disclosure. However, the AC independence and independence of the chair are not significant.
Implications/Originality/Value: This is a unique study because no research study has examined the impact of AC characteristics on biodiversity disclosure as per the known literature. Thus, the findings of this study may help regulators, policymakers, investors, shareholders, and managers in assessing and monitoring the corporate biodiversity disclosure in light of AC characteristics
Be Muslim Buy from Muslims: Impact of Retailers Religious Orientations on Consumers Purchasing Patterns
No full textPurpose: This study investigates the impact of retailers’ religious affiliation and religiosity on consumers’ purchasing patterns. The moderated mediation model of this study contemplates a) the mediating role of buying motives of consumers based on thoughts, feelings, emotions, which help them make decisions, and b) the moderating role of intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity dimensions.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Data were obtained from consumers from metropolitan cities of Pakistan. Simple Linear Regression and Pearson Correlation Coefficients were used to investigate the relationships with the help of SPSS and AMOS software. ArcMap was used to represent the selected sample size.
Findings: Drawing on the belief-congruence theory, the findings of this study suggest that religious affiliation of the retailer (RAR) has a significantly positive impact on consumer purchase intentions (CPI) and that consumer buying motives (CBM) have a strong mediating role between RAR and CPI. The study also reveals that the impact of CBM on CPI is stronger in consumers with high intrinsic religiosity. However, data analysis shows that consumers’ extrinsic religiosity is not a significant moderator of the relationship between consumers’ buying motives and purchase intentions.
Implications/Originality/Value: The findings of this study can help retailers make better policies to attract consumers and sustain their businesses.  
Impact of Leader Mistreatment and Organizational Cynicism on Organization Citizenship Behavior OCB
No full textPurpose: The paper contains a study upon the impact of Abuse of leaders caused by supervisor abuse, personal discrimination, and the mediation effect of organizational cynicism on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The study explored the effect of leadership abuse including social discrimination, supervisor abuse, and organizational cynicism on OCB.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The quantitative technique has been used to test the hypotheses. The study was conducted on two hundred respondents containing both genders from academies and the model was valid. In this study, four public sector universities, BUITEMS, UOB, Khuzdar University of Engineering and Technology, and Sardar Bahadur Khan Women University Quetta have been selected. Multiple regression and correlation analysis along with a test of mediation and F-Statistics were used.
Findings: The results revealed that all these three newspapers gave significant coverage to the peace talks issue but Nation gave more coverage to the issue. Findings also revealed that Dawn and The News, most of the time showed neutral behavior but tilted towards an unfavorable position regarding peace talks. The nation showed strongly unfavorable behavior regarding peace talks. Implications/Originality/Value: So it is concluded that all these three newspapers were mostly against the peace talks and the government and media were not on the same page on the issue of peace talks. Mediation and F-Statistics. Usually, this survey validated the propositions of the research. The conclusions indicate that the Supervisor abuse and interpersonal injustice contain damaging effects for workers, thus supporting the assumption.  
Ethnic Diversity and Financial Performance of Deposit-Taking Savings and Credit Co-Operative Societies in Nairobi County, Kenya
No full textPurpose: The DT-SACCOs have proved to be important in the development and growth of both individuals and economies. However, the overall financial performance of DT-SACCOs in Kenya has not been impressive. Between 2014 and 2018, there was general decline in return on assets and return on equity of DT-SACCOs. The average return on assets was 2.51% in 2014 and 2.25% in 2018. The average return on equity was 33.09% in 2014 and 21.89% in 2018. The study examined the effect of ethnic diversity on financial performance of Deposit-Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Nairobi County.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Agency theory, stakeholder theory and resource dependence theory guided this study. Explanatory and correlational research designs were used. Descriptive and inferential analysis was conducted.
Findings: Ethnic diversity was found to insignificantly predict return on assets (β2 = -.158; p > 0.05) and return on equity (β2 = -.800; p > 0.05).
Implications/Originality/Value: The study concluded that ethnic diversity of board members negatively and insignificantly affects financial performance
Gauging the Sustainability of Corporatized State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) in Pakistan
No full textPurpose: In accordance with the Washington Consensus, most developing countries were forced to privatize state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Corporatization and partial privatization emerged as two alternative possibilities for any government in circumstances where full privatization was not practicable. Pakistan followed suit and began the partial privatization and corporatization of SOEs working in its economy. This research examines whether Pakistan's corporatization or partial privatization policies have improved the profitability of these state-owned enterprises.
Design/Methodology/Approach: If so, what variables contributed to this improvement in profitability, as measured by Return on Assets and Earnings per Share. The paper used data from 1990 to 2015 of thirteen SOEs, largely from the energy sector, that have been corporatized by partial privatization through stock market or other mechanisms.
Findings: Results exhibit that the primary criteria strongly related with increased performance of corporatized SOEs, according to our findings, are the appointment of non-government directors by companies and persistently positive Gross Domestic Product of the economy. On the other hand, debt commitments, ownership, and size of an SOE are all weak or insignificant variables in determining whether an SOE should be corporatized.
Implications/Originality/Value: Due to their strategic significance, the energy industry should continue to be governed and regulated by the government, but with a greater percentage of non-nominated members on their boards of directors to maintain corporate governance.