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The Knowledge Crisis of Nursing: A warping between ideological methodology, classical phenomenology and reflexive practice
Full text linkIn Norway and Denmark, the public healthcare is comprehensive, and nurses constitute a large and important part of the healthcare system. Nursing is at the same time a practical and a theoretical discipline. The academic development of knowledge in nursing is dominated by an interpretation of human science that uses health- or natural science methods. In this article, we engage in a theoretical examination of knowledge within the context of nursing academia in Denmark and Norway, pointing out structural similarities between the developments of knowledge, based on two prominent positions. The theoretical framework is built up from the tradition of praxeology and critical theory and used as the pervasive analytical lens to undertake a sociological analysis of knowledge. As a technique to the interpretation of the two positions, we perform a minor historization and an argument analysis of text samples from the agents. The results indicate that the dominating clinical nursing science in Denmark and Norway has been a success when it comes to capacity building at hospitals within an academic research tradition similar to the dominating tradition of the medical profession. However, this research primarily contributes with techniques and standard models, as it focuses on application-oriented research and is eager to produce suggestions in and for practice. This is important research, but insufficient when it comes to producing theories on and about nursing practice. We argue that this lopsided academic development causes a crisis in knowledge, because it fails to provide nursing with a proper theoretical scientific base. Such a base is prerequisite for nursing to develop as a subject in the academic university logic and is essential to enable professional reflexivity and social scientific knowledge on nursing care in order to meet the contemporary demands. In Norway and Denmark, the public healthcare is comprehensive, and nurses constitute a large and important part of these healthcare systems. To handle the increasing complex tasks as a nurse requires a broad range of knowledge. In resemblance to the medical profession, who aim to fight disease and maintain health, nursing is at the same time a practical and a theoretical discipline. The aim for nursing is to offer care for people who cannot care for themselves. An interpretation of human science using health- or natural science methods dominates the academic development of knowledge in nursing. In this article, we engage in a theoretical examination of knowledge within the context of nursing academia in Denmark and Norway, drawing comparisons between two prominent positions. The theoretical framework is built up from the tradition of praxeology and critical theory and used as the pervasive analytical lens. As a model to the interpretation of the two positions, we use argument analysis. The results indicate that the dominating clinical nursing science in Denmark and Norway has been a success when it comes to capacity building at hospitals within an academic research tradition similar to the tradition of the medical profession. However, this research primarily contributes with techniques and models, as it focuses on application oriented research and is eager to produce suggestions in and for practice. This is important research, but insufficient when it comes to producing theories on and about nursing practice as a scientific discipline. We argue that this lopsided academic development supports a crisis in knowledge, because it fails to provide nursing with a proper theoretical scientific base. This is needed if nursing should develop as a subject in the scientific university logic and is essential to enable professional reflexivity in order to meet the demands of contemporary nursing care.  
Combining biometrics and genetics to distinguish two subspecies of the Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo carbo and P. c. sinensis at an inland lake in southeast Norway
Full text linkCover photo: Adult Great Cormorant of the subspecies Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis in breeding plumage. Photo: Frode Falkenberg.
Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo are now regularly seen in inland watercourses in southeast Norway, after the P. c. sinensis subspecies first established breeding colonies in coastal south Norway in 1996. Although both the sinensis and carbo subspecies occur, the ratio between them is unknown. We tested the accuracy of subspecific identification based on biometrics and genetic analyses in 75 Great Cormorants that drowned in fishing nets in a lake in southeast Norway during the period 2009-2020. Primarily based on the gular pouch angle (GPA), we classified 40 individuals to the carbo subspecies and 35 individuals to the sinensis subspecies. Eight of the carbo individuals and 14 of the sinensis individuals were within the overlapping range of GPA and were therefore classified to subspecies by supplementary measurements (bill depth minimum and bill length). Genetic analyses were based on seven polymorphic microsatellite markers. Assuming one panmictic population, we performed Structure analyses to separate the genotypes into two assumed genetic clusters. The two clusters, carbo and sinensis, could only be separated when adding information about morphological subspecies identities for the carbo, sinensis and carbo/sinensis groups. The sinensis and the carbo/sinensis groups belonged almost entirely to one genetic cluster, whereas the carbo group consisted of individuals with varying proportions of mixed ancestry. Furthermore, we found significant genetic differentiation between the carbo and sinensis groups, and between the carbo and the carbo/sinensis groups, but no significant differentiation between the sinensis and the carbo/sinensis groups. Our results suggest that gene flow is more common from sinensis into carbo than vice-versa, and that the use of GPA < 73° has limitations for the identification of Great Cormorant subspecies in areas where both forms occur. We conclude that the numbers of carbo vs. sinensis individuals in our sample were 32 and 43, respectively
Virkning av frokost på reaksjon og hukommelse: En kvantitativ studie om effekten av frokost på reaksjonstid og hukommelse
No full textDet har tidligere blitt forsket på sammenhengen mellom frokostinntak og kognitive ferdigheter, men resultatene har vært svært varierende. Derfor var det interessant å undersøke om effekten av frokostinntak er målbar hos elever i videregående skole, og hvordan deres prestasjoner påvirkes av det. I denne studien ble hukommelse og reaksjonstid testet ved hjelp av to nettsider, med henholdsvis memory-spill og reaksjonstest. Resultatene ga høye p-verdier, som tyder på at forskjellene fra runde til runde ikke var store nok til å være statistisk signifikante. På de kvinnelige testpersonenes reaksjonstester var likevel p-verdien til resultatene fra runde 1, før frokost, og til runde 2, 30 minutter etter frokost, lavere enn signifikansnivået på 5 %. Det tyder på at forskjellene var signifikante, og at de hadde en forbedring i prestasjon etter frokost. På tross av dette var testgruppene små, så det er nødvendig med større empirisk grunnlag for å konkludere med hvorvidt frokost har noen effekt på hukommelse og reaksjon
The professionals’ voice matters: – a cultural-theoretical and discourse-analytical exploration of the relationship between the organization of home care in interdisciplinary teams and the roles of professionals, professionalism, professional identity, and collaboration.
Full text linkDenmark and other European welfare states face changes in the organization of home care. Based on a cultural-theoretical and discourse-analytical approach, this article of a literature review analyzes the development of interdisciplinary teams in home care in Denmark (2017-2022), where home care has shifted from multidisciplinary, towards interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary. The article focuses on the importance of organization in teams for roles, professionalism, professional identity and collaboration of home care\u27s various professionals.
The cultural-theoretical and discourse-analytical exploration finds there have been profound changes in home care over a short period of time regarding centralization, decentralization, reforms and new ways of organizing home care shared between the state and municipalities. These interdisciplinary teams are seen politically and administratively as a solution to challenges such as more elderly and the shortage of professionals.
Municipalities focus on professionals but not on the development of conditions and frameworks within their own forms of collaboration and organization. In the interdisciplinary teams, some professionals are designated new roles, tasks, and positions, while others relinquish them, and the role of some professionals is not even stated. This development is significant for the professionals\u27 own experiences of their professionalism and professional identity. The new forms of collaboration affect the professionals: social and healthcare- helpers and assistants, nurses, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists differently.
The literature review shows that the Dutch Buurtzorg- and the Swedish Västervik-models are emphasized. Both focus on citizens and not the expertise of professionals and changes within. The municipalities\u27 inspirations and processes for reorganizing the international models seem inadequately explored.
The article concludes with perspectives on the findings of the exploration, as well as what is lacking in turns of knowledge, and thus calls for further exploration; perspectives of relevance in Denmark and internationally to qualify the future development of the organization in home careDenmark and other European welfare states face changes in the organization of home care. Based on a cultural-theoretical and discourse-analytical approach, this article of a literature study analyzes the development of interdisciplinary teams in home care in Denmark (2017-2022), where home care has shifted from being multidisciplinary, towards interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary models. The article focuses on the importance of organization in teams for roles, professionalism, professional identity, and collaboration of home care\u27s various professionals.
The cultural-theoretical and discourse-analytical exploration shows there have been profound changes in home care over a short period of time with regard to centralization, decentralization, reforms and new ways of organizing home care shared between the state and municipalities. The new models, where the professionals are organized in interdisciplinary teams are seen politically and administratively as a solution to challenges such as an ageing population and shortage of professionals.
Municipalities focus on professionals but not on the development of conditions and frameworks within their own forms of collaboration and organization. In the interdisciplinary teams, some professionals are designated new roles, tasks, and positions, while others relinquish them, and the role of some professionals is not even stated. Such development is significant for the professionals\u27 experiences of their professionalism and professional identity. The new forms of collaboration affect the professionals; social and healthcare- helpers and assistants, nurses, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists, differently.
The analysis of the literature shows that the Dutch Buurtzorg- and the Swedish Västervik-models are emphasized. Both models focus on citizens and not on the expertise of professionals and changes within. The municipalities\u27 inspirations and processes for reorganizing the international models seem inadequately explored.
The article concludes with perspectives on the findings of the exploration, as well as what is lacking in terms of knowledge, and thus calls for further exploration; perspectives of relevance in Denmark and internationally to qualify the future development of the organization in home care
Lektorutdanningen og striden mellom fakultetene
Full text linkDenne artikkelen handler om kulturen i og ledelsen og organiseringen av den femårige lektorutdanningen, 5LU, som kvalifiserer til lærerstilling på ungdomsskolen og på videregående skole, og som tilbys ved en del av landets universiteter. Denne utdanningen har siden den ble etablert for knapt 20 år siden stadig vært gjenstand for diskusjon.
Artikkelen ble opprinnelig publisert på sidene 253-291 i Lea, K., Horne, R. (red.)(2021). Praxeologiske perspektiver. Professorens habitus og kampen for sykepleievitenskap som autonomt fag. Forlaget Hexis 2021.Abstract Kjerstis artikel
Teacher education and the conflict of the faculties
This article discusses the culture, management, and organization of the five-year teacher education programme (5LU) in Norway, which qualifies individuals to teach at lower and upper secondary schools and which is offered at several universities. Established nearly 20 years ago, 5LU has been a subject of ongoing debate. The programme’s structure varies across universities, making a general structural analysis challenging. The author therefore chose to conduct a case study at the University of Bergen to explore the unrest within the programme, referring to the persistent organizational and structural challenges that affect all levels, from the rectorate to administrators, students, and teachers. These challenges have led to exhaustive inquiries and discussions that seem to have stalled progress and caused wear on those involved. The term “unrest” is chosen to encompass various stress factors and is deliberately neutral in this context. The article adopts a praxeological theoretical perspective, drawing inspiration from Pierre Bourdieu’s way of thinking. The concepts of capital and the analysis of distinctions and hierarchies in academia serve as analytical tools in the subsequent discussion (cf. Bourdieu, 1995b, 1996; Broady, 1991).
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美国音乐治疗教育与培训: 留学生参考指南
No full textMusic therapy stakeholders may benefit from a more comprehensive understanding about international students and their process for becoming music therapists in the U.S. The purposes of this paper are to: (a) articulate the international student process from home country to credentialed music therapist in the U.S., (b) outline common concerns and difficulties of international students studying in the U.S., and (c) share best practices obtained from the research literature to support international students through the process from student to professional. The process for international music therapy students from home country to professional includes pre-departure tasks related to information, finances, and student visas; mid-coursework requirements related to clinical practice, curricular degree, and full-time status; and post-coursework aspects of curricular practical training, board certification, optional practical training, and applying for a work visa. Common challenges of international music therapy students include culture shock and racism, academic challenges, financial and psychological issues, and developing music skills and repertoire. Best practices identified from the literature encourage international students to improve language competence, utilize campus support, develop social networks, and increase culture competence. The authors discuss implications for music therapy education and training, provide suggestions for students, and share recommendations for key stakeholders. 本文是一篇关于留学生在美国成为专业音乐治疗师的过程和概述，音乐治疗的相关方可能会从中获得更加全面的了解并受益。本文的目的是：（a）阐述留学生从祖国出发，到获得美国认证音乐治疗师的过程；（b）概述在美国学习的留学生常见的关注点和困难；以及（c）分享从研究文献中获得的最佳实践策略，以支持留学生从学生成长为从业者的过程。音乐治疗留学生从离开祖国并成为从业者的过程包括：与信息、财务和学生签证相关的离境出发前任务；与临床实践、课程学位和全日制状态相关的中期课程要求；以及完成课程后的课程实践培训 （Curricular Practical training, CPT）、行业委员会认证、可选实践培训（Optional Practical Training, OPT）和申请工作签证等相关方面。留学生在美国的常见挑战包括：文化冲击和种族主义、学术挑战、财务和心理问题，以及提高音乐技能和曲目库。从文献中确定的最佳实践策略鼓励在美留学生提高语言能力，利用校园支持，发展社交网络并提高文化谦逊。作者讨论了音乐治疗教育和培训的意义，提出了对学生的建议，并分享了对相关方的建议
Does Rural Youths’ Use of Online Information Resources to Learn About Education and Work Enhance Options or Increase Social Inequalities?
Full text linkUsing online information resources can increase both the quantity and scope of information available to rural youth regarding possible courses of action after completing schooling, beyond those available in their social spaces and physical places. Assisting their use of online information resources may be crucial for career guidance counsellors in times when information on education, occupations and the labour market are easiest accessed, and sometimes only possible to reach, through the internet. This paper focuses on the extent that young people living in rural areas use online information resources for career learning and specifically explores factors associated with a higher frequency of using such resources. Empirically, it is based on a cross-sectional survey conducted in spring 2021 of practices of Swedish upper secondary school students living in a rural community in their final year (n=267). Possible explanations for identified relations and their implications for career guidance practice are discussed.Att använda digitala resurser för informationssökning kan utöka mängden och bredden av information gällande möjliga karriäralternativ efter slutförd gymnasieutbildning, utanför de egna sociala och platsbundna sammanhangen, för unga som bor i landsbygd. I tider då information om utbildning, arbete och arbetsmarknad lättast och i många fall endast går att nå via internet kan det vara nödvändigt för studie- och yrkesvägledare att stötta ungdomar i deras användning av digital information. Den här artikeln utforskar i vilken uträckning svenska landsbygdsungdomar använder digitala resurser för karriärlärande. Särskilt fokuseras vilka faktorer som är förknippade med en högre användningsfrekvens. Empiriskt baseras studien på en enkät som genomfördes under våren 2021 bland svenska tredjeårselever som studerade gymnasiet i en skola belägen i landsbygd (n=267). Möjliga förklaringar till identifierade relationer och deras implikationer för vägledning diskuteras
Effects of artificial light and latitude on the dawn foraging activity of Great Tits (Parus major) during winter in northern Europe
Full text linkCover photo: Male Great Tit Parus major. Photo: Bjørn Aksel Bjerke.
Recently, there has been increasing interest in the ecological consequences of artificial light on wildlife. At northern latitudes, winter is characterized by short days and low temperatures. Under these conditions, resident birds need to consume more food in a shorter time to sustain their metabolism and maintain body temperature. Access to artificial light may prolong foraging opportunities for resident birds during winter. Here, we used a field experiment to test whether Great Tits Parus major benefit from artificial light to start foraging before sunrise. Further, we conducted a meta-analysis to test if onset of foraging was correlated with latitude in the Great Tit. A feeding station with artificial light was placed in a forest area in Ås, SE Norway, at nearly 60° north. A camera was placed in front of the feeding station to record daily activity of the Great Tit in December and February. In December, Great Tits started foraging earlier relative to sunrise when artificial light was available. In February, Great Tits were not stimulated by artificial light to start foraging before sunrise. The onset of foraging in Great Tits was also correlated with latitude. At the northernmost location, Great Tits started foraging several hours before sunrise, whereas at the southernmost location, Great Tits started foraging only a few minutes before sunrise. The results suggest that resident Great Tits may utilize artificial light to prolong their foraging activity during midwinter, and that onset of foraging is advanced relative to sunrise with decreasing daylength further north. Our findings contribute to the understanding of how short days during northern winters can limit foraging activity in resident birds