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The Role of Criminal Law Approaches Against Hybrid Attacks
Full text linkHybrid threats have become a topic high on the international agenda. Hybrid threats and actual attacks may be classical criminal activities driven by personal motives and economic gain. However, this article deals with hybrid attacks that go beyond personally motivated criminal activity, aimed at states’ vulnerabilities in a wider context. The hybrid nature of these attacks can engage different or hybrid legal responses – a criminal law response or an international law response to terrorism or a lead-up to armed conflict. The questions are, what is the role for criminal law in regulating hybrid attacks and what are the challenges of such an approach? Focusing on international and national criminal law regulating hybrid attacks, this article considers the three scenarios of attacks against critical infrastructure, jamming of maritime navigation and physical attacks on submarine cables and pipelines. The chapter highlights the complexities involved in criminal law approaches, requiring interaction and cooperation between the international and national levels, but also the potential advantages of integrating criminal law approaches into a broader military strategy
Nursing students\u27 experiences from testing a software program for practicum supervision in municipal health care institutions
No full textBakgrunn: Et digitalt veiledningsverktøy, MOSO, ble utprøvd som et av fire tiltak i et regionalt rekrutteringsprosjekt som hadde fokus på tilrettelegging for positive praksiserfaringer i kommunale helse- og omsorgsinstitusjoner for sykepleierstudenter i første studieår. Artikkelen presenterer studentenes erfaringer med utprøvingen av MOSO.
Metode: Det ble gjennomført åtte fokusgruppeintervjuer med totalt 40 studenter, fem i hvert intervju. Datamaterialet ble analysert tematisk, etter inspirasjon fra Braun og Clarke.
Resultater: Studentene opplevde at MOSO ikke var tilpasset sykepleiepraksis og hadde manglende nytteverdi sammen med de andre tiltakene i prosjektet. Samtidig verdsatte de å ha en digital plattform til informasjon, kommunikasjon og refleksjon i praksisstudiene.
Konklusjon: Utprøvingen av digitalt veiledningsverktøy understøttet i liten grad formålet om gode praksiserfaringer for sykepleierstudentene. Samtidig indikerer resultatene at studenter kan dra nytte av en digital samhandlingsplattform i praksisstudiene. Studien belyste også viktigheten av grundige forberedelser og opplæring i digitale verktøy, samt tilpasning av programvare til målgruppe og kontekst.Background: A software program designed for practicum supervision, MOSO, was tested as one of four measures in a regional recruitment project, which focused on facilitating positive practice experiences from clinical studies in municipal health care institutions for nursing students in their first year of study. The article presents the students\u27 experiences with testing MOSO.
Method: Eight focus group interviews were conducted with a total of 40 students, five in each interview. The data material was analyzed thematically, inspired by the approach of Braun and Clarke.
Results: The students experienced that MOSO was not adapted to nursing practice and had a lack of utility together with the other measures in the project. At the same time, they valued having a digital platform for information, communication and reflection in their practical studies.
Conclusion: The testing of a software program for practicum supervision supported to a small extent the study´s purpose of facilitating good practical experiences for the nursing students. At the same time, the results indicate that students might benefit from a digital platform for interaction in their practical studies. The study also highlighted the importance of thorough preparation and training in digital tools, as well as adapting software to the target group and context
Mot det spektakulære: En undersøkelse av nye iscenesettelsesstrategier hos Den Norske Kirke
Full text linkI et forsøk på å tiltrekke seg yngre målgrupper har enkelte menigheter i Den Norske Kirke utviklet «pop-gudstjenester». Ved å kombinere tradisjonell liturgi med populærkulturelle referanser som Løvenes konge og Harry Potter, har kirken åpnet opp for nye iscenesettelsestrategier. Denne artikkelen argumenterer for at disse nye «pop-gudstjenestene» ikke bare tiltrekker et større publikum, men også åpner for personlige opplevelser av det guddommelige.
Undersøkelsen tar utgangspunkt i tre gudstjenester fra Oslo og Bergen, som alle kombinerer tradisjon og popkultur for å skape nye dramaturgiske uttrykk. Den analytiske tilnærmingen kombinerer teorier fra Kim Skjoldager-Nielsen og Dorthe Jørgensen, for å kartlegge «opplevd metafysikk», og når disse opplevelsene inntreffer. Dette gjøres ved å kartlegge møtet mellom den fysiske iscenesettelsen og deltakernes kognitive prosesser, og hvordan dette møtet åpner for opplevd metafysikk, eller et opplevd møte med det guddommelige. På denne måten bidrar artikkelen med innsikt og et analytisk rammeverk for feltene religion- og teatervitenskap
Forms of address and the Portuguese presence in Santos, Brazil
No full textThe city of Santos in Brazil is the only area in the state of São Paulo where the form of address tu is found (Modesto 2006). The contact between Brazilians of European descent and Portuguese immigrants, in the beginning of the 20th century, is a possible cause of this phenomenon (Pereira & Frutuoso 2007). The literature on language contact highlights three important social variables which may lead to linguistic change. The first of these variables, as stated by Ravindranath (2015), is related to demography. The city of Santos became home to many Portuguese immigrants back in the first decade of the 20th century. The second variable is space and mobility (Britain 2013). Due to sanitary reforms (Mello 2007), the city of Santos had its urban mobility and spatial arrangement transformed, and this reshaped how the Brazilian and the Portuguese immigrants would move around the city. The last social variable is described by Dodsworth (2017) as the social role of individuals within a community. In Santos, the Portuguese immigrants had important roles in labor unions and helped to organize many of the harbor workers (Maram 1979). These factors converged to create a "solidary" scenario in Santos, which may have favored the use of more solidary forms of address where interlocutors could engage on more equal terms (see Brown & Gilman 1960) such as tu. In order to verify how the forms of address were used by Portuguese immigrants in the state of São Paulo in the beginning of the 20th century, 114 personal letters (Museu de Imigração de São Paulo 2019) were analyzed. Those immigrants who lived by the coast presented a higher use of tu in relationships among peers. In Santos, linguistic and social variables seem to have favored the use of tu and its usage persists today
Multilingual memory albums in Wisconsin and the Duchy of Schleswig
No full textMemory albums, sometimes known as poetry albums or autograph books (German Stammbuch; Danish stambog), have existed in some form for centuries, and by the 19th century, the practice was common among many members of society and were often kept by school-aged children or young adults. Such albums are considered to have been kept for the purposes of group affiliation and for collecting personal memories for the future. Because of this, they are a useful source in historical sociolinguistic research, particularly regarding the reconstruction of social networks and understanding community of practice. By focusing on memory albums created during the same time period in two distinct locations by bi- or multilingual social groups, this chapter aims to shed light on differences and similarities of the communities of practice taking part in memory album creation; one in Wisconsin, the other in the Duchy of Schleswig. Results from this chapter show that for each location, a dominant language is apparent, and similarities arise according to the sex of the album owner
Forskjell i miljøgifter hos torsk (gadus morhua) i indre og ytre Oslofjord: Med samarbeid fra Faggruppe for toksikologi ved NMBU
Full text linkMarine organismer i Oslofjorden utsettes for forskjellige miljøgifter. I denne undersøkelsen ble det undersøkt om det var høyere nivåer av miljøgifter i indre Oslofjord sammenlignet med ytre Oslofjord. Det ble også tatt stilling til om giftstoffnivåene i torsk utgjorde en helserisiko for mennesker. Det ble anvendt en kvantitativ metode i undersøkelsen. Leverprøver fra 10 torsker fra hvert område ble uthentet, der leveren ble dissekert og målt for miljøgiftene dioksiner og dioksinlignende PCB-er. Totalt sett ble det målt over dobbelt så store mengder miljøgifter i indre Oslofjord som i ytre Oslofjord. Miljøgiftenes toksisitet var også dobbelt så stor i indre som i ytre Oslofjord
Testing av responsinhibitorisk evne og post-error slowing hos elever ved Elvebakken vgs
Full text linkFlankertesten tester responsinhibisjon, der deltageren skal respondere på retningen til en fokuspil omgitt av andre piler. Forskningsspørsmålet er om responstiden til deltagerne blir påvirket av hvorvidt alle pilene peker i samme retning. Forsøket ser også på post-error slowing (PES). Etter at en deltager responderer feil på en oppgave, er det forventet at neste oppgaves responstid (RT) vil være høyere. 27 deltagere gjennomførte 40 Flankeroppgaver. Dette viste en signifikant forskjell i responstiden ut ifra hvorvidt pilens retning samsvarte, og 68 ms tregere respons etter at en feil ble gjort. En t-test gjennomført i Python på de 1075 totale resultatene ga en t-verdi på 5,74 og en p-verdi på 4,77*10-6 for RT. Analysen av PES ga en t-verdi på 3,40 og en p-verdi på 8,81*10-4. Resultatene viser at å undertrykke irrelevant stimuli er viktig for å yte gode resultater. Tydelig PES viser at deltagerne evner å justere responsen sin etter feil
Andragogy for Music Therapy Education and Training: Four Conceptualizations to Help Students Thrive in and Outside the Classroom
No full textThe transdisciplinary as well as practical nature of music therapy profession makes it challenging for music therapy educators to design courses and curricula that prepare students to integrate theory and practice, balance the art and science of music therapy, and become independent learners. Existing literature on educational approaches focuses on specific areas such as clinical musicianship and research skills and does not provide holistic views or conceptualizations through which educators can design courses and curricula. In this paper, four conceptualizations and teaching strategies that may aid current educational practices are explored: building a culture of learning, life-long learning, self-directed learning, and teaching diversity and multicultural contexts. Educators’ roles are also provided in cultivating learning environments where students feel safe to explore new ideas and music therapy methods, develop cognitive and social skills as life-long learners, utilize internal motivation to learn and grow with autonomy, and cultivate self-awareness in order to approach clients with cultural humility and knowledge
A comparison of Heritage vs Homeland Taiwanese Mandarin speaker attitudes towards sajiao
No full textThis study investigates the language attitudes and perceptions of Taiwanese Mandarin heritage and homeland listeners towards the use of sajiao, a stylized speech type, in two varieties of Mandarin. A matched guise experiment was conducted via Qualtrics with heritage listeners from the United States (n = 6) and homeland listeners from Taiwan (n = 7). Participants listened to a recording and rated their perceived social constructions of the speakers in terms of their cuteness, pleasantness, femininity, masculinity, and professionalism on a scale from one to seven. In total, participants listened to 130 recordings, 64 target and 66 filler, of 4 different sentences with both sajiao and non-sajiao forms. We find that heritage speakers pattern similarly to homeland speakers, although not to the same extent. This positions heritage speakers in their own category, where they have acquired the social associations with this specialized speech style, but not to the same degree as homeland speakers. This research sheds new light on heritage language socialization and perceptions of language variation, namely regarding two varieties of Mandarin and speech style. Further research is needed to investigate how Beijing Mandarin heritage speakers would perform in this same task
The Professional as Prophet : The social magic of professional knowledge
Full text linkProfessions have become powerful forces for conceptualising both their own world and that of the general public, and for carrying out solutions for a wide range of human challenges. There is therefore good reason to examine the forms of social dominance that come with professionalisation. The inquiries in the current study are fundamentally preoccupied with the inherent contradiction between person and profession, and between the arbitrariness of subjectivity and the universalised concern of a profession. The presentation follows three steps: 1) The false neutrality of professions, 2) The contributions of Goffman and Bourdieu on contradictions between theory and moral practices within professions, 3) The symbolic order of prophecies. Evidence suggests that professions provide a surplus of meaning by virtue of some prophecies they carry with them. This symbolic resource creates an ambiguity between professional neutrality and determination of the personal morale of prophecies, with consequences for both knowledge of and knowledge about professions.The concept of ‘profession’ is typically linked to the strength derived from its neutrality and the specialised knowledge and skills the professional is expected to possess, supported by a self-affirmative narrative of the group’s capabilities and merits. Professions have become powerful forces for conceptualisation both the world of their own, that of the general public and caring out solutions for a wide range of human challenges. This makes it obvious to examine the forms of social dominance that come with professionalisation. The inquiries are fundamentally preoccupied with the inherent contradiction between person and profession, and between the arbitrariness of subjectivity and the universalised concern of a profession. The presentation follows three steps. 1) The will of a profession comes with a false neutrality and by that with a social dominance, working explicitly as well as implicitly. 2) Goffman and Bourdieu then show how this dominance works, rooted in professional practice itself, as they point to a threshold separating the logic of theory from the logics of moral practices of professions. This all points to breaks in the knowledge-power-legitimacy chain of professions. 3) The concern of social dominance and that of the knowledge-power-legitimacy chain is now united in the symbolic order of prophecies. Evidence suggests that professions provide a surplus of meaning by virtue of some prophecies they carry with them. This symbolic resource creates an ambiguity between professional neutrality and determining the personal morale of prophecies, with consequences for both knowledge of and about professions