Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies Repository / 長崎外大リポジトリ
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Threshold Concepts in the Higher Education ESOL Classroom: Overcoming Epistemological Barriers in Teaching and Learning
Get PDFSince Meyer and Land (2003) first posited the idea of threshold concepts, it has been applied to many different disciplines from economics and physics to mathematics and engineering as an interdisciplinary tool for defining keys to learning. However, very little has been written to apply threshold concepts to the field of language learning, specifically in English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL). This is important because, unlike other disciplines, foreign-language learning and teaching requires ideas (grammatical concepts, culture, etc.) to be communicated through the language being learned, and the areas covered by threshold concepts can sometimes be tricky to see. Even very experienced ESOL instructors may fail to foresee students’ difficulties in learning certain key concepts. Moreover, these cannot simply be dropped from the curriculum nor skirted over blithely but must be identified and incorporated with considerable effort. Only through this process are language students able to make the cognitive leaps required to progress in English-language studies. While threshold concepts are certainly not the primary focus of our curriculum, identifying them and taking special care in the teaching of them remains pertinent to designing “developmentally-appropriate instruction” that assists learners in the “epistemological transformation” that is required in many aspects of English-language learning (Timmermans, 2010, p.16). This paper will explore ways in which the principle of threshold concepts may be applied to ESOL instruction in higher education to help teachers and learners overcome obstacles that are key to language acquisition.
メイヤーとランドによって初めて提示された“ものの見方を変えるコンセプト（threshold concepts）” は、効果的な学習ツールとして、経済学や物理学、数学、工学など複数の異なる分野にまたがって適用されてきた。しかし、言語学習の領域、特にESOL（英語を母語としない人たちのための英語）の分野では、ほとんど用いられていない。“ ものの見方を変えるコンセプト” はESOL でこそ重要だ。なぜなら外国語の学習者は他の分野の学習者と違い、文法や文化などの概念を、言語を学ぶ過程の中で習得していくことを求められるからである。しかし、“ものの見方を変えるコンセプト”が適用可能な領域は分かりづらい。経験豊かなESOL 講師でも、生徒が理解に苦労する概念を予測できないことが多々あるが、簡単にカリキュラムに組み込むことなど不可能だ。注意深い観察により、鍵となる概念を識別することが必要なのである。そうすれば、生徒たちは英語学習の中で必要とされる認識能力を飛躍的に伸ばすことができる。現在のカリキュラムでは、“ものの見方を変えるコンセプト”は全く重要視されていない。しかしそれを特定し注意深く指導することで、学習者は英語学習の様々な側面で必要とされる“ 認識論的転換”を得ることができる。そして、それが“ 発達上適切な教育”のデザインに寄与することにつながる。
今論文では、ESOL 高等教育に適用できるであろう“ ものの見方を変えるコンセプト” の原理を示し、学習者の言語習得を阻む障壁を超える助けとなるものを提示したい。departmental bulletin pape
Current Trends, Future Perspectives, and Challenges in Moral Education
Get PDFThe purpose of this study was to discuss current trends, future perspectives, and challenges in moral education. This study has the following constitution. First, this study discussed the change of moral education in school. Specifically, focused on the course of study and summarized the contents. Then, this study focused on moral development, normative consciousness, and empathy. Finally, discussed describes how to moral education in schools.departmental bulletin pape
The Development and the Significance of the Fair Trade Town Movement in Japan (5): The Comparison of the Case of Hamamatsu City with Those of the Other Towns and Cities
Get PDFIn this article, the development and the significance of the fair trade town movement in Japan will be examined, especially the comparison of the cases of Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture, and other towns and cities. Firstly, a brief history of the fair trade town movement in Japan is reviewed, and the goals and guidelines of fair trade towns in Japan are detailed. One of the six guidelines in Japan, a contribution to the vitalization of the local economy and community, was selected and emphasis was placed upon the Japanese fair trade town committee and all the fair trade town movements in Japan. Secondly, the fair trade town movement in Hamamatsu City is described in detail. In 2015, Professor Takashi Shimosawa, of the Shizuoka University of Art and Culture (SUAC), and the members of the fair trade town network in Hamamatsu City started the fair trade town movement there. They were very active in this movement and resulting in Hamamatsu City being elected as a fair trade town in 2017. Thirdly, the fair trade university movement at SUAC is described in detail, which Professor Shimosawa started with his students in 2015. In 2018, he and his colleagues succeeded in SUAC to be elected as the first fair trade university in Japan. In conclusion, we need to ask constantly what we should do to achieve a just and sustainable society.departmental bulletin pape
Memories Suppressed and Memories Lost: Kazuo Ishiguro's The Buried Giant and His Earliest Works
Get PDFKazuo Ishiguro’s latest novel The Buried Giant contains unfamiliar and familiar elements for the Ishiguro reader. The landscape is 6th century Britain where the shadow of King Arthur remains as do mythical creatures, prompting some to classify this book as fantasy. What is familiar is Ishiguro’s focus on memory. Yet, the approach toward memory here is different. In previous books, the memories explored were those that belonged to an individual who was recalling them, sorting through them, and trying to make sense of the past. In this story, the memories have been forcefully removed from the characters, so their struggle becomes one of attempting to recall any basic fact of their past, rather than interpret them. This loss of the psychological dimension to memory makes the discussion of it less interesting than previous attempts. In addition, memories have been removed from the general population in an attempt to avert violent conflict. Again, because this has been done magically, it removes any interesting parallels to efforts in conflict resolution to address collective memory in the process of reconciliation. In the end, the story is compelling and memorable, but lacks depth.
カズオ・イシグロの最新長編『忘れられた巨人』には、彼の愛好家にとっては、なじみのある要素と、そうでない要素が含まれている。舞台は６世紀のイギリスで、アーサー王の影が神話の生き物のように描かれており、そのせいで、この本をファンタジーとして分類することも出来る。なじみのある点とは、記憶に焦点を当てていることだ。しかし、この作品での記憶へのアプローチの仕方はこれまでの作品とは異なる。これまでは、記憶というものは、個人に属しており、人は昔を思い出し、並べ替えて、過去を理解しようとするものであった。一方この作品では、記憶は強制的に登場人物から取り除かれているので、彼らは記憶を解釈するというよりも、過去の基本的な事実を思いだそうとするように描かれている。この記憶に対する心理的な面がないということは、この作品が、これまでの作品で試みられたことよりも劣っている評価につながるのではないだろうか。民族間の争いを回避するために、集団からも記憶が削除されている。これは魔法のように行われている。民族間の和解の過程で集団の記憶を取り除くことは、紛争解決の際に起こることである。 この作品は説得力があり、印象的な作品ではあるものの、知的な面を深める点ではこれまでの作品に劣る印象である。departmental bulletin pape
Facilitating the use of English Adjectives Among Low-level Learners through Collaborative Learning
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A Study of the Pragmatic Function of the Past Tense in English: From the Perspective of Politeness
Get PDFRecent research on the functions of the modality has been reconsidered with various grammatical concepts, such as the tense or the aspect. For instance, some studies apply the deictic function of the tense into the function of modality, using the scale of “remoteness”. The past tense sometimes expresses a polite attitude towards the hearer, such as “Would you help me?” That is, the temporal remoteness from the present time in the past tense is mapped onto the modality; the degree of probability of the prepositions. At the same time, politeness has been studied in sociolinguistics. Therefore, in this paper, I will explain how the politeness of the past tense is in the scale of “politeness” in sociolinguistics. I will first survey the modal meaning of the past tense. Then, I will compare the polite interpretation of the past tense with the concept of politeness in sociolinguistics to find out whether the two are related. In conclusion, through this study, I will explore the function of the past tense from the viewpoint of its function in interaction.departmental bulletin pape
Expressions of Politeness in the Kagoshima Dialect and their Standard Language Translations: An Research based on the Kagoshima Prefectural Library Dialect Compilation Tapes
Get PDFThe Dialect Compilation Tapes, a dialect corpus housed at the Kagoshima Prefectural Library, is a compilation of conversations among elderly people in different regions of Kagoshima prefecture, whereby transcribed conversations are displayed alongside their standard language translations. In this paper, an analysis of the semantics of expressions of politeness (attitudinal expression) used in the section of the corpus titled “Kagoshima City Dialect: Language Used with Peers/Friends” was performed, and their standard language translations from the perspective of a speaker of the dialect was verified. Interest in sentence ending particles in the Kagoshima dialect was the inspiration for this paper as they combine with the preceding form to demonstrate respect for the listener. Considering the intention of the corpus, which is to record the dialect before it becomes extinct, it is important that the standard language translations maintain the meaning of each linguistic marker as accurately as possible. This analysis indicates that it is necessary to further verify and revise the notation conventions used to transcribe recorded speech.departmental bulletin pape
