Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry
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Potential and Constraints of Biopharmaceutical Plants in East Kalimantan Province
Get PDFBiopharmaceutical plants (drugs) in East Kalimantan Province have tremendous potential for the Farmers\u27 Economy in particular and the Economy of Society in general. Farmers have not felt this potential because it faces existing obstacles. In this study, the Pharmaceutical Business Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mulawarman University, will be analyzed for its role in finding solutions to existing obstacles. Research results are expected to be helpful in terms of the resource-advantage theory and in terms of Implications that can be done by Stakeholders, which aim that the potential of Biopharmaceutical Crops can bring the welfare of Farmers and Communities
Assessment of Physico-Chemical Properties of Drinking Water in District Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Get PDFThe issue of water quality is becoming ever more serious as freshwater resources are severely degraded across the world. Water quality in rivers, streams, lakes, and subterranean aquifers is deteriorating, posing a threat to human life and ecological sustainability. A proper study of the physico-chemical properties of the water samples give us insight into the quality of life in a specific region, as poor water quality not only affects the aquatic life but the surrounding ecosystem as well. In the present study, 30 different water samples were collected from different regions of district Mardan and they were analyzed for their physico-chemical properties such as pH, total suspended solids, conductivity, total dissolved solids, nitrates concentration, sulphates concentration, chlorides concentration, dissolved oxygen, and biochemical oxygen demand. The results of the analysis show that most of the parameters have significantly higher values than the WHO permissible limits. From the analysis of water samples, the researchers have been able to designate the study area with poor water quality and to propose future advice for sustaining the water quality in the region
Identification of Factors Causing Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) of Under-Fives in Community Health Center Work Area in North Jayapura Sub-District
Get PDFBackground: Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is an acute infection of the upper and lower respiratory tract of organs. This infection is caused by the virus, fungi, and bacteria that begin with fever and one or more symptoms such as throat pain, difficulty swallowing, flu, and wet or dry cough. Riskesdas (Basic Health Research) categorizes Papua province in five highest areas with the infectious disease of air such as ARI and Pneumonia. Based on the annual data of Jayapura Public Health office of disease prevention and control sector reported that ARI was included in ten highest types of infectious diseases in Jayapura city suffered by under-fives. Objective: This research aimed to identify the factors caused by the IRA in the Community Health Center work area in North Jayapura Sub-district, Jayapura City, Papua Province. Methodology: A descriptive quantitative method with cross-sectional research design was used in this study. Sample of 100 under-fives in the Community Health Center of North Jayapura Sub-district were selected for this study. The technique was purposive sampling and the data collections were questionnaires and observation (done in the respondent’s houses). This research was done in Juni to August 2019. Results & Discussion: The results were presented through the table form and showed that the causes of ARI were from the under-fives, family, and environment. The conclusion of this research: smoking behavior of family is the biggest causative factor of ARI
Use of CMC Na as Gelling Agent in Nanoemulgel Formulation of Methanol Extract of Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L)
Get PDFSappan wood ( Caesalpinia sappan L.) contains brazilin including isoflavonoids which act as antimicrobials (against bacteria on skin) and antioxidants. Nano technology increases surface area, enhance stability, reduces skin irritation, protects from degradation, and has good drug delivery. Nano emulsion preparations can help permeability of the drug on the membrane surface. Nanoemulgel preparations can provide stability and good drug release compared to mixing drugs directly in a gel base. The purpose of this study were to determine the effect of different concentrations of CMC-Na gelling agents and which concentration of CMC-Na gelling agents that can produce the best nanoemulgel preparations. Nanoemulsion made from isopropyl myristate as oil phase, tween 80 as surfactant and polyethylenglycol as co-surfactant. Nanoemulsion formulations were tested by measurement of % transmittance by UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength 650nm. Nanoemulgel is made from nano emulsions used basis of CMC-Na at concentrations 3%, 4%, and 5%. The results showed percent transmittance was 71.86%. The results of physical quality and stability tests of the nanomulgel wood preparations showed an influence on the physical properties such as adhesion, dispersion and viscosity, the greater concentration of CMC-Na gelling agents in nanoemulgel preparations, the greater values adhesion and viscosity, while the spreadability was smaller. Concentration of CMC-Na gelling agent that produced the best of sappan wood nanoemulgel ( Caesalpinia sappan L.) was 5% that stable by freeze-thaw testing
The Potency of the Genus Uncaria from East Borneo for Herbal Medicine Purposes: A Mini-review
Get PDFUncaria is a genus of plants that are widely distributed in the tropics. There are about 5 of the 38 species of this genus growing in the tropical rain forests of East Borneo, Indonesia. For a long time, Uncaria is commonly used as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases by the Dayak tribe in Kalimantan, traditional people believe that Uncaria may be cured cancer, tumors, mioms, and cycts. Based on previous studies, the activity of the genus Uncaria has been widely reported such as cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and thrombolytic activities. This article aims to summarize the potential of the Uncaria genus, focusing on 5 species from East Borneo, namely Uncaria nervosa, Uncaria longiflora, Uncaria gambir, Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria cordata. The method used in this article is a literature study by collecting previous research articles related to the Uncaria genus. The results of the literature study show that the Uncaria genus in East Borneo has many secondary metabolites with diverse chemical structures that show good biological potential so that they can be used as broad and promising insights for drug discovery and development. This paper is also expected to provide input for the policy of conservation of medicinal plants in the forests of East Borneo
6,7-dimethoxydihydrocoumarin Compound from Ethyl Acetate Extracts from Steambarks Dysoxylum Alliaceum and Cytotoxic Activity Against P-388
Get PDFDysoxylum is a genus that has a variety of secondary metabolites. Research on various species of this genus is always growing and producing compounds that have interesting structures and activities, until now many compounds of the terpenoid group, chroman alkaloids, limonoids, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, steroids, protolimonoids and sulfur have been reported. which is very interesting. One of the Dysoxylum species that has a variety of secondary metabolites is D. alliaceum. The purpose of this study was to obtain secondary metabolites of D. alliaceum bark. The bark of D. alliaceum was macerated successively with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The ethyl acetate extract was separated and purified by various chromatographic techniques and was characterized using spectroscopic methods including, ultraviolet, infrared, NMR and mass spectroscopy and guided by thin layer chromatographic analysis to obtain the compound 6,7-dimethoxydyhidrocoumarin and the proposed biogenesis. The chemical structure of these compounds has been determined based on the interpretation of spectroscopic data and compared with spectral data from previous studies. Cytotoxic activity test against P-388 MTT leukemia cells obtained an IC50 of 39.210 g/mL and was declared inactive
Imunomodulator Activity of Three Types “Kayu Kuning” Borneo
Get PDFThe immune system is a system that plays a role in maintaining the integrity of the body against the dangers that various foreign objects can cause. Immunomodulators are substances or substances that can change/modify the immune system. Empirically, Kayu Kuning or Yellow Wood is used as a cleaner for post-partum conditions. Yellow wood in East Kalimantan is the name for three species, namely Arcangelisia Flava, Fibraurea tinctoria, and Coscinium fensteratum. With the approach of improving the immune system and metabolism, immunomodulatory tests carried out on three types of yellow wood found in Borneo Island. The immunomodulatory activity of Yellow wood steam extract in the non-specific immune response test used phagocytic index and organ index parameters where BALB/c female mice were randomly divided into 16 treatment groups which included a normal group, an immunostimulant comparison group (Levamisole 2.5 mg/kg body weight), an immunosuppressant comparison group (Methylprednisolone 40mg/kg BW), a test extract group with a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight, for the ethanolic extracts of A. Flava, F. tinctoria and C. fenestratum, respectively. Based on the study results, it means that the methanol extract of A. Flava methanol extract had immunostimulating activity, while the methanol extract of F. tinctoria and C. fenestratum showed an immunosuppressant effec
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Miang Bean Leaves (Mucuna pruriens)
Get PDFInflammation is a serious health problem that needs treatment. The use of steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can actually relieve inflammatory reactions well, but their long-term use can have many side effects and are uneconomical. Therefore, the use of natural ingredients that are effective and economical is needed. One of the plants that are considered anti-inflammatory is the leaves of miang beans (Mucuna pruriens). The purpose of compiling this narrative review is to analyze the phytochemical content of miang beans leaves and its mechanisms for inflammatory reactions. The narrative study of this preparation was carried out using the literature study method from August to September 2020. The phytochemical content of miang bean leaves are alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, cyanogenic glycosides, and tannins. Phytochemicals that have a direct anti-inflammatory effect are alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Alkaloids are antibacterial. If there are bacteria that cause inflammation, the alkaloids will damage the bacterial peptidoglycan cell walls, thus causing bacterial cell death and preventable inflammatory reactions. Flavonoids have anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting macrophages from producing NO (nitric oxide) and inhibiting the cyclooxygenase pathway. Saponins affect the inflammatory reaction by inhibiting the lipoxygenase pathway and inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators. Meanwhile, tannins affect the inflammatory reaction by inhibiting macrophages from producing ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species). Potential which is fatal because it can turn into cyanide acid. However, the content of these cyanogenic glycosides can be minimized by drying at low temperatures. So, mung bean leaves are effective as anti-inflammatory drugs because the alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins they contain are anti-inflammatory
Genistein Content and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Edamame (Glycine max) Extracts
Get PDFThe study aimed to determine genistein content and tyrosinase inhibition activity of 70% ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of edamame (Glycine max) with an extraction time of 15, 30, and 60 minutes. Extraction was performed using the ultrasonication method. Determination of genistein content was carried out using TLC-densitometry. Furthermore, all samples were tested for their tyrosinase inhibition activity using the spectrophotometric assay. Ethyl acetate extract with 60 min of extraction time exhibited the highest extraction yield (6.414% w/w), the highest genistein content (0.169 ± 0.007% w/w), and the highest tyrosinase inhibition activity (IC50 = 72.420 ± 0.550 µg/mL). It was known that the genistein content of 70% ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts affected tyrosinase inhibition activity with correlation coefficient (r) values of 0.9973 and 0.9826, respectively. G. max was suggested as a tyrosinase inhibitor agent from natural sources for skin whitening product development due to its isoflavones content, mainly genistein
HPLC-HRESI-MSn Characterization of Polyphenolic Compounds in the Stem Bark of Chlorophora regia A. Chev (Moraceae)
Get PDFIsolation and identification of secondary metabolites from medicinal plants could be tedious and time consuming. Therefore, any technique that could be used to confirm the identity of medicinal plant constituents without isolating them will save time and resources. Chlorophora similar to many genera in the Moraceae family have been demonstrated to be rich sources of polyphenolic compounds with important biological activities. The current study was designed to employ HRESI-MSn analyses to qualitatively examine isolated polyphenolic compounds from the stem bark of Chlorophora regia. Based on the HRESI-MSn data obtained, the fragmentation patterns of the compounds under study will be proposed and could be used in their identification in a matrix. Five polyphenolic compounds were successfully isolated and purified using various chromatographic techniques including column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and preparative HPLC. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by in-depth analyses of their 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic data. HRESI-MS/MS was further used to characterize the isolated compounds. Five polyphenolic compounds including three Diels-Alder type adducts: sanggenon C, kuwanol E and chalcomoracin; two stilbene derivatives: chlorophorin and isochlorophorin were isolated from the stem bark. The tandem MS fragmentation patterns of the compounds in positive mode, were successfully proposed. The fragments obtained and proposed fragmentation patterns of the isolated compounds could be employed qualitatively in the identification of the studied polyphenolic compounds in a matrix