Revistas Universidad del Bío-Bío
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Refuerzo con hormigón armado a principios del siglo XX en un templo neogótico de Albañilería simple bajo un contexto sísmico
Full text linkO alto nível de vulnerabilidade sísmica das estruturas históricas de alvenaria de tijolos simples exige a busca das técnicas de intervenção mais adequadas com base na teoria e na experiência empírica de seu desempenho sísmico. Entretanto, se uma determinada técnica não atende a alguns dos critérios de intervenção apresentados pelo ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites), como a autenticidade, como podemos validar seu uso? Esta pesquisa estuda o efeito dos reforços de concreto armado incorporados após o terremoto de Talca de 1928 (Ms 8.3) na Igreja de Santa Filomena, que é um exemplo dos templos neogóticos de alvenaria de tijolos simples em Santiago do Chile, sendo uma das tipologias mais vulneráveis a terremotos. Com base em seu desempenho sísmico histórico e em uma análise dos critérios de intervenção em estruturas patrimoniais, procuramos responder à validação do uso do concreto armado como uma técnica de intervenção viável que tem sido usada há pelo menos 100 anos no Chile como reforço em um contexto altamente sísmico.The high seismic vulnerability of historic simple brick masonry structures requires searching for the most appropriate intervention techniques based on the theory behind and empirical experience of their seismic performance. However, if a given technique does not meet some of the intervention criteria presented by ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites), such as authenticity, how can we validate its use? This research studies the effect of the reinforced concrete reinforcements incorporated after the 1928 Talca earthquake (MMI 8.3) in the Santa Filomena Church, which is an example of the simple brick masonry neo-gothic temples in Santiago de Chile, one of the most vulnerable typologies to earthquakes. Using its historical seismic performance and analysis of intervention criteria for heritage structures, this article seeks to provide an answer behind the validation of using reinforced concrete, which has been used for at least 100 years in Chile as reinforcement, as a viable intervention technique within a highly seismic context.El alto nivel de vulnerabilidad sísmica de las estructuras históricas de albañilería simple de ladrillo requiere de buscar las técnicas de intervención más adecuadas basadas en la teoría y en la experiencia empírica de su desempeño sísmico. Sin embargo, si una determinada técnica no cumple con algunos de los criterios de intervención presentados por ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites) como la autenticidad, ¿Cómo podemos validar su uso? En la presente investigación se estudia el efecto de los refuerzos de hormigón armado incorporados producto del terremoto de Talca del año 1928 (Ms 8.3) en la Iglesia de Santa Filomena, la que es un ejemplo de los templos neogóticos de albañilería simple de ladrillo en Santiago de Chile, siendo una de las tipologías más vulnerables a sismos. A partir de su desempeño sísmico histórico y un análisis de los criterios de intervención en estructuras patrimoniales, se busca dar una respuesta a la validación del uso del hormigón armado como una técnica de intervención viable bajo un contexto altamente sísmico que ha sido utilizada desde hace al menos 100 años en Chile como refuerzo
TRES PERSPECTIVAS PEDAGÓGICAS BASADAS EN GÉNEROS DISCURSIVOS: REFLEXIONES PARA ENSEÑAR A ESCRIBIR INFORMES DE LABORATORIO
Full text linkAcademic literacy is an extremely important practice. It is a process through which people acquire competencies to operate with texts specific to university and professional environments. However, the situation of these skills is problematic in Latin America. There are few spaces prior to higher education in which people have the possibility of developing literacy skills in specialized fields. This scenario is challenging for programs such as Science 2030 of the beneficiary universities, which mostly seek to incorporate the explicit teaching of communication skills specific to academic work in undergraduate Science and Technology programs. Therefore, the objective of this discussion is to reflect on the applicability of three pedagogical models based on discursive genre for teaching the production of laboratory reports in a general chemistry course. Despite the evident differences among the pedagogical models, it is possible to elaborate a proposal that contemplates the advantages of each one and to materialize a methodological framework for the teaching of literacy in academic contexts that is organized and coherent with the multiple needs of the students.La alfabetización académica es una práctica de suma importancia. Se trata de un proceso mediante el cual las personas adquieren competencias para operar con textos propios de los ámbitos universitario y profesional. Sin embargo, la situación de estas competencias es problemática en Latinoamérica. Existen pocos espacios previos a la enseñanza superior en los que las personas tienen la posibilidad de desarrollar habilidades de lectoescritura en campos especializados. Este panorama resulta desafiante para programas como los de Ciencia 2030 de las universidades beneficiadas, que en su mayoría buscan incorporar la enseñanza explícita de habilidades comunicativas propias del quehacer académico en carreras de pregrado de Ciencia y Teconología. Por ello, el objetivo que se plantea esta discusión es reflexionar en torno a la aplicabilidad de tres modelos pedagógicos basados en género discursivo para la enseñanza de la producción de informes de laboratorio en un curso de química general. A pesar de las evidentes diferencias entre los modelos pedagógicos, es posible elaborar una propuesta que contemple las ventajas de cada uno y materializar un marco metodológico para la enseñanza de la lectoescritura en contextos académicos que sea organizado y coherente con las múltiples necesidades de los estudiantes
MULTIPLICADORES: UNA ESTRATEGIA PARA LA PROMOCIÓN DEL PROGRAMA DE INGENIERA DE SISTEMAS EN COMUNIDADES INDÍGENAS Y MIGRANTES
Full text linkUno de los grandes retos que presenta la educación en sistemas es lograr una mayor diversidad de estudiantes, en este caso de estudiantes tanto indígenas como migrantes. Si bien, la literatura da cuenta de un alto número de proyectos enfocados a promover los programas de STEM en mujeres, aún no se ha abordado de manera suficiente en comunidades indígenas y migrantes. Por consiguiente, resulta importante proponer la estrategia de multiplicadores como fundamento para promover que estudiantes indígenas y migrantes se motiven por matricularse en la carrera de ingeniería de sistemas. La estrategia de multiplicadores es entendida como el acompañamiento integral brindado por un líder mentor. Se busca idealmente que el multiplicador pertenezca a la misma cultura de aquella persona a la que brinda apoyo, aunque no se descarta la posibilidad de que esta labor pueda ser desempeñada por un líder multiplicador de otro entorno. Se concluye que la estrategia de multiplicadores es una estrategia para contribuir a que estudiantes indígenas y migrantes se motiven por estudiar ingeniería de sistemas y junto a esto, alcanzar en el programa una mayor diversidad de estudiantes, quienes a su vez se convierten en nuevos multiplicadores en sus comunidades.One of the great challenges of education in systems is to achieve a greater diversity of students, in this case both indigenous and migrant students. Although the literature reports a large number of projects focused on promoting STEM programs among women, motivation in indigenous and migrant communities has not yet been sufficiently addressed. Therefore, it is important to propose the strategy of multipliers as a basis for promoting indigenous and migrant students to be motivated to enroll in a career in systems engineering. The multiplier strategy is understood as the integral accompaniment provided by a mentor leader. Ideally, the multiplier should be from the same culture as the person being supported, although the possibility that a multiplier leader from another environment could perform this task is not ruled out. It is concluded that the strategy of multipliers is a way to help indigenous and migrant students to study systems engineering and, together with this, to reach a greater diversity of students in the program, who in turn become new multipliers in their communities
NORMA OFICIAL MEXICANA DE TELETRABAJO Y SUS IMPLICACIONES EN LA EMPRESA
Full text linkActualmente, la gestión del capital humano es un importante factor de éxito en una organización, puesto que favorece el desempeño de tareas con mayor eficiencia para alcanzar las metas organizacionales y del equipo de trabajo en cualquier empresa. No hay que olvidar que una empresa, depende mucho de las habilidades y talentos de sus empleados, y de cómo se organice y distribuya el trabajo, siendo este un motivo suficiente para evaluar la gestión del capital humano. Esta evaluación se entiende como una ventaja competitiva y como un elemento diferenciador importante. Por lo mismo, debe valorarse como un recurso que debe construirse y mantenerse mediante diversos métodos, como programas de capacitación o desarrollo, para agregar valor a la estructura empresarial. En este sentido, la Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-037-STPS-2023, surge como un marco importante, en que se especifican las condiciones de seguridad y la salud de los lugares donde las personas realizan actividades de teletrabajo. Su objetivo es prevenir accidentes y enfermedades y promover un entorno de trabajo seguro y saludable, por lo que es de gran ayuda para evitar riesgos físicos, ergonómicos y psicosociales en el trabajo a distancia.Currently, human capital management is an important success factor in an organization, since it favors the performance of tasks with greater efficiency to achieve organizational and team goals in any company. It should not be forgotten that a company depends a lot on the skills and talents of its employees, and on how the work is organized and distributed, being this a sufficient reason to evaluate the management of human capital. This evaluation is understood as a competitive advantage and as an important differentiating element. Therefore, it should be valued as a resource that must be built and maintained through various methods, such as training or development programs, to add value to the business structure. In this sense, the Mexican Official Norm PROY-NOM-037-STPS-2023, emerges as an important framework, which specifies the safety and health conditions of the places where people perform teleworking activities. Its objective is to prevent accidents and illnesses and to promote a safe and healthy work environment, so it is of great help to avoid physical, ergonomic and psychosocial risks in telecommuting
The effect of cutting direction and water based varnish type on sound absorption coefficient in some native wood species
Full text linkNoise which could be defined as disturbing sound, is becoming a major problem depending with developing technology. Controlling the noise helps raising the quality of life to higher levels. Although the intensity of the noise is not at a level that will affect human health, it should be reduced or eliminated, for better life standart. Due to the adverse effects of the noise level on health; the acoustic properties of living areas require serious consideration. Sound absorption coefficients of the materials used in the interior play an important role in providing sensory comfort depending on the volume. Natural and artificial wood are commonly used materials in interior design, especially in the construction of partition elements. In addition, wood is natural material and it has some important advantages and disadvantages. In this study the sound absorption coefficients of eastern beech and scotch pine trees, which are the most preferred materials in interior design, were investigated. For this pupose, these wood materials were cut superficially and radially according to the intersection directions, then the sample surfaces were varnished with one and two component water-based varnishes that do not contain solvent-based resin. The sound absorption coefficients of the obtained samples were determined by the impedance tube method and the results were compared statistically. It has been investigated that the obtained results could be evaluated statistically within the frequency values, besides, different results could be obtained according to the characteristics of natural wood materials, the direction of intersection and water-based varnish types. According to the findings obtained as a result of the study, it has been suggested that if natural wood material is used indoors, the superficial cross-section of East beech wood should be used according to the direction of intersection, and a two-component varnish should be used according to the varnish type
Ritmos del caminar y caminabilidad en las ciudades intermedias, Osorno, Chile
No full textLas ciudades intermedias, caracterizadas por sus distancias más cortas, podrían proyectarse como espacios propicios para la adopción de modos de movilidad activa como la caminata. Sin embargo, la tendencia parece ser otra. Las más recientes encuestas de movilidad muestran una disminución de los viajes a pie y un aumento del uso del automóvil en varias ciudades intermedias chilenas. Este fenómeno plantea interrogantes sobre las experiencias que viven quienes caminan en ciudades intermedias para comprender por qué en estas ciudades que por sus distancias podrían ser evaluadas como caminables, caminar deja de ser una opción de movilidad cotidiana para la mayoría de las personas. Este artículo aborda esta pregunta con base en una investigación etnográfica realizada entre los años 2021 y 2022 en la ciudad de Osorno, región de Los Lagos, en la que se analizaron las experiencias pedestres de veinte habitantes de la ciudad. Un hallazgo relevante son las frecuentes disrupciones en los ritmos y en la sensación de continuidad que los participantes experimentan en sus trayectos y su impacto para la práctica cotidiana de caminar. A partir de esta observación se propone incorporar la noción de ritmo en el debate sobre la caminabilidad de las ciudades intermedias como un elemento valioso que permite poner el foco en las experiencias que tienen las personas al caminar y avanzar en la comprensión sobre qué hace que una ciudad sea caminable, pero también qué hace que quienes la habitan quieran caminarla. De esta manera, este artículo aporta al conocimiento de las experiencias pedestres en contextos no metropolitanos, a menudo ignorados dentro de los estudios del caminar urbano, enriqueciendo nuestra comprensión de la movilidad cotidiana en ciudades intermedias.Intermediate cities, characterized by their shorter distances, could be projected as favorable spaces for adopting active means of mobility such as walking. However, the trend seems to be moving in another direction. The most recent mobility surveys show a decrease in people going for walks and an increase in car use in several intermediate Chilean cities. This phenomenon raises questions about the experiences of those who walk in intermediate cities to understand why these cities could be evaluated as walkable, as walking is no longer a daily mobility option for most people. This article addresses this question based on ethnographic research conducted between 2021 and 2022 in the city of Osorno, in the Los Lagos region, where pedestrian experiences of twenty inhabitants were analyzed. A relevant finding is the frequent disruptions in the rhythms and sense of continuity that participants experience in their trips and their impact on the daily walk. Based on this observation, the proposal is made to incorporate the notion of rhythm into the debate on the walkability of intermediate cities as a valuable element that allows focusing on the experiences that people have while walking and to make progress in the understanding of what makes a city walkable, and what makes its inhabitants want to walk it. In this way, this article contributes to knowledge of pedestrian experiences in non-metropolitan contexts, often ignored in urban walking studies, enriching our understanding of everyday mobility in intermediate cities
The effect of adding graphene oxide to urea formaldehyde resin and its efficacy on three layered particleboard
Full text linkThe research for improving adhesives and the properties of wood composites is always important for industry. The aim of this study is investigating the effect of adding graphene oxide in the UF resin on the functional properties of particleboard panels with an average thickness of 16 mm. The influence of graphene oxide content (0; 0,25 %; 0,5 % and 0,75 % based on the dry weight of the UF resin) and pressing time (4 and 5 minutes) on the internal bonding, bending strength, modulus of elasticity and dimensional stability were studied. The results showed that the use of graphene oxide in the UF resin caused an improvement of the mechanical and physical properties of the particleboards. Also, comparing two different pressing times, the boards made by 4 minutes with graphene oxide is preferred without negative effect on the functional properties of particleboards
Influence of rice straw and wood fiber combination on physical and mechanical properties of rice straw pulverized composite board
Full text linkThe production of particleboards from various kinds of ligno cellulosic materials are successful on commercial scale in various parts of the country. However, much success is not seen in use of crop residues for particleboards. Rice straw and wheat straw are one such materials that are abundantly available in India that can be used to produce particleboard. The present work investigated the effect of Rice straw particles and wood fibers combination on physical and mechanical properties of the composite board. The pulverized rice straw composite boards were produced with three different composition of rice straw material (100 %, 70 %, 50 %) and wood Fibers (0 %, 30 %, 50 %). Melamine Urea Formaldehyde (MUF), Phenol Cardanol Formaldehyde (PCF), Blocked Isocyanate resin combined with PCF (BPCF), Blocked Isocyanate combined with Urea Melamine Formaldehyde (BUMF) and Blocked Isocyanate combined with PF (BPF) resins were synthesized. The resin system (10%,12%,14%) with requisite additive was admixed with rice straw and wood fibers. According to the resin system employed, the hot press temperature, specific pressure and curing time were worked out for compression of the boards. The boards were produced with 780 - 850 kg/m3 nominal density and prior to testing, the test specimens were exposed to an atmosphere maintained at a relative humidity of 65 ± 5 percent and at a temperature of 27 ± 2 °C until their masses are nearly constant. The boards made were subjected for evaluation of physical and mechanical properties according to IS 3087. It was found that the Rice Straw particles with Wood Fibers of 50-50 combination bonded with PCF and also with MUF adhesive of 12 % resin solids confirms to the requirement of physical and mechanical properties as per IS 3087 particleboards of wood and other lignocellulosic materials (medium density) for general purposes Specification. Comparison with resin for hybrid boards of rice straw particles with wood fiber, BPCF has shown excellent properties than BPF and BUMF. The study indicated that increasing the percentage replacement of wood fibers with rice straw particles by more than 50 % decreased the internal bond strength. It can be concluded that rice straw pulverized particleboard can be successfully made with the combination of 30 % - 50 % wood fibers using PCF resin or BPCF resin
Assessing the effectiveness of static heuristics for scheduling lumber orders in the sawmilling production process
Full text linkAlthough optimization models can be used to plan the production process, in most cases static heuristics, such as earliest due date (E), longest processing time (L), and shortest processing time (S), are used because of their simplicity. This study aims to analyze the production cost of the static heuristics and to determine how this cost relates to the size of the production orders in the sawmilling industry. We set a planning problem with different orders and due dates and solved it using two cost-minimization models to compare their solutions. The first was a planning model (PL) where orders were split up into products demand by period, and the second, a planning scheduling (PS) where the sequence of processing orders based on static heuristics was assumed as known. In the latter, the minimum production cost for each static heuristic was found. In both models, the same resource constraints were assumed. The costs showed no significant changes based on order sizes. However, 0,5 % of orders were delayed using PS-E, and 17 % of orders were delayed using PL. PL was an efficient solution method when changing the orders´ size and when looking for the best static heuristic to process the orders. However, PS-E showed the ability to reduce the backlog close to zero while the PL backlog ratio was 17 %. No penalties were applied to backlogs due to their subjective nature; however, when shortages occurred, the demand was unmet or backlogged with substantial costs. Thus, in case the proposed method is adopted using a conservative backlog cost, a sawmill producing under the cut-to-order environment that produces 300000 m3 /year would reduce backlogged orders by 51000 m3. If the holding lumber cost is 2 408000
Arquitetura moderna para a ditadura brasileira: Ambivalência no Quartel Militar de São Paulo, Parque do Ibirapuera (1965)
Full text linkEste artigo examina a relação entre a arquitetura moderna e a Ditadura Militar Brasileira (1964-1985) no caso do quartel-general militar projetado por arquitetos comunistas para um regime violentamente anticomunista: o Quartel-General do Segundo Exército no Ibirapuera, um projeto de uma equipe liderada pelo arquiteto Paulo Bastos, um caso com fortes envolvimentos simbólicos no coração de São Paulo. Embora os arquitetos fossem contra o regime e alvo da repressão da ditadura, um olhar atento a esse caso revela nuances nas reações dos atores a esse contexto, bem como uma relação mais complexa entre arquitetura e autoritarismo, que vai além das lentes binárias de resistência ou colaboração. Esse caso é um nó importante para refletir sobre as relações complexas entre arquitetura e política, especialmente em regimes autoritários. Ele também ajuda a refletir sobre a própria arquitetura moderna, as contradições imanentes de seus objetos e as ambivalências dos investimentos epistemológicos que a sustentam.This article examines the relationship between modern architecture and the Brazilian Military Dictatorship (1964-1985) in the case of the military headquarters designed by communist architects for a violently anti-communist regime: the Second Army Headquarters in Ibirapuera, a project by a team led by the architect Paulo Bastos, a case with strong symbolic entanglements in the heart of São Paulo. Although the architects were against the regime and were the target of the dictatorship’s repression, a close look at this case reveals nuances in the actors' reactions to that context, as well as a more complex relationship between architecture and authoritarianism, which goes beyond the binary lenses of resistance or collaboration. This case is an important node to reflect on the complex relationships between architecture and politics, especially under authoritarian regimes. It also helps to reflect on modern architecture itself, the immanent contradictions of its objects, and the ambivalences of the epistemological investments that underpin it.Este artículo examina la relación entre arquitectura moderna y Dictadura Militar brasileña (1964-1985), en el caso de un cuartel militar diseñado por arquitectos comunistas para un régimen violentamente anticomunista: el Segundo Cuartel General del Ejército, en Ibirapuera, proyecto de un equipo dirigido por el arquitecto Paulo Bastos, un caso con fuertes enredos simbólicos, en el corazón de la ciudad de São Paulo. Aunque los arquitectos eran contrarios al régimen y estaban en el punto de mira de la represión, una mirada atenta a este caso revela matices en las reacciones de los actores ante ese contexto, así como una relación más compleja entre arquitectura y autoritarismo que va más allá de las lentes binarias de resistencia o colaboración. Este caso es un nodo importante para reflexionar sobre las complejas relaciones entre arquitectura y política, especialmente bajo regímenes autoritarios. También ayuda a reflexionar sobre la propia arquitectura moderna, las contradicciones inmanentes de sus objetos y las ambivalencias de las propias apuestas epistemológicas que la sustentaron