Revistas Universidad del Bío-Bío
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Revisionismo histórico en arquitectura, en el intersticio de los siglos XX y XXI: reivindicar, rescatar o negar una memoria
Get PDFO revisionismo histórico, fenômeno típico das ciências sociais e políticas, vem se consolidando no início do século XXI como uma das estratégias paradigmáticas da arquitetura, com o propósito de reescrever (ou apagar) memórias históricas da cidade. Nesse contexto, o objetivo da pesquisa aqui apresentada foi investigar a relação entre diferentes conjunturas sociais e políticas convergentes sobre o tema da memória e a demolição / construção de arquiteturas como estratégia para interrogar acontecimentos do passado e questionar narrativas oficiais. Por se tratar de uma pesquisa historiográfica, a metodologia baseou-se no cruzamento dos discursos com os quais têm sido discutidos diversos problemas sociopolíticos em torno da memória, ocorridos em vários países, com os projetos arquitetônicos construídos ou demolidos como consequência desses debates. As conclusões, como contribuição da pesquisa, permitiram detectar três tendências do revisionismo histórico na arquitetura, a partir de seu uso (e abuso) no que tange à historiografia dos fatos: reivindicação, resgate e negação da memória.Historical revisionism, a phenomenon typical of social and political sciences, has been consolidated at the start of the 21st century as one of the paradigmatic strategies in architecture, with the purpose of rewriting -or erasing- historical memories of the city. In this context, the objective of the research presented here was to investigate the relationship between different convergent social and political situations on the issue of memory and the demolition/construction of architectures, as a strategy to question events from the past and the official narratives. As this is a historiographic research, the methodology used a cross analysis between the discourses on which several socio-political issues around memory, that occurred in different countries, have been based, and the architectural projects built or demolished because of these issues. The conclusions, insofar as a research contribution, allowed detecting three lines of historical revisionism in architecture, starting from its use -and abuse- regarding the historiography of the facts: vindication, rescue, and denial of memory.El revisionismo histórico, fenómeno propio de las ciencias sociales y políticas, se ha venido consolidando a comienzos del siglo XXI como una de las estrategias paradigmáticas en arquitectura, con el propósito de rescribir (o borrar) memorias históricas de la ciudad. En ese contexto, el objetivo de la investigación aquí expuesta fue indagar sobre la relación entre distintas coyunturas sociales y políticas convergentes en el tema de la memoria y la demolición / construcción de arquitecturas, como estrategia para interrogar hechos del pasado y cuestionar las narrativas oficiales. Tratándose de una investigación historiográfica, la metodología se sustentó en un análisis cruzado entre los discursos con los que se han argumentado distintas problemáticas sociopolíticas en torno a la memoria, acontecidas en diferentes países, y los proyectos arquitectónicos construidos o demolidos a propósito de tales problemáticas. Las conclusiones, en tanto aporte de la investigación, permitieron detectar tres vertientes del revisionismo histórico en arquitectura, a partir de su uso (y abuso) en relación con la historiografía de los hechos: reivindicación, rescate y negación de la memoria
Estallido social en Chile y procesos de patrimonialización: un paradigma de resignificación de las memorias
Get PDFEn los últimos años, a nivel mundial y local, asistimos a un cambio profundo del paradigma respecto de lo que tradicionalmente hemos asumido como manifestación del patrimonio. En parte, esta transformación conceptual y metodológica se debe a la emergencia de los procesos de patrimonialización, motivados por conflictos sociales que operan en contra de los discursos institucionalizados del patrimonio. De ello resultan resignificaciones de las historias y las memorias en el territorio, la ciudad y la arquitectura, asociadas a nuevas categorías de patrimonio que es necesario atender. El presente trabajo aborda este nuevo paradigma, tomando como caso el denominado “estallido social”, que afecta a Chile desde el 18 de octubre de 2019 y que se extiende hasta la actualidad. Más allá de percibirse como un fenómeno destructivo, que inicialmente apunta a aspectos de carácter sociopolítico, la presencia del conflicto en la sociedad nacional señala una aguda crítica al sistema de representación del patrimonio. En su trayectoria espacio-temporal surgen nuevas prácticas socio-espaciales que satisfacen las expectativas de memoria de las comunidades respecto de una realidad en transformación. El artículo pretende aportar al ámbito de la arquitectura y el ambiente construido, en cuanto permite reflexionar sobre la transformación de los significados y valores de los patrimonios que emergen en la realidad cotidiana de nuestras ciudades. Mediante una metodología descriptiva, basada en documentos de prensa recientes, se abordan algunas situaciones emblemáticas del problema, manifestadas en las áreas urbanas consolidadas de La Serena, Valparaíso, Santiago, Concepción, Temuco y Punta Arenas. En ellas, las operaciones de patrimonialización visibilizan los contrastes entre los discursos del Estado y los producidos por organizaciones sociales, la resignificación de elementos del patrimonio tradicional y la emergencia de la ciudad como espacio de negociación de las memorias. De lo anterior, se infiere la renovación de los valores y atributos tradicionalmente asignados a los monumentos, ya sea en su condición objetual, arquitectónica o urbana, así como también se detecta la potencialidad del patrimonio, como canalizador de diálogo, convivencia y cohesión en el continuo debate por las historias y las memorias en conflicto.Nos últimos anos, global e localmente, assistimos a uma mudança profunda no paradigma relativo àquilo que tradicionalmente assumimos como uma manifestação do patrimônio. Em parte, esta transformação conceptual e metodológica deve-se à emergência de processos de patrimonialização, motivados por conflitos sociais que operam contra os discursos institucionalizados do patrimônio. Isto resulta em ressignificações das histórias e memórias no território, na cidade e na arquitetura, associadas a novas categorias do patrimônio que precisam de ser abordadas. Este trabalho aborda esse novo paradigma, tomando como caso de estudo a chamada "explosão social" (estallido social, em espanhol), que tem afetado o Chile desde 18 de outubro de 2019 e que continua até o os dias de hoje. Muito além de uma visão dessa “explosão” como um fenômeno destrutivo, que aponta inicialmente a aspectos de natureza sociopolítica, a presença do conflito na sociedade nacional é um indicador de uma forte crítica ao sistema de representação do patrimônio. Em sua trajetória espaço-temporal, surgem novas práticas sócio-espaciais que satisfazem as expectativas de memória das comunidades com respeito a uma realidade em transformação. O artigo pretende contribuir para o campo da arquitetura e do ambiente construído, na medida em que nos permite refletir sobre a transformação dos significados e valores dos patrimônios que emergem na realidade quotidiana das nossas cidades. Por meio de uma metodologia descritiva, baseada em documentos de imprensa recentes, são abordadas algumas situações emblemáticas do problema, manifestadas nas zonas urbanas consolidadas de La Serena, Valparaíso, Santiago, Concepción, Temuco e Punta Arenas. Nelas, as operações de patrimonialização tornam visíveis os contrastes entre os discursos do Estado e os produzidos pelas organizações sociais, a ressignificação de elementos do patrimônio tradicional e a emergência da cidade como espaço de negociação de memórias. De tudo isto, infere-se a renovação dos valores e atributos tradicionalmente atribuídos aos monumentos, seja na sua condição objetal, arquitetônica ou urbana, bem como a potencialidade do patrimônio como canal de diálogo, convívio e coesão no debate contínuo das histórias e memórias em conflito.In recent years, both globally and locally, a profound change in the paradigm has been seen with respect to what has been traditionally accepted as a manifestation of heritage. In part, this conceptual and methodological transformation is due to the emergence of patrimonialization processes, driven by social conflicts that go against the institutionalized discourses of heritage. This results in resignifications of the stories and memories in the territory, the city and the architecture, associated with new categories of heritage that need to be addressed. This work is about this new paradigm, taking as a case the so-called ‘social uprising, which has affected Chile since October 18th, 2019. Beyond being perceived as a destructive phenomenon, which initially targets aspects of a socio-political nature, the presence of the conflict in Chilean society points to a sharp criticism of the heritage representation system. In its spatio-temporal trajectory, new socio-spatial practices arise that satisfy the memory expectations of the communities regarding a transforming reality. The article aims to contribute to the field of architecture and the built environment, insofar as it allows reflecting on the transformation of meanings and values of heritage that emerges in the daily reality of our cities. Using a descriptive methodology, based on recent media documents, some emblematic situations of the problem are addressed, manifested in the consolidated urban areas of La Serena, Valparaíso, Santiago, Concepción, Temuco, and Punta Arenas. In them, the patrimonialization operations make visible the contrasts between the discourses of the State and those produced by social organizations, the resignification of elements of traditional heritage and the emergence of the city as a space for negotiation of memories. From all this, the renewal of the values and attributes, traditionally assigned to monuments, is inferred, whether in their objectual, architectural or urban condition, as well as the potentiality of heritage, as a channel for dialogue, coexistence, and cohesion in the ongoing debate about conflicting stories and memories
Compliance analysis and enviromental reporting factors in chilean and peruvian companies
Get PDFEnvironmental performance and reporting are a practice in organizations with greater sustainability impact and institutional influence. This research seeks to analyze the level of compliance of environmental performance indicators according to the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and its relationship with size, sector and quotation for Chilean and Peruvian companies that have published their voluntary reports in 2017. This quantitative research has a descriptive and relational scope, applying a content analysis of the reports to describe the variables and their relationship. The results indicate greater compliance with indicators for energy, water, emissions and waste management. The business sector, size and country of companies are related to the level of compliance.El desempeño e información ambiental son una práctica en las organizaciones con mayor impacto de sostenibilidad e influencia institucional. Esta investigación busca analizar el nivel de cumplimiento de los indicadores de desempeño ambiental de acuerdo con la Globla Reporting Initiative (GRI) y su relación con el tamaño, sector y cotización para empresas chilenas y peruanas que han publicado sus reportes voluntarios el año 2017. Esta investigación cuantitativa tiene un alcance descriptivo y relacional, aplica un análisis de contenido de los reportes para describir las variables y su relación. Los resultados señalan un mayor cumplimiento de indicadores de gestión de energía, agua, emisiones y residuos. El sector empresarial, tamaño y país de las empresas se relacionan con el nivel de cumplimiento
Environmental, heritage and interculturality education A triadic view, through a research agenda
Get PDFThe purpose of this article is to provide an insight into the research history of such topics as: Environmental, Heritage, and Intercultural education, through the review of articles in scientific sources found in Web of Science (WoS), identifying elements of methodological interest that compose all research. To this end, 106 articles from four specialized journals were reviewed, in a period between 2015 and 2018. A mixed approach was used for the analysis, with criteria established in the analysis of content; building a matrix of categories and establishing frequencies to build a research agenda. The results of the research show an interest in areas that present proposals for practices that promote environmental awareness, care, and conservation of the environment. However, the trend is higher in topics related to Environmental Education, and to a lesser extent, those of Heritage and Intercultural Education. In addition, it was not possible to establish interrelations between the topics, considering them as independent topics and not in an interdisciplinary relationship.Este artículo tiene como objetivo, conocer la trayectoria investigativa que han manifestado temáticas como: educación ambiental, patrimonial e intercultural, por medio de la revisión de artículos en fuentes científicas, provenientes de la Web of Science (WoS), logrando identificar en ellos, elementos de interés metodológico que compone toda investigación. Para ello, se revisaron 106 artículos de cuatro revistas especializadas, en un espacio temporal que se sitúa entre el 2015 y el 2018. Empleándose para su análisis un enfoque mixto, utilizando criterios establecidos en el análisis de contenido, construyendo una matriz de categorías y estableciendo frecuencias a fin de construir una agenda de investigación. Los resultados de la investigación dan cuenta que existe interés por áreas, en las cuales se proponen prácticas que fomenten la conciencia ambiental y el cuidado y conservación del entorno; sin embargo, la tendencia se eleva en temáticas relacionadas con la educación ambiental y en menor proporción las de educación patrimonial e intercultural, además no se logró establecer interrelaciones en las temáticas, considerándose como temas independientes y no en una relación interdisciplinaria
Physical properties of palmyra palm wood for sustainable utilization as a structural material
Get PDFPhysical properties are major characteristics that validate biomaterials' adaptability to commercial utilization. The moisture content, density, swelling, and shrinkage within male and female Borassus aethiopum were assessed. Green and dry moisture content, and density were tested with the oven-dry method while swelling and shrinkage were evaluated using the water-saturation test and oven-dry methods respectively. Unlike moisture content, density decreased towards the crowns and radially from the peripheries to their cores. Directional swelling decreased as: Radial > Tangential > Longitudinal. Volumetric swelling was greatest at the core of the base (6,99 %) but at least at the periphery within the middle of the male (2,89 %). However, the female recorded much swelling at the core of its mid-portion (6,23 %) and least (4,01 %) at the crown periphery. Directional shrinkage decreased identically as the male variety while the volumetric shrinkage for both varieties was not consistent. The peripheries had less moisture content, better dimensional stability and density (which influences wood strength) at the butt than those of the core indicating the peripheries would maintain its original dimension and strength when subjected to environmental changes and be more viable for structural works than the core
Particle image velocimetry technique and ultrasound method to obtain the modulus of elasticity of Bertholletia excelsa wood
Get PDFNon-destructive techniques for characterizing materials in-service have been increasing in importance. Thus, it is relevant to assess the potential of non-destructive techniques for solid materials. This work aimed to determine the modulus of elasticity of Bertholletia excelsa wood using the particle image velocimetry technique and the ultrasound method to compare the results with the conventional methodology. For this purpose, samples of Bertholletia excelsa were made using a circular saw. The samples were evaluated for sound propagation to calculate the modulus of elasticity using ultrasound equipment. Subsequently, they were subjected to the compression parallel to grain test in a universal testing machine. The samples were marked and monitored during the loading session, with the repeated capture of images using a professional camera. The deformation values obtained were used to estimate the modulus of elasticity using the particle image velocimetry technique. The mean values of modulus of elasticity found were 17403 MPa for ultrasound, 15589 MPa for the particle image velocimetry technique, and 15333 MPa for the universal testing machine. The particle image velocimetry technique was considered to be statistically similar (Tukey α = 0,05) to the other methods tested. The linear coefficient of determination (R2) between the particle image velocimetry technique and the universal testing machine was 0,95, a high and satisfactory value. Thus, the particle image velocimetry technique and the ultrasound method are valid to estimate the modulus of elasticity of Bertholletia excelsa wood and possibly of woods with similar technological characteristics
Proximidad espacial a alimentos saludables como elemento de planificación urbana para el gran Concepción
Get PDFLa proximidad espacial a alimentos saludables se condice con las realidades de sobrepeso u obesidad, asociado al sedentarismo y la mala nutrición en Chile. El estudio considera la accesibilidad a supermercados y ferias libres en las comunas del Gran Concepción, a través del Indicador de Accesibilidad de Oportunidades Acumuladas evaluando la proximidad desde el propósito de viaje hacia los servicios alimentarios por medio de la selección de casos específicos (muestras de orígenes). Los resultados muestran diferencias entre las comunas ubicadas en el centro del Gran Concepción, las cuales poseen una mayor atracción de viajeros y cantidad de servicios alimentarios, respecto de las comunas de la periferia, debido a dos factores: la ubicación espacial y la carencia de cobertura de los servicios alimentarios de acuerdo a las necesidades de los viajeros, evidenciando patrones de desigualdad y exclusión espacial.The spatial proximity to healthy foods is consistent with the realities of overweight or obesity, associated with sedentary lifestyle and poor nutrition in Chile. The study considers the accessibility to supermarkets and street markets in the communes of Greater Concepción, through the Accumulated Opportunities Accessibility Indicator, evaluating the proximity from the purpose of travel to food services through the selection of specific cases (samples of origins). The results show differences between the communes located in the center of Greater Concepción, which have a greater attraction of travelers and quantity of food services, compared to the communes on the periphery, due to two factors: spatial location and lack of coverage of food services according to the needs of travelers, showing patterns of inequality and spatial exclusion
Piedad popular en torno a María en el Norte Chico. Devoción de la mina Andacollito
Get PDFLa piedad popular en el norte de Chile es un legado cultural y religioso que se ha transmitido durante décadas, representada principalmente, por las diversas festividades marianas que se realizan durante el año. Este espacio, se ha destacado por la libertad de expresión que tienen los habitantes de la zona y así también, por el espectáculo folclórico que deslumbra a un sin número de turistas. Sin embargo, la devoción hacia la virgen maría, es parte de una rutina de mucho respeto para los hombres que trabajan en las minas del norte de Chile, ya que la virgen es la santidad que los protege para salir con vida de cada jornada laboral. En este contexto se hace hincapié en la incorporación de la mujer al trabajo minero, específicamente se entrevista a María Angélica Lemus, quien es dueña de la Mina de Andacollito y relata cómo fue su experiencia laboral en un sector machista y a su vez, la relación que tiene con la Virgen de Andacollo
Industrial capacity in the commune of San Nicolás in the Ñuble Region, Chile
Get PDFThe industrial reception capacity allows the identification of spaces for the installation of productive activities, this identification is made through a multi-criteria evaluation methodology, associating relevant factors for the territorial diagnosis and valuing them for sectorization. The importance of the industrial reception capacity is recognized under two approaches, the first one of territorial planning, which grants degrees of territorial coherence to the activities and their environmental relationship, and the second one associated to the previous one, which establishes planning as a necessary activity. Both approaches are directly related to the development model in Chile.La capacidad de acogida industrial permite identificar espacios para la instalación de actividades productivas, esta identificación se realiza a través de una metodología de evaluación multicriterio, asociando factores relevantes para el diagnóstico territorial y valorándolos para la sectorización. Se reconoce la importancia de la capacidad de acogida industrial bajo dos enfoques, el primero de ordenación territorial, que otorga grados de coherencia territorial a las actividades y su relación ambiental, y el segundo asociado al anterior que establece la planificación como una actividad necesaria. Ambos enfoques se encuentran en directa relación con el modelo de desarrollo en Chile
Properties of thermally modified teakwood
Get PDFThermal modification is a treatment that seeks to improve the properties of wood and reduce the heterogeneity in its color. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of thermal treatment on the anatomical, chemical, physical, mechanical, colorimetric, and thermal stability properties of teakwood. For this, teakwood samples were treated by an industrial autoclave at final cycle temperature of 160 ºC. The reduction of cell wall thickness, the formation of cross-fissures and the crystallization of the wax inside the pores were observed in the anatomical structure. Chemically, the extractives evaporated and the polysaccharides ruptured, of which hemicellulose was the most affected. The heat treatment promoted lower equilibrium moisture, reducing the hygroscopicity and improving the dimensional stability of the wood. Considering the mechanical properties, the rupture modulus and the longitudinal and tangential hardness decreased after the heat treatment. The color of the wood changed significantly, from pink to dark brown. The treated wood had higher thermal stability, with greater weight loss at higher temperatures than the untreated wood