Revistas Universidad del Bío-Bío
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Territorios circulares
Get PDFEste 2022 cumple 50 años el informe Meadows que ya en 1972 ponía la alerta sobre el límite del crecimiento y sobre el carácter finito de los recursos naturales que se encuentran al servicio del sistema de desarrollo. Se tuvo que esperar hasta el año 1987 para que la ONU publicara el Informe Brundtland, inicialmente conocido como Our Common Future, y definiera el concepto de desarrollo sostenible resaltando la necesidad moral de realizar un uso responsable de los recursos para la conservación del planeta. Sin embargo, este concepto, muy desgastado y desvirtuado en la actualidad, no implicaba explícitamente una mirada crítica al modelo lineal imperante basado en la extracción, producción, consumo y el desecho.
En ese sentido, el concepto de “circularidad” amplía al de desarrollo sostenible ya que avanza en reorientar el actual modelo de producción hacia el cierre de sus ciclos, asimilándolos así a los ecosistemas naturales. La circularidad apuesta por la construcción de un círculo virtuoso que reduzca al máximo los recursos empleados en el origen del sistema, así como los residuos de salida, mediante la reparación, la reutilización o el reciclaje.2022 marks the 50th anniversary of the Meadows report, which warned in 1972, about growth limits and the finite nature of natural resources for the development system. It would take until 1987 for the UN to publish the Brundtland Report, initially known as Our Common Future, and define the concept of sustainable development, highlighting the moral need to responsibly use resources for the planet’s conservation. Nevertheless, this concept, tired and distorted today, did not explicitly imply critically viewing the prevailing linear model based on extraction, production, consumption, and waste.
In this sense, the concept of “circularity” builds upon that of sustainable development since it reorients the current production model towards the closure of its cycles, thus assimilating them to natural ecosystems. Circularity aims at building a virtuous circle that minimizes the resources used at their origin, as well as the output waste, through repair, reuse, or recycling
Evolución metropolitana contemporánea. Una conversión urbana de realidad territorial
Get PDFMediante un abordaje metodológico-deductivo se circunscribe históricamente (1940-2020) al proceso de urbanización de la zona metropolitana de Monterrey, Nuevo León, México; en una exploración que involucra a una serie de conceptos teóricos, elaborados por el autor de este escrito, a dos instrumentos operativos vinculados con los análisis de las metrópolis contemporáneas: i. Las etapas de metropolización de base poblacional y ii. El nivel de metropolización de base empleos; esto ha permitido determinar no solo cuál es el punto de inflexión en donde los controles derivados de los instrumentos de planeación y las políticas públicas espaciales se ven rebasadas; sino también, reconocido la forma de establecer una correlación entre estos instrumentos y los conceptos teóricos propuestos.Through a methodological-deductive approach, it is historically circumscribed (1940-2020) to the urbanization process of the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico; in an exploration that involves a series of theoretical concepts, elaborated by the author of this writing, to two operative instruments linked to the analysis of contemporary metropolises: i. The population-based metropolization stages and ii. The level of metropolization of basic jobs; This has made it possible to determine not only the inflection point where the controls derived from planning instruments and spatial public policies are exceeded; but also, recognized the way to establish a correlation between these instruments and the proposed theoretical concepts
Carbon footprint of wooden and plastic pallets: A quantification with different software tools
Get PDFTransport is one of the activities that generates the highest CO2eq emissions. In the particular case of Chile, it is the second economic activity that generates the greatest environmental impact. The safe and efficient transport of products in domestic and foreign markets is often carried out with the help of pallets made of various materials, such as wood or plastic, which goes hand in hand with different environmental performance in their production. That is why it is important to know the carbon footprint of these products. The objectives of this study are to compare the value of the carbon footprint generated by the local production of wooden and plastic pallets and to evaluate the variations in its quantification using different software. For this purpose, the Chilean market is taken as a reference. This study follows the main guidelines of ISO 14040 and ISO 14067 standards as a reference framework. The functional unit is 1 pallet produced and the system boundary is from cradle to gate. The results show that wood and plastic pallets have an average carbon footprint of 4,12 kg CO2eq and 38,85 kg CO2eq respectively. The difference between the two pallets is mainly due to the environmental load of the raw materials. The causes of the variation in the estimation of the carbon footprint with different software are specifically based on the databases with which they can work. The ratio of 1:9 between the carbon footprint of wooden pallets concerning plastic pallets provides important data for decision making
Análisis de estructuras urbanas en un Company Town. Inicio, desarrollo y declive del caso “Campamento Nuevo”, Chuquicamata
Get PDFThis research addresses the analysis of the different historical periods of Chuquicamata’s “New Camp”, in the Region of Antofagasta, looking closely at the evolution of its urban structure from the inception, development, and decline of the copper camp. Its purpose is to analyze the mutations of the built urban space, characterizing the interactions and meeting places of the Company Town residents , with the characterization of the different historical periods of Chuquicamata. For this, a literature review is carried out, and urban planimetric material is developed and collected from the different historical stages. Among the main conclusions, the process of decline is illustrated by comparing the mutations of the urban space in the different historical stages of the copper camp, analyzing the prioritization phenomenon of a production system, and the economic growth at the expense of residential well-being and living conditions.La presente investigación aborda el análisis de los distintos periodos históricos del Campamento Nuevo Chuquicamata, de la Región de Antofagasta, profundizando en la evolución de su estructura urbana, es decir, en el inicio, desarrollo y declive del campamento cuprífero. Su objetivo es examinar las mutaciones del espacio urbano construido, caracterizando las interacciones y lugares de encuentro de las personas residentes en el Company Town. Para ello, se realiza un barrido bibliográfico y se desarrolla un levantamiento de material planimétrico correspondiente a las distintas etapas históricas. Entre las principales conclusiones, se ilustra el proceso de declive, comparando las mutaciones del espacio urbano en las distintas etapas históricas del campamento cuprífero y enfocándose en el fenómeno de priorización de un sistema de producción y de crecimiento económico a costa del bienestar residencial y de las condiciones de habitabilidad
Metropolización y turismo en ciudades intermedias. Análisis de la competitividad territorial del turismo en Bello, Colombia
Get PDFIntermediate cities inside a Metropolitan Area are often subject to the role entrusted for the general operation of the metropolitan system built around the central city. This limits a possible independent development process that turns them into competitive territories. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to analyze the influence of metropolitan processes on the behavior of tourism in the Municipality of Bello, Colombia, for the consolidation of its territorial competitiveness. A mixed-method was used, with techniques such as surveys, cartography, and territorial routes. It is concluded that the image of an unsafe city it conveys, and the little tourist history of Bello in the Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley, reduces its capacity for the territorial competition of urban tourism. However, rural tourism located in San Félix would be a great opportunity to take advantage of its distinctive features and the potential of the metropolitan market.Las ciudades intermedias al interior de un Área Metropolitana quedan, en muchas ocasiones, supeditadas al rol asignado para el funcionamiento general del sistema que se construye en torno a la ciudad central, lo que restringe un posible proceso de desarrollo independiente que las convierta en territorios competitivos. En esta medida, el objetivo de este artículo es analizar la influencia de los procesos metropolitanos en el comportamiento del turismo en el Municipio de Bello, Colombia, para la consolidación de su competitividad territorial. La metodología utilizada es mixta, y se emplean técnicas como las encuestas, la cartografía y los recorridos territoriales. Se concluye que la imagen de ciudad insegura y la poca historia turística de Bello en el Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá disminuye la capacidad de competencia territorial del turismo urbano, pero el turismo rural ─localizado en San Félix─ representa una gran oportunidad para que el municipio aproveche sus particularidades y el potencial del mercado metropolitano
Análisis cualitativo de sostenibilidad social de sistemas de drenaje urbano en Chile
Get PDFO avanço rumo ao desenvolvimento urbano sustentável leva à aplicação de novas formas de drenagem, que proporcionam múltiplos benefícios técnicos e sociais para a comunidade. Entretanto, em países como o Chile ainda existe uma grande lacuna em termos de metodologias para avaliar a sustentabilidade social de projetos de drenagem urbana. Por meio da análise qualitativa do conteúdo aplicada a entrevistas com especialistas (n = 11), este estudo procura (1) identificar métricas para medir a sustentabilidade social dos sistemas de drenagem urbana; (2) identificar desafios para a implementação dessas métricas e (3) propor modificações no método atual de avaliação dos sistemas de drenagem para melhorar a inclusão da sustentabilidade social no mesmo. Entre os resultados, observou-se que os especialistas propõem métricas que capturam a sustentabilidade social, mas na prática são difíceis de quantificar. Em termos de desafios, a fragmentação das responsabilidades das organizações envolvidas na gestão de sistemas de drenagem torna difícil a utilização de novas métricas de sustentabilidade social. Finalmente, sugere-se o desenvolvimento de uma instituição que possa administrar sistemas de drenagem urbana de forma holística e integrada, a fim de avaliar os benefícios de sustentabilidade social dos sistemas de drenagem urbana. Estes resultados podem ser utilizados por autoridades e tomadores de decisão relacionados aos sistemas de drenagem urbana para desenvolver novas metodologias que levem em consideração os benefícios da sustentabilidade social.Moving towards sustainable urban development leads to applying new forms of drainage, which provide multiple technical and social benefits to the community. However, in countries like Chile, there is still a large gap regarding methodologies to assess the social sustainability of projects in this area. Using a qualitative content analysis applied to experts’ interviews (n = 11), this study aims at (1) identifying metrics to assess the social sustainability of urban drainage systems; (2) identifying challenges for the implementation of such metrics, and (3) proposing changes to the current system, to assess urban drainage systems that enhance the integration of social sustainability within these systems. The results show that experts proposed metrics that may assess social sustainability, but in practice, these metrics are difficult to quantify. In terms of challenges, the fragmentation of responsibilities from organizations that are involved in managing urban drainage systems may complicate the use of new social sustainability metrics. Ultimately, it is suggested that an institution is created that can manage urban drainage systems using an integrative approach, to account for the benefits of social sustainability of urban drainage systems. These results can be used by authorities and decision-makers who work with urban drainage systems, to move towards methodologies that consider the benefits of social sustainability.Avanzar hacia un desarrollo urbano sostenible conduce a aplicar nuevas formas de drenaje, las que entregan múltiples beneficios técnicos y sociales a la comunidad. No obstante, en países como Chile aún existe una gran brecha respecto de metodologías de evaluación de sostenibilidad social de proyectos de drenaje urbano. A través del análisis cualitativo de contenido aplicado a entrevistas a expertos (n = 11), este estudio busca (1) identificar métricas para la medición de la sostenibilidad social de sistemas de drenaje urbano; (2) identificar desafíos para la implementación de dichas métricas y (3) proponer modificaciones al método actual de evaluación de sistemas de drenaje para mejorar la inclusión de la sostenibilidad social en el primero. Dentro de los resultados se advirtió que expertos proponen métricas que capturan la sostenibilidad social, pero que, en la práctica, son complicadas de cuantificar. En términos de los desafíos, la fragmentación de responsabilidades de las organizaciones que participan de la gestión de sistemas de drenaje dificulta el uso de nuevas métricas de sostenibilidad social. Por último, se sugiere el desarrollo de una institución que pueda gestionar los sistemas de drenaje urbano de forma global e integral a fin de valorar los beneficios de la sostenibilidad social de sistemas de drenaje urbano. Estos resultados pueden ser utilizados por autoridades y tomadores de decisiones relacionados a sistemas de drenaje urbano para desarrollar nuevas metodologías que tomen en cuenta los beneficios de la sostenibilidad social
La relevancia de la autonomía emocional en contextos familiares y educativos
Get PDFLa autonomía emocional se encuentra considerada como la tercera de las competencias emocionales definidas por Bisquerra (2007). Al comprender cómo esta competencia -si se mantiene de manera óptima- influye de manera positiva en los diferentes procesos de la vida de las personas, se aprecia que existe un nexo entre la autonomía emocional con la vinculación afectiva y el apego. Ambas relaciones afectivas surgen desde el nacimiento del individuo y se establecerán con la figura que será considerada como su cuidador principal, habitualmente, la madre. Dependiendo del proceso de vida que esté viviendo la persona y de su entorno socioemocional y cultural, la autonomía deberá ser trabajada tanto a nivel familiar como escolar, donde el rol de los padres como el de los docentes es fundamental para que el niño o adolescente aprenda a gestionar de manera óptima o positiva la competencia de la autonomía emocional.Emotional autonomy is considered the third of the emotional competencies defined by Bisquerra (2007). By being able to understand how the optimal development of this competence positively influences the different processes of people's lives, it is appreciated that there is a nexus between emotional autonomy and affective bonding and attachment. These two affective relationships start to develop at birth and will be established with the person considered as their main caregiver, usually the mother. Depending on the life process that the person is living and their socio-emotional and cultural environment, autonomy must be worked in two dimensions: within the family and at the school level. In both, the role of the parents and the teachers is fundamental, in order that the child or the adolescent learns to manage the competence of emotional autonomy competence positively and optimally
Characterization of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius wood submitted to heat treatment
Get PDFAiming to provide greater visibility for the wood species Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, the present study sought to analyze the influence of heat treatment on an industrial scale applied to wood species, also popularly known as Indian cedar. The heat treatment was carried out in an autoclave, with temperature and pressure control, and with saturated steam injection, for temperatures 155 ºC, 165 ºC, 175 ºC, and 185 ºC. Physical, chemical, and mechanical tests were carried out for the analyzed wood. The content of holocellulose and total lignin decreased, while the content of extractives showed a substantial increase. The density increased after the heat treatment, however the treated wood showed cracks, and these cracks influenced the significant loss of the values of the mechanical properties of compression, tension, and flexion. The shear showed strength gain for the temperature of 155 ºC, and the wood treated at 165 ºC was equivalent to untreated wood. The woods submitted to temperatures of 175 ºC and 185 ºC presented strength losses. The heat treatment in question contributes to increase the visibility, use and market value of wood
Changing the calculated surface area of wood samples to define drying schedules for Eucalyptus clones
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to determine how varying the inputted surface area value of wood samples would affect the determination of kiln-drying schedules using the drastic drying test. For this purpose, eight individuals of two Eucalyptus clones were selected. Specimens were obtained for drastic drying tests at 100 °C, to measure the basic density and to determine the initial moisture content. The initial and final temperatures and the drying potential were calculated in 100 mm × 50 mm × 10 mm samples, considering the surface area to be 130 cm² (Updated Method), in contrast to the surface area of 100 cm² that is commonly used in the method known as the Standard Method. Based on these findings, kiln-drying schedules were set for the lumber from each clone. Although the significant differences aforementioned, it was observed that the drying schedules developed by Standard Method and Updated Method are similar
