Revistas Universidad del Bío-Bío
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El agronegocio enfrentando sus límites: rediseños del neoliberalismo en el sector agroexportador en Chile
Get PDFEl núcleo de la política agraria neoliberal en Chile ha durado más de 35 años. A pesar de reformasmenores realizadas, sus pilares fundamentales permanecen vigentes. Mientras los principalesactores del agronegocio consideran esta estrategia como un “modelo ejemplar” para la producciónde alimentos y para lograr un crecimiento económico explosivo, en la última década se hanevidenciado sus límites socio-ecológicos, en aspectos como la disminución de la disponibilidadde agua y el incremento de los conflictos territoriales. Tomando como aproximación teóricaperspectivas críticas sobre la neoliberalización, realizamos un análisis documental de normas ydocumentos institucionales de diversas entidades relacionadas con el agronegocio y entrevistassemiestructuradas con actores del sector público y privado para revelar los detalles de lasestrategias agro-exportadoras en Chile. Desde la comprensión de la neoliberalización como unproceso variado de acción, analizamos los resultados enfocándonos en tres dimensiones de laneoliberalización de la agricultura en Chile: (a) transformaciones regulatorias, (b) ajustes espaciales,y (c) implantación de la racionalidad neoliberal en el agro. Al hacerlo, develamos hasta quépunto las estrategias contemporáneas adoptadas por el Estado y el sector privado han logradore-diseñar y fortalecer al agronegocio en función de superar los límites socio-ecológicos que supropia accionar ha provocado
Accesibilidad a centros de salud familiar en la conurbación de Chillán y Chillán Viejo (Ñuble), Chile
Get PDFSe mide la accesibilidad geográfica a los centros de salud en la ciudad de Chillán y Chillán Viejo, espacio conurbado de la región de Ñuble en Chile. La síntesis propuesta permite valorar el acceso a los servicios de salud, considerando las características del transporte público urbano, para ello se explicita una zonificación que indica la cobertura territorial que tiene para la atención de personas cada centro de atención familiar (CESFAM) de la ciudad, y se lo relaciona con las características que tienen los recorridos del transporte público, en este caso microbuses y taxis colectivos, utilizando la información de fuentes oficiales. Como resultado se reconocen centros de salud con mayores grados de accesibilidad geográfica asociados al trazado y características del transporte público, y la cantidad de personas que cada centro atiende.
Geographic accessibility to health centers in the city of Chillán and Chillán Viejo, a conurbation in the Region of Ñuble in Chile, is measured. The proposed synthesis allows assessing the access to health services, considering the characteristics of urban public transportation, for this purpose a zoning is made explicit that indicates the territorial coverage that each family care center (CESFAM) of the city has for the attention of people, and it is related to the characteristics of the public transportation routes, in this case minibuses and collective cabs, using information from official sources. As a result, health centers with higher degrees of geographic accessibility associated with the layout and characteristics of public transportation, and the number of people served by each center, are recognized.
 
Comparison of thermal performances of plywood shear walls produced with different thermal insulation materials
Get PDFShear walls are one of the envelopes of light-frame wooden buildings where thermal insulation is most required. The thermal performance of shear walls can vary according to the type, properties and thickness of the wood and insulation materials used in their production. In this study, it was aimed to compare the thermal performances of plywood shear walls produced with different thermal insulation materials. For this aim, the archetype walls with properties similar to commonly used plywood shear walls were designed and produced for each thermal insulation material type and wood specie. The shear wall groups were formed by using Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), black pine (Pinus nigra) and spruce (Picea orientalis) as wood species and cellulose, flax, felt, XPS, EPS, sheep’s, rock and glass wool as thermal insulation materials. Thermal conductivity of the shear wall groups was determined according to the ASTM C518-04 standard. Thermal resistance and other thermal performance parameters were calculated using the thermal conductivity values. As a result of the study, rock wool was the best thermal insulation material among the Scots pine shear wall groups while glass wool was the best thermal insulation material among the black pine and spruce shear wall groups. The shear walls produced with EPS foam boards indicated the worst thermal performance among all group
Experimental study on full-scale glulam beams manufactured with Eucalyptus urograndis
Get PDFEngineered wood products need alternatives of raw materials to their production. The hybrid Eucalyptus urograndis has great potential to supply the demand of this industrial sector. In this context, the present paper aims to analyse the feasibility of using Eucalyptus urograndis in glued laminated timber (glulam) production. To this end, four groups with ten glulam beams each, were produced and tested. An extensive experimental program was performed in order to determine: the stiffness and bending strength of the beams; and the compression strength parallel to grain of the beams. The performance of structural adhesives was verified based on shear tests of glue lines. The experimental mean of stiffness was higher than 14675 MPa and the characteristic value of compression strength parallel to grain achieved a value above 40 MPa. Nevertheless, failure mode of the glulam beams showed that finger-joints reduced bending strength. The glulam beams produced with Eucalyptus urograndis proved to be a feasible alternative due to their mechanical properties. However, this material presents difficulties in finger-joints adhesion
Estimation of above ground biomass and carbon of Pinus caribea in bulolo forest plantation, Papua New Guinea
Get PDFPlanted forest plays vital role in tree biomass which stored as carbon through carbon sequestration process and help reduce global warming and climate change effect. Estimation of biomass volume is the important process to determine the carbon contents stored in planted forest trees. Study was conducted to estimate the biomass and carbon content of Pinus caribea trees using allometry models at Bulolo forest plantation in Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea. Study involves center plot of the cluster design in order to collect field data as sample size The field data was collected by measuring stem of Pinus caribea tree species using two variables, diameter at breast height (DBH) and height. Finding reveals that first and highest rank biomass stem content and carbon stocking was 472,4 biomass/ha, followed by 407,076 biomass/ha and the least was 320,97 biomass/ha. Study reveals that biomass stem content and carbon stocking with 407,076 biomass/ha was the more suitable and applicable model for calculation of Pinus caribea in Bulolo forest plantation. Study recommends the log formula derived from the biomass stem content and carbon stocking of 407,076 biomass/ha, as the reliable model to be used for estimation of biomass content and carbon stock of Pinus caribea tree species Bulolo forest plantation and else way in Papua New Guinea
Quality characteristics of the selected variant of Paulownia tomentosa (Robust4) wood cultivated in Hungary
Get PDFBesides the continuously increasing demand for wood, the significant increase in its price also contributes to the increasingly broader use of fast-growing wood species and cultivars. Newer variants are continue to be cross-bred as a result. In case of a new variant within a species, it is questionable how it would adapt to a particular climatic environment and the quality of wood it would yield. The characteristics of the Paulownia tomentosa (Robust4) wood obtained from Hungarian plantations of are generally identical to those of the Paulownia tomentosa. The value of the air dry density - as typically for paulownia species- are very low i.e. 273 kg/m3. Its strength values (compressive strength: 9,6 MPa; tensile strength: 39,3 MPa; bending strength: 41,7 MPa; modulus of elasticity: 4116 MPa; impact bending strength: 1,4 J/cm2) also reach, and in some cases, exceed those of the Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. and the Paulownia Clone in vitro 112 variant. Based on these, we can expect the same wood quality from the Robust4 version as from the other paulownia variants
Influence of soil physicochemical properties on biometrical and physical features of persian oak wood
Get PDFThis article investigates the relationships between soil characteristics (physical and chemical) and wood properties of Persian oak in three different elevation sites. For this purpose, 27 trees were randomly chosen and cut in Zagros forests in western Iran. The test samples were prepared at the stem (breast height) to examine physical and biometrical properties. For each elevation site, four soil samples were obtained at a 0-20 cm soil depth under the canopy of each tree to measure soil properties, including clay, silt soil, sand soil, electrical conductivity, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter content. Then, the relationship of soil and wood properties was determined by principal component analysis. Results specified that there are a positive correlation between wood density and volumetric swelling with clay and available potassium. Moreover, the results revealed a positive correlation between fiber length, cell wall thickness, and fiber diameter with electrical conductivity, sand percentage, and total nitrogen content, respectively
Historic timber buildings restored for public purposes in Southern Chile. A critical analysis and an approach to a cultural landscape
Get PDFEl objetivo del artículo es actualizar y acotar los argumentos de la metodología de Rehabilitación Integral del Patrimonio (RIP) para las ciudades de madera. La construcción en la ecorregión del bosque templado costero dependía de la madera nativa, lo que aun caracteriza al sur de Chile, como es el caso de la ciudad de Valdivia. No obstante, el tejido urbano de la ciudad se ve afectado por la vulnerabilidad ante los riesgos naturales y las prácticas neoliberales del mercado. Los reglamentos e instrumentos para la restauración de la arquitectura impiden la RIP debido a que se centran principalmente en las ciencias sociales, sin incorporar los aspectos técnicos arquitectónicos fundamentales ni una comprensión más amplia del contexto. A través del análisis de un conjunto de edificaciones históricas restauradas con fondos públicos, la relación entre las ciencias sociales, la ingeniería, la arquitectura y las teorías de uso público y del paisaje se hace evidente. Es necesario contar con un escenario de prácticas eficaces para asegurar una prolongación de la vida útil de estas edificaciones en relación a la gestión del patrimonio cultural. Se identificaron ocho puntos clave que conectan la historia con las condiciones materiales, que en este momento están ausentes en el servicio público chileno. Para que los procesos de restauración sean integrales, las evaluaciones deben incluir nuevas dimensiones, como la relación económica y la gestión material o tangible, así como la integración con la identidad arquitectónica original inmediata y la facilidad para asociarla culturalmente. De la armonización de estos ocho puntos con el marco normativo del patrimonio, se espera un mejoramiento de la rehabilitación integral de los edificios patrimoniales en el sur de Chile, la priorización de la conservación de su madera y la contribución pública.O objetivo do artigo é atualizar e aprimorar os argumentos da metodologia da Reabilitação Integrada do Patrimônio (RIP) para Cidades de Madeira. A construção na ecorregião da Floresta Temperada Costeira era dependente da madeira nativa, que ainda caracteriza o sul do Chile, como em Valdivia. No entanto, o tecido urbano da cidade é afetado pela vulnerabilidade dos riscos naturais e das práticas neoliberais do mercado. Os regulamentos e instrumentos para a restauração da arquitetura impedem a RIP porque se concentram principalmente nas ciências sociais sem incorporar aspectos técnicos arquitetônicos fundamentais, bem como uma compreensão mais ampla do contexto. Ao analisar um conjunto de edifícios históricos restaurados com fundos públicos, torna-se evidente a relação entre ciência social, engenharia, arquitetura e teorias de uso público e paisagem. Um cenário de práticas eficazes é necessário para assegurar uma extensão da vida útil dos edifícios em relação à gestão do patrimônio cultural. Foram identificados oito pontos-chave que conectam a história com as condições materiais que estão ausentes no serviço público chileno. Para que os processos de restauração sejam abrangentes, as avaliações devem incluir novas dimensões, tais como relação econômica e gestão material ou tangível, bem como integração com a identidade arquitetônica original imediata e facilidade de associação cultural. A harmonização desses oito pontos com o marco normativo do patrimônio deve melhorar a reabilitação integral dos edifícios patrimoniais no sul do Chile, priorizando a conservação de sua madeira e a contribuição pública.The objective of this paper is to update and summarize the arguments behind the Integrated Heritage Rehabilitation (IHR) for Wooden Cities methodology. Building in the Coastal Temperate Rainforest ecoregion relied on native species, and is still characteristic of the towns in southern Chile, including the city of Valdivia. However, the historic town’s urban fabric is vulnerable to natural disasters and neoliberal market practices. Regulations and instruments for architectural restoration hinder IHR since their primary focus lies in social sciences, excluding the fundamental architectonic technical aspects, as well as a broader understanding of the context. Through an analysis of a set of historic buildings restored with public funds, the relationship between social sciences, engineering, architecture, and the theories of public use and landscape is patent. It is evident that there is a need to establish effective practices to extend the service life of buildings through cultural heritage management. Eight key points were identified, that connect history with the material conditions, which today are lacking in the Chilean Public Service. For the restoration processes to be integrated, evaluations must include new dimensions, such as the economic relationship and the material or tangible management, as well as the integration with the surrounding original architectural identity and the ease with which it can be culturally associated. From the harmonization of these eight points within the heritage regulatory framework, an improvement of the integrated rehabilitation of heritage buildings in the southern Chilean towns is expected, with priority given to timber conservation and public contribution
ARQUITECTURA PÚBLICA: LA ACCIÓN DEL ESTADO
Get PDFNo Chile e na América Latina, o Estado construiu cidade. Assim, de edifícios e espaços públicos, arquiteturas institucionais, escolares, habitacionais, hospitalares, industriais e de transporte até as mais diversas esferas, a ação estatal na produção de arquiteturas públicas é inegável. Em momentos históricos diferentes este fato foi mais ou menos valorizado ou reconhecido. Por exemplo, durante a presidência de José Manuel Balmaceda (1886-1891) foram realizadas numerosas obras públicas que procuraram difundir a modernização em todo o país por meio de edifícios e infraestrutura. Da mesma forma, durante os anos de 1940, com o impulso dos governos da Frente Popular, houve uma ação sustentada de institucionalização que levou à construção de inúmeros edifícios que difundiram os benefícios da arquitetura moderna na arquitetura pública e na habitação popular. Com a aplicação de um modelo econômico-social capitalista, que favorece as flutuações do mercado, a partir da década de 1970 e até o presente, a atividade privada tem sido favorecida, de modo que a ação do Estado na produção da cidade tem sido cerceada e, em muitas ocasiões, silenciada ou vilipendiada.En Chile y Latinoamérica, el Estado ha construido ciudad. Así, desde edificios y espacios públicos, arquitecturas institucionales, escolares, habitacionales, hospitalarias, industriales, de transporte, hasta en las más distintas esferas, resulta innegable la acción estatal en la producción de arquitecturas de carácter público. En diversas épocas este hecho ha sido más o menos valorado o reconocido. A modo de ejemplo, durante la presidencia de José Manuel Balmaceda (1886-1891), su mandato emprendió una numerosa obra pública que procuró extender la modernización por el país a través de edificios e infraestructura. Asimismo, durante la década de 1940, con el impulso de los gobiernos del Frente Popular, se advierte una sostenida acción de institucionalización que derivó en el emprendimiento de numerosos edificios que propagaron los beneficios de la arquitectura moderna en arquitectura pública y vivienda popular. Con la aplicación de un modelo económico-social capitalista, que privilegia las oscilaciones del mercado, a partir de la década de 1970 y hasta la actualidad, se ha favorecido al quehacer privado, de modo que la acción del Estado en la producción de la ciudad ha quedado cercenada y, en muchas ocasiones, apagada o denostada.In Chile and Latin America, the State has built the city. Thus, from buildings and public spaces, institutional, school, housing, hospital, industrial, and transportation architectures, to the most diverse spheres, the State’s action in the production of public architecture is undeniable. At different times, this fact has been more or less valued or recognized. For example, during the presidency of José Manuel Balmaceda (1886-1891), his administration undertook numerous public works that sought to spread modernization throughout the country through buildings and infrastructure. Likewise, during the 1940s, with the boost of the Popular Front governments, there was a sustained institutionalization action that resulted in the construction of numerous buildings, that spread the benefits of modern architecture for public architecture and working-class housing. With the application of a capitalist economic-social model, which privileges market fluctuations, from the 1970s to the present, the private sector has been favored, so that the State’s action in the production of the city has been curtailed and, on many occasions, muted or vilified
Aprovechamiento y presentación de potencialidades sostenibles en el modelo de movilidad urbana del centro de la ciudad de Ambato
Get PDFO processo de urbanização intensificado das últimas décadas evidencia a necessidade de planejar as cidades considerando uma mobilidade adequada das pessoas. O objetivo deste documento é realizar uma análise das condições de mobilidade do centro da cidade de Ambato a partir de uma abordagem de sustentabilidade. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se em revisão teórica e análise de documentos e instrumentos oficiais, visitas de campo e registros de observação. Os resultados foram obtidos a partir da análise de variáveis objetivas e técnicas que evidenciam as potencialidades e fragilidades da área de estudo para o desenvolvimento de modos de transporte ativos e menos poluentes. Apresenta-se uma reflexão sobre as características dos pedestres, ciclistas e transporte público de massa com o objetivo de propor estratégias de gestão que visem fortalecer o modelo de mobilidade atual.The intensified urbanization process of recent decades has highlighted the need to plan cities, suitably considering people’s mobility. The goal of this article is to analyze the mobility conditions of Ambato city center using a sustainability approach. The methodology used was based on a theoretical review and analysis of official documents, fieldwork, and observation records. The results were obtained by analyzing objective and technical variables that show the study area’s potentialities and weaknesses to develop active and less polluting modes of transport. A reflection on the characteristics of pedestrians, cyclists, and mass public transport is presented to propose management strategies that aim at strengthening the current mobility model.El proceso de urbanización intensificado de las últimas décadas deja en evidencia la necesidad de planificar las ciudades, considerando una adecuada movilidad de personas. El objetivo de este documento es realizar un análisis de las condiciones de movilidad del centro de la ciudad de Ambato desde un enfoque de sostenibilidad. La metodología utilizada se basó en una revisión teórica y un análisis de documentos e instrumentos oficiales, visitas de campo y fichas de observación. Los resultados se obtuvieron a partir del examen de variables objetivas y técnicas que muestran las potencialidades y debilidades del área de estudio para el desarrollo de los modos de transporte activos y menos contaminantes. Se presenta una reflexión sobre las características de peatones, ciclistas y transporte público masivo con el fin de proponer estrategias de gestión encaminadas a fortalecer el modelo de movilidad actual