Revistas Universidad del Bío-Bío
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¿Funciona tan bien el Banco Central de Chile?
Get PDFThe Central Bank of Chile is the entity in charge of deciding monetary policy in the country, mainly through the management of the Monetary Policy Rate (TPM in spanish). It was founded in 1925 but it has suffered a lot of modification over time, the most important that of 1989, which gave the autonomy of the Bank with respect to the government in power. Nowadays in Chile there is a constitutional process, one of the most important aspect is the Central Bank. This document describes a series of failures over time in the Central Bank with proposals associated with those failures. This document is like that of Rowland (2022), however, examples related to the case of Argentina are incorporated.El Banco Central de Chile es el ente encargado en el país de decidir la política monetaria, principalmente a través del manejo de la Tasa de Política Monetaria (TPM). Fue creado en 1925 pero ha tenido una serie de modificaciones a lo largo del tiempo, siendo la más importante la de 1989 que entregaba su autonomía respecto al gobierno de turno. En la actualidad Chile está viviendo un proceso constituyente, siendo uno de los aspectos más importantes el Banco Central. En este documento se describen una serie de falencias junto con propuestas asociadas a aquellas fallas. Este documento es similar al de Rowland (2022), sin embargo, se incorporan ejemplos relacionados al caso de la Argentina
Mechanical characterization of visually graded boards from turkish fir and black pine by nondestructive and destructive tests
Get PDFFor the mechanical characterization of Turkish fir and black pine, 400 board specimens with 22 mm× 50 mm × 420 mm were visually graded according to TS 1265 standard. Nondestructive tests were here upon performed using the stress wave method. After specimens were intentionally tested under flatwise bending to research the applicability as an alternative to tension and edgewise bending tests in European strength grading system. According to analyses of variance, the mean values of MOR and MOE differed in four groups at a p<0,05 significance level for visually graded boards. High correlations were found between MOR-MOE (R2=0,837) for fir and MOR-MOE (R2=0,776) for black pine. In addition, correlations of MOR-Knot rate for fir and black pine were respectively R2=0,669 and R2=0,660 showing the effectiveness of flatwise bending tests with the visual grading standard. For nondestructive tests, the mean values of the dynamic modulus of elastici- ty were very close in between fir and black pine grades while the usage of defect-free density performed better than the density of the whole specimen. Higher strength classes were found for black pine boards (Class 1= C40, Class 2= C27 and Class 3= C22) compared to fir boards (Class 1= C24, Class 2= C22 and Class 3= C18), respectively. Moreover, a simplified nonlinear material model was proposed for numerical modelling, and the results were found in good agreement in terms of the bending stiffness, strength, and deformation capacity of boards especially for class 1 and class 2 in both softwood species
Espacio Cotidiano
No full textEsta edição da Arquitecturas del Sur apresenta três artigos dedicados à habitação coletiva, na medida em que o déficit habitacional deu origem a novas e melhores formas de participação cidadã voltadas à solução desse problema. A Casa de Passagem Indígena em Florianópolis aborda um problema essencialmente latino-americano, que é o acesso da população indígena à moradia subsidiada pelo Estado. Nesse caso, a presença de habitantes indígenas na cidade examina as possibilidades de espaços físicos e simbólicos na cidade contemporânea e o papel do profissional que explora possíveis respostas. Em seguida, o texto Vivienda colaborativa analisa o caso da habitação colaborativa desenvolvida na Espanha e sua relação com os mecanismos de gestão pública. O caso de Gran Canaria exercita questões de ajuda mútua, transferência de uso, cooperativismo e participação cidadã. Dessa forma, o sistema de autoconstrução da Junta da Andaluzia, uma prática tão eficaz quanto contestada, representativa de um cooperativismo socialista, e a coabitação desenvolvida pela Prefeitura de Barcelona, convergem no debate sobre a gestão cooperativa. O terceiro texto trata de um dos últimos eventos de divulgação das atividades da CORVI, antes de sua dissolução em 1976. Ele explorou um modelo de gestão que destacou o papel das empresas de construção como um novo ator no processo de fornecimento de moradias no caso da Población Santiago Amengual.
Um segundo grupo temático desta edição, materializado em seus três últimos artigos, volta seu olhar para os problemas estruturais da arquitetura atual, cuja presença tem se ampliado no debate disciplinar. Os lugares de memória parecem ir além das margens de uma compreensão baseada no discurso do patrimônio. A lembrança e o pertencimento a espaços cotidianos nos remetem a núcleos de memória e coesão coletiva. Esse é o caso da Escuela Comunitaria - Centro de Memoria y Acción Integral para el Cuidado del Bosque de Galilea y el Territorio de Colombia. Da mesma forma, expressões individuais, isoladas e seletivas oferecem um exame daquelas experiências incomuns em que a alteridade exerce protagonismo sobre as experiências na arquitetura e na cidade de Santiago do Chile. Por fim, revisitar as obras de um mestre como Niemeyer abre a possibilidade de uma releitura a partir de ações basilares que refletem influências portuguesas em duas de suas obras: o complexo urbano de Pena Furada, em Portugal (1965) e a Praça XV, no Rio de Janeiro (1991).Esta edición de Arquitecturas del Sur registra tres artículos dedicados a la vivienda colectiva, en la medida que el déficit habitacional ha originado nuevas y mejores formas de participación ciudadana en sus soluciones. La Casa de Passagem Indígena en Florianópolis, atiende un problema esencialmente latinoamericano, cuál es el acceso de población indígena a vivienda de protección estatal. En este caso, la presencia de habitantes originarios en la ciudad examina las posibilidades de espacios físicos y simbólicos en la ciudad contemporánea y el papel profesional que indaga en las respuestas. A continuación, el texto Vivienda colaborativa analiza en el caso de la vivienda colaborativa desarrollada en España y su relación con mecanismos públicos de gestión. El caso de Gran Canaria ejercita temas de ayuda mutua, cesión de uso, cooperativismo y participación ciudadana. De este modo, el sistema de autoconstrucción de la Junta de Andalucía, una práctica tan eficaz como discutida, representativa de un cooperativismo socialista y la covivienda desarrollada por el Ayuntamiento de Barcelona, confluyen en el debate sobre la gestión cooperativa. El tercer texto atiende uno de los últimos eventos divulgativos de la acción de la CORVI, previo a su disolución en 1976. Exploraba un modelo de gestión que relevaba el papel de las empresas constructoras como un nuevo actor del proceso de dotación habitacional para el caso de la Población Santiago Amengual.
Un segundo grupo temático de este número, materializado en sus tres últimos artículos, vuelve la mirada a problemas estructurales de la arquitectura actual, cuya presencia se va ahondando en el debate disciplinar. Los lugares de memoria parecen sobrepasar los márgenes de una comprensión asentada en el discurso patrimonial. El recuerdo y la pertenencia sobre los espacios cotidianos nos refieren a nodos de memoria y cohesión colectiva. Este es el caso de la Escuela Comunitaria - Centro de Memoria y Acción Integral para el Cuidado del Bosque de Galilea y el Territorio de Colombia. Del mismo modo, las expresiones individuales, aisladas y selectivas, ofrecen un examen sobre aquellas experiencias inusuales donde la otredad ejercita el protagonismo sobre experiencias en la arquitectura y la ciudad de Santiago de Chile. Finalmente, revisitar las obras de un maestro como Niemeyer abre la posibilidad de una relectura a través de unas acciones fundantes en decisiones portuguesas en dos de sus obras: el conjunto urbano de Pena Furada, en Portugal (1965) y la Praça XV, en Río de Janeiro (1991).Three articles in this issue of Arquitecturas del Sur are dedicated to collective housing, as the housing shortage has led to new and better forms of citizen participation in its solution. The Indigenous Temporary Accommodation in Florianopolis handles an essentially Latin American problem: access for Indigenous people to protected state housing. In this case, the presence of the city’s original inhabitants examines the possibilities of physical and symbolic spaces in the contemporary city and the professional role that looks into the responses. Next, the text on collaborative housing analyzes the case of Spain, and its relationship with public management mechanisms. The case of Gran Canaria looks at mutual aid issues, transfer of use, cooperativism, and citizen participation. In this way, the self-construction system of the Andalusian Junta, a practice that is as effective as it is controversial, and representative of a socialist cooperativism and cohabitation developed by the Barcelona City Council, converge in the debate on cooperative management. The third text looks into one of the latest events disclosed on CORVI’s actions, before its dissolution in 1976. It explores a management model that revealed the role of construction companies as a new player in the habitational process for the case of the Santiago Amengual Neighborhood.
A second thematic group in this issue, materialized in its last 3 articles, returns to the structural issues of modern-day architecture, whose presence is diving deeper into the disciplinary debate. The places of memory seem to exceed the margins of an understanding based on heritage discourse. The memory and belonging of daily spaces, turn one to the nodes of memory and collective coherence. This is the case of the Community School – Center of Memory and Integrated Action to Care for the Forest of Galilea and the Territory of Colombia. Likewise, the individual, isolated, and selective expressions examine those unusual experiences where otherness exercises protagonism over experiences in the architecture and city of Santiago de Chile. Finally, revisiting the works of a master like Niemeyer opens the possibility for rereading, through actions based on the Portuguese decisions in two of his works: the urban complex of Pena Furada, in Portugal (1965), and Plaza XV, in Rio de Janeiro (1991)
Gluing characteristics of Papua New Guinea timber species for various non-structural applications
Get PDFPapua New Guinea (PNG) has abundant natural forest resources but there are many constraints which need to be addressed to support the development of competitive value-added wood industries. There is a need to develop knowledge and capacity in wood science and processing technologies which support successful domestic value-adding wood processing enterprises. A comprehensive testing program has been developed to assess the glue‐bond strength and performance of selected commercial PNG timber species in various cli- matic conditions to simulate service conditions in potential market destinations. Two criteria namely shear strength and wood failure have been used to determine if a species can meet the minimum requirements for either dry use or wet use applications. The performance of 24 different PNG commercial timber species has been assessed using a one-component cross-linking polyvinyl acetate emulsion adhesive. The bondability of the selected species has been carefully estimated considering the wood density and wood moisture content for the strength and durability in dry- and wet-use conditions. The testing results show that as the wood density as a wood property factor and moisture content as a service condition factor increase, high shear strength with high wood failure become more difficult to achieve consistently. The highest shear strength and wood failure results were achieved by softwood plantation species and low-density hardwood species. Based on the testing results, the selected species have been classified into bondability classes (bond very well, bond well, bond with difficulty, very difficult to bond)
Thinning wood properties of Nothofagus alpina under three different silvicultural conditions
Get PDFThe main objective of this study was to assess the properties of Nothofagus alpina wood from thinning that originates from two sites with intensive silviculture and one similar to a secondary growth forest, with different soil, climatic conditions and age. To achieve this, some mechanical, physical and chemical-crystalline properties were characterized; studying the differences from pith to bark and between the selected trees that were taken from the thinning of the three plantations. Among the studied plantation sites, there were statistical differences in equilibrium moisture content, density and modulus of elasticity. Furthermore, FT-IR was able to differentiate the chemical-crystalline compositions from pith to bark and between plantations, while the X-Ray Diffraction showed differences in the crystallinity index. It was possible to differentiate between the sites with a more intense silvicultural intervention and the one with more variable growth conditions
El Fuerte de San Rosendo: primeras reflexiones sobre su posible hallazgo
Get PDFLos fuertes coloniales ubicados en la cuenca del Biobío, es una de las evidencias tangibles más duraderas de la presencia hispana en Chile. Muchos de estos fuertes se han mantenido hasta hoy, dando origen a ciudades. Otros, por el contrario, han ido desapareciendo de los mapas urbanos actuales. Uno de estos corresponde al Fuerte de San Rosendo, el cual se ha creído por muchos años, fue instalado en la cumbre de un cerro cercano a la ciudad. A partir del reciente hallazgo de una arruinada estructura de piedras en el sector urbano de la comuna, recopilamos fuentes y menciones históricas sobre la fundación, presencia y ubicación del Fuerte de San Rosendo. A partir de este análisis y discusión, planteamos que las ruinas descubiertas presentan un alto potencial de pertenecer al Fuerte de San Rosendo, sin descartar que otras instalaciones militares menores pueden haberse ubicado en los cerros circundantes.
The forts located in the Biobío basin is one of the most lasting tangible pieces of evidence of the Hispanic presence in Chile during the colonial era. Many of these forts have remained until today, giving rise to many cities. Others, on the contrary, have been disappearing from current urban maps. One of these corresponds to the Fort of San Rosendo, which has been believed for many years, was installed on the top of a hill near the city. From the recent discovery of a ruined stone structure in the urban sector of the commune, we compile sources and historical mentions about the foundation, presence and location of the Fort of San Rosendo. Based on this analysis and discussion, we suggest that the discovered ruins have a high potential to belong to the Fort of San Rosendo, without ruling out that other minor military installations may have been located in the surrounding hills.
 
Correlación entre habilidades cognitivas, metacognitivas y motivacionales del pensamiento crítico en estudiantes universitarios
Get PDFLa importancia del pensamiento crítico en la educación universitaria es clara, sin embargo, su construcción teórica aún necesita desarrollo e investigación. El pensamiento crítico se podría entender como el conjunto de habilidades para resolver un problema, a través de su análisis metacognitivo y motivacional. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el grado de relación entre las habilidades del pensamiento crítico de razonamiento argumentativo, toma de decisiones, solución de problemas, motivación del pensamiento profundo y metacognición, de un grupo de estudiantes universitarios de las regiones del Biobío y Ñuble. Por otra parte, se validó un instrumento que evalúa el pensamiento crítico. El estudio utilizó una metodología cuantitativa, de diseño correlacional y corte transversal. Los resultados mostraron una correlación significativa entre las habilidades, con un mejor desempeño en la argumentación y solución de problemas, mientras que la motivación aparece como las de menor desempeño. El instrumento fue validado por su alta consistencia interna.The importance of critical thinking in university education is evident; however, its theoretical construction still needs development and research. Critical thinking could be understood as the set of skills to solve a problem, through its metacognitive and motivational analysis. The objective of this study was to determine the degree of relationship between the critical thinking skills of argumentative reasoning, decision-making, problem-solving, deep thinking motivation, and metacognition, of a group of university students from the Regions of Biobío and Ñuble, in Chile. On the other hand, an instrument that evaluates critical thinking was validated. The study used a quantitative methodology, correlational and cross-sectional design. The results showed a significant correlation between the skills, with a better performance in argumentation and problem solving, while motivation appears as of lower performance. The instrument was validated for its high internal consistency
Educación intercultural en la enseñanza de las ciencias naturales: Un desafío para la igualdad de oportunidades
Get PDFEl presente artículo plantea un hibridismo entre los principios de las ciencias naturales para filósofos como Bacon y Descartes y la episteme de los pueblos originarios. Se aborda la colonialidad como un factor que valida el currículum monocultural proveniente de Europa, que inferioriza los conocimientos y sentidos culturales de los pueblos originarios, lo que generan una desigualdad de oportunidades. La enseñanza de las ciencias tiene como principal modelo el de transmisión, lo cual no logra un aprendizaje significativo en los estudiantes, y además se presenta descontextualizada, lo que no favorece la motivación. Es por ello que la enseñanza de las ciencias debiera considerar modelos constructivistas, ya que estos otorgan un papel activo al alumno en la construcción de su aprendizaje. Así surge la necesidad de incorporar un enfoque de educación intercultural para el conjunto de la población, ya que la ciencia occidental ocupa lugares predilectos, por lo cual se plantea recuperar los conocimientos tradicionales ancestrales y que las escuelas funcionen sin generar desigualdades. Es así como el docente toma un rol protagónico y deben considerarse capacitaciones sobre interculturalidad durante su formación. Finalmente, se plantean ejemplos de cómo la enseñanza de las ciencias naturales puede incorporar conocimientos indígenas.This article proposes a hybridism between the principles of natural sciences for philosophers such as Bacon and Descartes and the episteme of the original peoples. Coloniality is addressed as a factor that validates the monocultural curriculum from Europe, which diminish the knowledge and cultural senses of the original peoples, which generates an inequality of opportunities. Science teaching has transmission as its main model, which does not achieve significant learning in students, and is also presented out of context, which does not favor motivation. That is why science teaching should consider constructivist models since these give an active role to the student in the construction of their learning. Thus arises the need to incorporate an intercultural education approach for the population as a whole, since Western science occupies favorite places, which is why it is proposed to recover ancestral traditional knowledge and for schools to function without generating inequalities. This is how the teacher takes a leading role, and training on interculturality should be considered during their education. Finally, examples of how the teaching of natural sciences can incorporate indigenous knowledge, are presented
Espacios de obesidad: Explorando clústeres de obesidad infantil, segregación residencial y ambiente alimentario en el Área Metropolitana de Santiago, Chile
Get PDFEn 2018, el 50,9% de todos los niños chilenos medidos por el “Mapa nutricional” elaborado por el Ministerio de Educación fueron categorizados con sobrepeso u obesidad, lo cual es evidencia de las crecientes tasas de obesidad en América Latina. Los debates sobre el tema giran en torno a la tensión entre determinantes de agencia, como los hábitos de alimentación y ejercicio, y estructurales, apuntando a las correlaciones entre altos niveles de obesidad y pobreza. Sin embargo, existe también una dimensión territorial que se destaca especialmente en los casos con altos niveles de segregación residencial, como sucede en muchas ciudades latinoamericanas. Aquí hay potenciales clústeres de ambientes alimentarios más o menos obesogénicos, en los que se correlacionan el nivel socioeconómico, el estado nutricional del sector y la oferta alimentaria del lugar. En este artículo mapeamos las dimensiones espaciales de la obesidad infantil argumentando que la segregación del estado nutricional se superpone a la naturaleza de las desigualdades multidimensionales en las ciudades chilenas. El estudio se hizo mediante la organización y combinación de bases de datos públicas y técnicas de análisis espacial para crear mapas de diagnóstico. Los resultados muestran una tendencia hacia mayores tasas de obesidad a medida que disminuye el nivel socioeconómico del barrio, mientras que los entornos alimentarios varían según la disponibilidad de diferentes combinaciones de oferta (ferias libres, cantidad y tamaño de supermercado, canal tradicional) para cada nivel socioeconómico, lo que sugiere la existencia de diferentes tipos de entornos alimentarios. El trabajo concluye con reflexiones sobre cómo ha cambiado el contexto nutricional desde la pandemia de Covid19 y abre una discusión sobre el rol en la planificación urbana en la creación de las condiciones de (in)equidad nutricional.In 2018, 50.9% of all Chilean children, measured by the "Nutritional Map" of the Ministry of Education, were categorized as overweight or obese, which is evidence of rising obesity rates in Latin America. Discussions on the subject revolve around the tension between agency-determining factors, such as eating and exercise habits, and structural ones, pointing to the correlations between high levels of obesity and poverty. However, there is also a territorial dimension that stands out, especially in cases with high levels of residential segregation, as is the case in many Latin American cities. Here there are potential clusters of more or less obesogenic food environments, where the socioeconomic level, the nutritional status of the sector, and the food supply of the place are correlated. In this article, the spatial dimensions of childhood obesity are mapped, arguing that the segregation of nutritional status overlaps with the nature of multidimensional inequalities in Chilean cities. The study was done by organizing and combining public databases and spatial analysis techniques to create diagnostic maps. The results show a trend towards higher obesity rates as the socioeconomic level of the neighborhood decreases, while food environments vary according to the availability of different combinations of supply (street markets, quantity and size of supermarkets, traditional channels) for each socioeconomic level, suggesting the presence of different types of food environments. The paper concludes with reflections on how the nutritional context has changed since the Covid-19 pandemic and opens a discussion on the role of urban planning in creating nutritional (in)equity conditions
Tipologías habitacionales, percepciones barriales y vínculos sociales vecinales. Exploraciones sobre el barrio de Michaihue, Área Metropolitana de Concepción, Chile
Get PDFUsing a case study conducted in the Michaihue neighborhood, the result of progressive large-scale and high-rise social housing, the possible impact that architectural typology can have on the declared perception of neighborhood preference and predilection is analyzed, understanding these elements as a positive basis to generate neighborhood social ties. Methodologically, the responses to the dwellings and households’ CENSUS were analyzed and compared, alongside a review of personal networks applied to neighbors who own both housing typologies. The findings show that, given the same urban context and individual attributes, the housing typology marks a difference when expressing a preference for living in their neighborhood and whether or not they would choose to stay in it. However, the evidence does not allow stating whether this would affect the dynamics of neighborhood social ties production. Finally, a "progressive" architectural typology is presented, that allows the owner to participate in its modification-extension, providing better conditions for a positive perception of the neighborhood, which in itself does not necessarily alter the dynamics behind the creation and outline of neighborhood social networks.A partir del estudio de caso realizado sobre el barrio Michaihue, cuyo origen se produce por viviendas sociales progresivas en extensión y otras en altura, analizamos la posible incidencia que la tipología arquitectónica puede tener en la percepción declarada de preferencia y predilección barrial, entendiendo estos elementos como una base positiva para la generación de vínculos sociales vecinales. Metodológicamente, analizamos y contrastamos las respuestas de un CENSO de viviendas y hogares, además de un levantamiento de redes personales aplicado a vecinos propietarios de ambas tipologías. Nuestros hallazgos demuestran que, a igual contexto urbano y atributos individuales, la tipología habitacional marca diferencias al momento de expresar preferencia por vivir en su barrio y si optaría por quedarse o no en él. Sin embargo, la evidencia no nos permite afirmar si esto afectaría las dinámicas de producción de vínculos sociales vecinales. Finalmente, exponemos que una tipología arquitectónica “progresiva”, es decir, que permite la participación del propietario en su modificación-expansión, da mejores condiciones para una positiva percepción del barrio, lo que por sí solo no necesariamente altera las dinámicas de creación y rubrica de redes sociales vecinales