Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje: Journals / Универзитет "Св. Кирил и Методиј"-Скопје
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ЗА ХУМАНАТА ДИМЕНЗИЈА НА СОВРЕМЕНИТЕ ВООРУЖЕНИ КОНФЛИКТИ НИЗ БРОЕВИ И ПРАВОТО
Get PDFПреиспитувањето на класификацијата на современите вооружени конфликти го правиме низ анализа на хуманитарното право и достапните податоци за вооружените конфликти, со комбинирање на правните, политичките и етичките димензии на војната и статистичките показатели на современите конфликти. Авторот одговара на прашањата за: Дефинирањето на конфликтот согласно со различните филозофски, општествени и легални критериуми со културниот, правниот и политичкиот пристап на војната и соодветните причини за настанувањето и пролонгирањето на конфликтите; и главните трендови на конфликтите низ бројното присуство на конфликтите на глобалната сцена, бројот на жртвите, регионалното поместување на конфликтите и улогата на Исламската Држава. Во анализата на конфликтите се потенцираат сложеноста на современите конфликти низ проширените категории на жртви и борци како и потребата за заштита на жртвите. Оттука истражувањето ја допира проблематиката на применливоста на категориите законски и незаконски борец и соодветниот имунитет кој ги следи. Истражувањето на трендовите на современите вооружени конфликти не може да ги избегне ниту етичките димензии околу категоријата децавојници. И понатаму останува нерешен проблемот од методолошки аспект за утврдувањето на прецизна статистика за индиректно загинатите цивили кои и понатаму претставуваат најбројна категорија
FORMER PARAMILITARY ORGANIZATIONS AS A PROXY FOR CIVIL DEFENSE: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND LEBANON
Get PDFLebanon and Bosnia and Herzegovina share many commonalities involvingsectarian and inter-ethnic strife, power-sharing agreement and the multitude of former andcurrent paramilitary and revolutionary organizations. In the greater political view, the rolesof paramilitary organizations are often controversial and problematic; however, during thetimes of civil-emergency, they often fill the niche of the missing first-responders. In Lebanon,a fragmented country, mired in an economic turmoil with occasional outbursts of sectarianviolence, the emergency response and assistance are severely curtailed, which was evident inthe sluggish response to the Beirut Port Explosion. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, a country miredin the continuous power-struggle among the nationalistic parties, the emergency responseis inefficient and fragmented. This paper examines the unique role of former revolutionaryorganizations in Beirut which have taken the form of de-facto civic organizations and formedthe backbone of emergency response, clean-up, and aid distribution. The study outlines severalexamples where the former revolutionary organizations mobilized and utilized their commandauthority, hierarchy, and community roles to provide an effective and sustainable emergencyresponse. In Bosnia, the study outlines the cases of community-based organization under thevestiges of the old general communal self-protection. The results indicate that the lessonslearned from the years of civil-strife in Lebanon and vestiges of communal-defence in Bosniahave contributed to the relief distribution, cooperation across the sectarian/ethnic lines andcoordination with external NGOs and state actors. Given the magnitude of the recent events(explosions and natural disasters), the role of civic organizations and their strategic approachto emergency response is instrumental to limiting further loss of life and deterioration of theoverall security situation
THE IMPACT OF TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE ON THE RULE OF LAW IN POST-CONFLICT AND POST-REPRESSIVE SOCIETIES
Get PDFThe violation of human rights, the rise of dictators, and the escalation of war conflicts often come in the period when the rule of law will fade out. And, when the conflict will end or the repressive regime will be defeated, the following questions arise: how to rebuild the society and how to prevent the repetition of the injustices from the past. One of the answers to that question is by reestablishing the rule of law. However, the establishment of the rule of law in societies hit by a war conflict or repressive regime is not an easy task at all. There are a number of dilemmas and challenges in that process. What to do with the problematic past is one of the most important and at the same time one of the most bitter questions that are being posed after the war conflict finishes or after the fall of the repressive regime. In this context, the following question is posed: will dealing with the problematic past positively contribute to restoring the rule of law, or will the opening of the past push society into new conflicts and problems? The theoreticians’ views are divided, but most theoreticians believe that dealing with the problematic past is one of the key moments in the process of democratic consolidation and restoring the rule of law. On the other hand, certain theoreticians emphasize that transitional justice is not in line with the rule of law because it relies on retroactive justice. Additionally, these theorists are stressing out that the application of transitional justice could lead to instability in society which will bring into question not only the rule of law but also peace in society. Still, the dominant position, in theory, is that peace without justice is doomed and that only the implementation of a comprehensive transitionaljustice strategy could lead to the rule of law, but also to peace and democracy
THE MACEDONIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH: THE WAY TO THE AUTOCEPHALY
Get PDFChristianity in the lands of Macedonia dates back to apostolic times. However,the Macedonian Orthodox Church remained unrecognized by the Ecumenical Orthodoxyfor more than half a century due to the controversy over its canonicity.The paper includes an excursion into the history of Macedonian Orthodoxy, the country’spath to its own autocephalous church and the prospects of gaining Pan-Orthodox recognition.This subject is quite relevant today. To this day, there is no clearly defined algorithm ofgranting a Tomos. This means that there is no unified legitimate way for a church to obtainan autocephaly when separated from the mother church. Therefore, obtaining autocephalyalways entails ambiguous perception in the Orthodox world.On July 19th, 1967, the Synod of the Macedonian Orthodox Church announced autocephalyof the Orthodox Church of Macedonian Republic on their own.Since that time the canonical status of the Macedonian Orthodox Church wasn’t recognizedby any of Local Churches.2018 the stage of meetings between the Macedonian authorities and the Ecumenical Patriarchatebegins. Fanar negotiated with the President of Macedonia Gheorghe Ivanovregarding the granting of autocephaly.2022 the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate decided to recognize MOC canonical.The Serbian Patriarch officially proclaimed the autocephaly of the Macedonian Church.Archbishop Stephen was given a Tomos.The peaceful act of returning the church to the canonical field took place in the Orthodoxworld
НАРАТИВНОТО „ЈАС“ НА ПРУСТ
Get PDFThis text considers the problem of Self in literature through analysis of the position of the "narrative I" in Marcel Proust’s novel In Search of Lost Time. This novel unites the fictional with the autobiographical discourse and directly addresses the problem of the fictional representation of the Self. This article thus examines the aesthetics of simultaneity and supplementing, which in the case of Proust represents the initial and the final point of the artwork. Through simultaneity in the narration, Proust creates a rather specific relationship with temporality, which in turn, dismisses time as a constant present, but also initiates a collision of the positions of the "narrative I", and by that, propels a dissemination of identity. These narrative strategies of Proust provide a systematic abolition of the borders between the fictional and the autobiographical discourse. Thus, with Proust, autobiography gains the status of interpreter, which affords an interpretative recovery of life (the documentary) within the novel (the fictional). One of the key objectives of this article is to emphasize the transformation of this interpretative tendency in terms of time and selfhood in an aesthetic act. These complex and multilayered relations in the novel In Search of Lost Time reveal that Proust’s "journey into the depths of selfhood” in fact represents an evocation of a certain loss of selfhood and of temporality which is neither given nor regained, but in which time is continuously lost or forgotten.Овој текст се осврнува на проблемот на себството во литературата преку разгледување на позицијата на наративното „јас“ во романот Во потрага по загубеното време од Марсел Пруст. Овој роман ги обединува фикционалниот и автобиографскиот дискурс и директно го допира проблемот на фикционалната презентација на себството. Во таа насока, овој текст ја разгледува естетиката на симултаноста и надоместувањето, која кај Пруст претставува почетна и крајна точка на уметничкото дело. Преку симултаноста во нарацијата, Пруст гради еден специфичен однос спрема темпоралноста, со кој се укинува времето во постојана презентност, но исто така доаѓа и до колизија на позициите на наративното „јас“ и, со тоа, до детериторијализирање на идентитетот. Врз оваа наративна стратегија на Пруст се остварува систематското укинување на границите помеѓу фикционалниот и автобиографскиот дискурс. На тој начин, автобиографијата кај Пруст добива статус на толкување со кое се врши интерпретативно надоместување на животот (документарното) во романот (фикцијата). Една од клучните цели на овој текст е да се потенцира трансформацијата на таа интерпретативна тенденција во поглед на времето и себството во естетски чин. Овие сложени и повеќеслојни односи во романот Во потрага по загубеното времe откриваат дека „патувањето“ на Пруст во „длабочините на себството“ всушност претставува евокација на одредена загуба на себството и на темпоралноста која не е дадена или одново пронајдена туку во која времето постојано се губи или се заборава
РЕЛАЦИЈАТА МЕЃУ ЧОВЕКОТ И ПРИРОДАТА ВО ТРАДИЦИЈАТА И ВО ФИЛМСКИОТ НАРАТИВ
Get PDFThe focus of the research is the attitude towards tradition and its influence on the relation that man establishes with his environment. Taking the research of the media representation of the traditions related to the Epiphany holiday as a starting point, we look at the possibility of influencing man\u27s attitude towards nature through artistic expression. In the text, I refer to the film "God exists, her name is Petrunia", which I consider to be receptive to analysis because, although it is based on a real event, it develops its own story that raises a number of current social issues related both to the past and the present that we live in. Such a setting of the film narrative allows for different interpretation concerning the issues related to the relationship between man and his environment. In the text, the analysis is based on the theoretical possibilities provided by the different research and interpretationconcepts based on the ethno/eco-cultural perspective.Во фокусот на истражувањето е односот кон традиција и нејзиното влијаниеврз реалациијата што ја воспоставува човекот со својата околина. Тргнувајќи од истражувањето на медиумското презентирање на традицијата поврзана со празникот Водици се разгледува можноста преку уметничкиот израз да се влијае врз одност на човекот кон природата.Во текстот се осврнувам на филмот „Господ постои, името ѝ е Петрунија“, кој го сметам за податлив, бидејќииако е базиран на вистински настан, гради своја приказна, која отвора голем број актуелни општествени прашања, кои се однесуваат како на минатото така и на сегашноста што ја живееме.Таквата поставеност на филмскиот наратив дава можност за различни читања, кои се однесуваат на прашањата штосе реферираат на односите на човекот со неговата околина. Во текстот, анализата е базирна на теоретските можности што ни ги даваат различните концепти на истражување и на толкување, кои се темелат врз етно-/екокултурна перспектива
ŽIVOT JE DRUGDJE?
Get PDFThe article analyses the specific concept of the ‘place with a mystery’ developed in the works of Daniela Hodrová and applies it to the novels of contemporary Czech authors, Josef Pánek, Matĕj Hořava, and Anna Cima. The aim of the article is to establish the connection between the novels in terms of the shift in meaning and the symbolism of the ‘places with a mystery’, which may be the foundations of the new existentialist branch of contemporary Czech fiction.Članak donosi analizu specifičnog koncepta ‘mjesta s tajnom’ koji je u svojim djelima razvila češka teoretičarka Daniela Hodrová te se on primjenjuje na romane suvremenih čeških autora Josefa Páneka, Matĕja Hořave i Anne Cime. Cilj analize je uspostaviti vezu između romana u smislu pomaka u značenju i simbolizmu ‘mjesta s tajnom’ koji može predstavljati temelje novog oblika egzistencijalizma u suvremenoj češkoj književnosti
BACILLUS SPP. – A POTENT BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS AGAINST DOWNY MILDEW OF GRAPEVINE
Get PDFPlasmopara viticola, the causal agent of downy mildew of grapevine, is one of the most devastating and economically most important grapevine pathogens worldwide. In the Republic of North Macedonia, control of downy mildew in grapevine is mainly achieved by application of synthetic fungicides. However, the long-term and continuous use of synthetic fungicides leads to appearance of resistant strains of the pathogen, residues and environmental pollution. Alternatives to chemical control such as the use of biological control agents or resistant cultivars, currently play a small role in controlling this disease. A promising alternative strategy that could replace or be combined with fungicides are biofungicides. The main goal of the experiment was to observe the possibility for biological control of grape downy mildew by the use of two novel biofungicides, Sonata (a.m. Bacillus pumilus QST 2808) and Serenade Aso (a.m. Bacillus subtilis QST 713). Experiment was conducted during the 2019 in two vineyard regions in the Republic of North Macedonia (Demir Kapija and Negotino), on three grape varieties (Merlot, Riesling and Vranec). Both tested biofungicides showed almost equal efficacy, with more than 94% reduction of disease severity index on leaves in Vranec and Riesling varieties and with more than 97% reduction of disease severity index on leaves in Merlot variety. On bunches, both biofungicides achieved 100% reduction of disease incidence and severity index in all three varieties. The results showed that Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis are potent biological agents and have a prospective use for control of downy mildew in grapevine
THE SOCIAL AND ETHICAL THOUGHT OF THE BOGOMILLS
Get PDFThe history of the Macedonian people is really rich with, above all, giant figures. The article is dedicated to one such giant - priest Bogomil, to the spiritual source and inspiration of ethics in/among the Bogomils. It is a philosophy that appears as a new anthropological turn in philosophical knowledge, after the Socrates one. Namely, man is once again the centre of creation and from his moral choice as the choice of a man - a citizen, and not of a subject or a nameless member of the respective church community depends on the vigilance of the Universe, as well as the existing social order. At the same time, the idea is to give also an additional and sustained contribution to the study and affirmation of the social-ethical thought and action of the Bogomils, very essential, but forgotten, for our national essence
DEMONIC HYBRIDITY AND LIMINALITY: PAZUZU AND LAMAŠTU
Get PDFIn this text an overview is offered of some of the most significant categories of the demonic from the Mesopotamian beliefs – of hybridity and liminality – through some examples of the conceptions of the demons Pazuzu and Lamaštu. Firstly, the logicaldialectical relations of the sphere of the demonic as external and foreign, opposed to the homely, familiar and close sphere are sketched; as well as the relation of the demonic as terrifying and potentially menacing, as opposed to the ordered civilized sphere with norms of conduct. Then, several representations of the concepts of Pazuzu as an ambivalent demon are listed – he is an evil fighting against evil, his nemesis, Lamaštu, and precisely because of the need for him to be efficient in his protective function, he has to be a horrifying, dangerous demon. This is shown through the descriptions of the available incantations and preserved rituals. The terrifying threat of Lamaštu against the most precious part of the communities – the new generations - through her snatching and destroying of the newborns, is shown through the representations of her hybridity and monstrosity, and mainly through the incantations for her removal and (permanent) expulsion