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Chitinase Expression Due to Reduction in Fusaric Acid Level in an Antagonistic Trichoderma harzianum S17TH
No full textTo study the effect of reduction in phytotoxin
level on fungal chitinases, antagonistic Trichoderma spp.
were screened for their ability to reduce the level of fusaric
acid (FA), the phytotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. A
T. harzianum isolate S17TH was able to tolerate high levels
of FA (up to 500 ppm) but was unable to reduce the toxin
to a significant level (non-toxic) added to minimal synthetic
broth (MSB). However, the isolate was able to
reduce 400 ppm FA in the liquid medium after 7 days to a
non-toxic level and displayed similar level of antagonism
over the control (without FA). In studies of the effect of the
reduction in FA (400 ppm) level on chitinase gene
expression in PCR assays, nag1 was significantly repressed
but ech42 expression was only slightly repressed. Chitinase
activity was either reduced or absent in the extracellular
proteins of MSB supplemented with 400 ppm FA, which
could be attributed to the effect of residual FA or its
breakdown products through unknown mechanisms.
Selection of S17TH as a toxin insensitive isolate that could
commensurate the negative effect on chitinase activity
makes it a potential antagonist against Fusarium spp
Identification and expression analysis of CjLTI, a novel low temperature responsive gene from Caragana jubata
No full textAbstract Using rapid amplification of cDNA ends, a full
length cDNA (CjLTI) was cloned from apical buds of
Caragana jubata, a plant species that grows under extreme
cold. The cDNA obtained was 573 bp long consisting of an
open reading frame of 351 bp encoding 116 amino acids.
Homology analysis did not exhibit significant similarity
with any sequence at NCBI database, therefore it was
deduced as a novel gene. Secondary structure analysis
suggested that the deduced CjLTI contained 25.86% ahelices,
4.31% b-turns, 6.90% extended strands, and
62.93% random coils. The hydropathy profile suggested
CjLTI to be a hydrophobic protein having characteristic
features of signal peptides at N-terminus. The gene
exhibited down-regulation at 5 min of exposure to low
temperature (LT, 4 ± 3�C) followed by a strong up-regulation
after 15 min and onwards. Methyl jasmonate (MJ)
lead to up-regulation of CjLTI starting at 5 min onwards.
The gene exhibited up- and down-regulation of expression
pattern in response to abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic
acid (SA). Mild drought stress slightly up-regulated gene
expression and at severe drought (up to 115% reduction in
leaf water potential) slight down-regulation of gene
expression was observed. These results suggested CjLTI to
be a LT responsive gene wherein MJ, ABA and SA pathways
might be involved in regulating the gene expression
Influence of Human Lactoferrin Expression on Iron Homeostasis, Flavonoids, and Antioxidants in Transgenic Tobacco
No full textThis study was aimed at to check the influence
of human lactoferrin (hLF) expression on iron homeostasis,
flavonoids, and antioxidants in transgenic tobacco. Transgenic
tobacco expressing hLF cDNA under the control of a
CaMV 35S promoter was produced. The iron content as
well as chlorophyll content of transgenic tobacco was
lower compared to mock and untransformed wild plants.
Interestingly, hLF transgenic tobacco showed higher level
of transcript expression for genes related to iron content
regulation like iron transporter and metal transporter.
While expression of genes related to iron storage such as
ferritin 1 and ferritin 2 was downregulated. The transcript
expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes such as
glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, ascorbate
peroxidase, and catalase was downregulated in hLF transgenic
tobacco compared to controls. Further, the transcript
expression of two important genes encoding dihydroflavonol
reductase (DFR) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase
regulatory enzymes of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was
analyzed. The expression of DFR was found to be downregulated,
while PAL expression was upregulated in hLF
transgenic tobacco compared to mock and untransformed
wild plant. Total phenolics, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins
contents were found to be higher in hLF transgenic
tobacco than the mock and untransformed wild plan
Evaluation of Picrorhiza kurrooa accessions for growth and quality in north western Himalayas
No full textDifferent accessions of Picrorhiza kurrooa were evaluated for growth and marker compound accumulation pattern under field conditions at village Chuner, Sub Tehsil, Holi, Distt. Chamba (HP) located at an elevation of 2538 m during 2006 to 2010. Six accessions with higher Picroside content and vegetative growth were identified for further multiplication. Accession IHBT-PK-8 recorded higher leaf numbers/plant (250), length of 6th leaf (5.4 cm) stolon girth (7.5 mm) and plant spread in N-S direction (50.0 cm). Picroside content in leaf and rhizome of different accessions was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was found that leaves of P. kurrooa are good source of picrosides. Picroside-I (P-I) content in leaf was higher in IHBT-PK-2 (3.89%) followed by IHBT-PK-11 (3.72%) and IHBT-PK-21 (3.70%). Picroside -II (P-II) content in leaf was higher in IHBT-PK-5 (4.82%). P-I content in rhizomes of P. kurrooa varied from 0.20 to 4.14% and P-II varied from 0.83 to 7.29% in different accessions. Higher P-I in rhizome was found in IHBT- PK-16 (4.14%). Rhizomes showed higher amount of P- II as compared to P-I
Analysis of the essential oil of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) growing in different agro-climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh, India
No full textBACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to investigate variations in the chemical composition of the essential
oil from seeds of large cardamom grown at different altitudes in Himachal Pradesh, India. The composition of the
essential oil was determined by gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas
chromatography–olfactometry (GC-O).
RESULTS: The oil components showed qualitative and quantitative variations in the composition. GC and GC-MS analysis led to
the identification of 55 compounds representing 98% of total oil. Major components in the oil were 1,8-cineole, α-terpineol,
DL-limonene, nerolidol, 4-terpineol, δ-terpineol, δ-3-carene, β-myrcene, germacrene D, α-terpinene and longifolenaldehyde.
The oil yields obtained were 9.8–19.5 g kg−1. Cardamom oil from Himachal Pradesh was found to contain new compounds,
viz. 4-terpineol, δ-3-carene, trans-sabinene hydrate, 1-phellandrene, α-terpinene, bicyclo-germacrene, isopinocarveol and
ledenoxid-II. α-Terpenyl acetate, the major constituent of small cardamom, was also detected in the oil of large cardamom
grown in Himachal Pradesh. Application of aroma extract dilution analysis revealed 35 compounds having aroma impact with
the flavour dilution factor ranging from 2 to 1024, and 34 of these compounds were identified. The five most intense aromatic
components are DL-limonene, 1,8-cineole, β-myrcene, α-pinene, α-basabolol. This is the first time that the characterisation of
odour-active compounds has been carried out on large cardamom.
CONCLUSION: The presence of 4-terpineol, δ-3-carene, trans-sabinene hydrate, 1-phellandrene, α-terpinene, 1-terpineol,
bicyclogermacrene, isopinocarveol, ledenoxid-II, longifolenaldehyde and α-terpenyl acetate make the aroma of the oil
different from large cardamom oil of Sikkim and could offer potential as a new food flavour
Chalcones as promising pesticidal agents against diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella): microwave-assisted synthesis and structure–activity relationship
No full textA series of chalcones (A–CH=CH–CO–B)
were synthesized under microwave irradiation, and for the
first time their pesticidal activity against diamondback
moth (Plutella xylostella) was evaluated to identify the
promising lead structures. The structure–activity relationship
(SAR) analysis revealed that electron-withdrawing
substituents on ring A of chalcone provided good pesticidal
agents, whereas, ring B can bear either electron-withdrawing
or electron-releasing substituents. Moreover,
compound 22 having para-Cl substitution on ring A as well
on ring B showed maximum activity with LC50 value of
170.24 lg mL-1
Effects of shade regimes and planting geometry on growth, yield and quality of natural sweetener plant stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) in north western Himalaya
No full textDuring 2008 and 2009, field experiments were conducted at the research farm of CSIRInstitute
of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India to assess the effect of shade
levels (no shade, 25% shade, 50% shade, 75% shade) and plant geometry levels {30 × 15 cm
(north-south, N-S), 45 × 10 cm (N-S), 30 × 15 cm (east-west, E-W) and 45 × 10 cm (E-W)}.
Plants development was fastest in controls and slowest in stevia plants growing at minimum light
(75% shade). These plants showed delayed bud formation and flowering. Significantly higher
dry leaf yield was recorded when the crop was grown under 25% shading as compared to 50 and
75 % shade. Total steviol glycosides content decreased with increasing shade levels. All shade
levels resulted in the same leaf to stem ratio, which was significantly higher than obtained under
ambient light. Plant geometry significantly affected number of leaves and leaf dry weight plant–1.
During both the years, dry leaf weight was highest in wider row spacing (45 × 10 cm) as
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compared to narrow row spacing (30 × 15 cm). Stevia spaced at 30 × 15 cm in E-W direction
recorded significantly highest total steviol glycosides at 2 months after transplanting (MAT)
Naturally occurring himachalenes to benzocycloheptene amino vinyl bromide derivatives: as antidepressant molecules
No full textA new series of benzocycloheptene amino vinyl
bromide derivatives (9a–9m) were synthesized from isomeric
mixture of himachalenes through two-step synthesis.
The unusual structure of benzocycloheptene amino vinyl bromide
derivative (9a) was confirmed by NMRand X-ray crystallography
analyses. The newly synthesized amino vinyl
bromide derivatives of benzocycloheptene were further evaluated
for their antidepressant activities. The compound 9c
had shown significant reduction in the immobility period
Overexpression of Camellia sinensis Thaumatin-Like Protein, CsTLP in Potato Confers Enhanced Resistance to Macrophomina phaseolina and Phytophthora infestans Infection
No full textThaumatin-like proteins (TLPs), a class of
pathogenesis related proteins are induced in response to
pathogens and exhibit antifungal property when overexpressed
in transgenic plants. In the present study, we have
raised transgenic potato plants overexpressing TLP gene of
Camellia sinensis (CsTLP). Fungal resistance assays of
transgenic potato elucidated the potential role of CsTLP in
imparting tolerance to fungal pathogens, Macrophomina
phaseolina (necrotrophic) and Phytophthora infestans
(hemi-biotrophic). Transgenic tubers with higher resistance
to M. phaseolina, showed a concomitant and significant
increase in transcripts of StPAL, StLOX, and StTLP genes
involved in phenylpropanoid, lipoxygenase, and general
defense response pathway, respectively after infection.
Importantly, leaves of CsTLP transgenic lines inoculated
with P. infestans spores under in vitro conditions also
showed a resistant phenotype. The resistant phenotype
recorded for the two important fungal pathogens by CsTLP
transgenic potato plants is remarkable, since no effective
control methods and no resistant cv. against M. phaseolina
has been identified so far in potato
Naturally Occurring Limonene to Cinnamyl-type γ-Butyrolactone Substituted Aldol Condensation Derivatives as Antioxidant Compounds
No full textA method has been developed for the synthesis of γ-butyrolactone substituted cinnamyl type Aldol condensation products under milder proline and
triethylamine basic conditions. The antioxidant activity of all the synthesized compounds was assessed using three different assays. The cinnamyl type
derivatives of γ-butyrolactone bearing an -OH group in the benzene ring exhibited excellent antioxidant activity