Masaryk University Journals / Časopisy Masarykovy univerzity
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Opponent and Real-Time Analysis in Soccer: A Game Theory-Informed Practice
Get PDFModern soccer is a strategically complex sport where decision-making occurs under conditions of uncertainty, both before and during matches. This narrative review explores the integration of game theory into opponent and real-time analysis in soccer, highlighting its potential to optimize tactical decision-making and team performance. By examining existing research and presenting an applied game-theoretic scenario, the review bridges the gap between theoretical strategic models and their practical applications in soccer. Opponent analysis, enriched by performance indicators, playing styles, and qualitative pattern recognition, offers nuanced insights for pre-match preparation. Real-time analysis, supported by AI-driven systems and tracking technologies, enables dynamic tactical adjustments and informed in-game decisions. The review also discusses the challenges and limitations of implementing game-theoretic principles in the complex, uncertain, and emotionally charged context of soccer. Despite these limitations, the synthesis of opponent analysis, real-time decision-making, and game-theoretic reasoning reflects a broader evolution in soccer toward data-informed, yet human-centered, performance enhancement. The review concludes by emphasizing the importance of integrating game-theoretic models with intuitive coaching expertise and empirical validation to support smarter, more adaptable, and strategically aware soccer teams. Future applications should focus on refining these frameworks and embedding them into practical coaching environments to optimize tactical planning and in-game adaptation
Analysis of Kata Performances in Top Level Events: Athletic and Technical Score
Get PDFBACKGROUND: The World Karate Federation introduced for a very first-time the new scoring system consisting of technical and athletic score, applied from 2019 in kata competitions. PROBLEM AND AIM: The aim of our study was to identify differences in performances of top-level karatekas comparing mean: a) scores between genders, b) score differences across categories and c) rounds, d) scores required to pass to next round, e) to win medal match across categories under new scoring system applied in most important karate kata events. METHODS: We obtained 2478 individual kata point lists performances of 2021 Karate 1 events. RESULTS: Male competitors received significantly higher average athletic and total scores than female competitors (p<.001 resp. (p<.036). Athletes in older age categories scored higher than those in younger ones (p<.05 – p<.01) and the same applies to the medallists (p<.001). Scores also increased significantly from round to round (p<.001). In 2021, the average score required to win a medal match was 25.51 ± 1.03. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight score differences based on gender, age category, and competition round. These findings can help athletes assess their current performance level in comparison to top-level competitors
Music Therapy Utilizing Basic Concepts of Biosynthetic Psychotherapy with Families of Persons with Special Needs
Get PDFRodiny osob se speciálními potřebami velmi dobře profitují z terapeutické podpory, která může mít podobu muzikoterapie s využitím základních přístupů a uvažování vycházející z biosyntetické psychoterapie. Příspěvek se zabývá integrací základních biosyntetických konceptů životních polí a životních proudů do teorie a muzikoterapeutické praxe. Toto propojení přináší deskriptivně-interpretativní nástroj, jehož účelem není přesně kvantifikovat pokrok klienta, ale spíše může pomoci identifikovat terapeutické potřeby klienta/rodiny v jednotlivých oblastech, vytvořit terapeutický plán a porozumět vývoji klienta/rodiny v průběhu terapeutického procesu. Pro tyto účely byla na základě analogie biosyntetické psychoterapie a muzikoterapie vytvořena sada grafických modelů – diagramů. Zvolený způsob záznamu a vyhodnocování umožňuje mapovat počáteční stav a systematicky volit jednotlivé metody a přístupy pro konkrétního klienta/rodinu v souladu s jeho jedinečným obrazem životních polí. Diagram také umožňuje sledovat vývoj a změny, které se odehrávají v terapeutickém procesu a promítají se do fungování v reálném životě klienta/rodiny. Každý výsek životního pole má svoji charakteristiku. Pro použití v muzikoterapii je nutné tento koncept provázat nejenom s metodami, ale také s dalšími terapeutickými postupy a principy, abychom maximálně využili potenciál muzikoterapie u rodin a osob se speciálními potřebami. Možnosti využití sady diagramů přiblíží uvedená případová studie.Families of people with special needs benefit significantly from therapeutic support, which can take the form of music therapy using basic approaches and reasoning based on biosynthetic psychotherapy. The paper deals with incorporating fundamental biosynthetic concepts such as life fields and life streams into theory and music therapy practice. This interconnection provides a descriptive-interpretive tool that is not intended to quantify accurately the client´s progress but rather can help to identify the therapeutic needs of an individual client or family in each area, develop a treatment plan, and understand the client´s or family's development throughout the therapeutic process. For these purposes, a set of graphical models – diagrams - was created based on the analogy of biosynthetic psychotherapy and music therapy. The chosen method of recording and evaluation makes it possible to map the initial state and systematically select individual methods and approaches for a specific client or family according to their unique picture of life fields. The diagram also allows to observe the development and changes that occur in the therapeutic process and are reflected in the real-life functioning of the client or family. Each section of the life fields has its distinct characteristics. To be used in music therapy, it is necessary to combine this concept not only with methods but also with other therapeutic procedures and principles to make the most of the potential of music therapy for families and people with special needs. The possibilities of using the set of diagrams will be illustrated in the indicated case study
Unravelling social network usage patterns: A study based on unsupervised learning
No full textWe are facing a growing concern regarding the consequences of Problematic Social Network Use (PSNU). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the profiles of social network (SN) users and contrast their differences across variables linked to PSNU in the literature. A sample of 726 participants aged 16 and above (77.0% female) residing in Spain was analysed using Latent Class Analysis (LCA). ANOVA and chi-square test were employed to investigate differences in sociodemographic variables, digital preferences, impulsivity, emotional intelligence, empathy and aggression among the latent classes. The three-class model, which proved the most parsimonious, identified functional, risky, and problematic users. Notably, greater differences were observed between functional and risky users regarding impulsivity and emotional regulation, whereas differences in empathy and aggression were more pronounced between problematic users and the other two groups. The study provides relevant information about the characteristics of different groups of SN users. This information may be useful for the early detection of inappropriate online behaviours that may lead to PSNU, as well as for identifying users who may have already developed it
Navigating the digital landscape: Exploring the relationship between social media affordances and Chinese Generation Z’s online prosocial and antisocial behaviors
No full textOnline prosocial and antisocial behaviors are increasingly prevalent on social media, highlighting the need to explore the factors that shape these online social behaviors. Understanding the influencing factors, including social media use, is crucial for fostering healthy online interactions and mitigating potential risks in digital environments. In this study, we examine whether and how online prosocial and antisocial behaviors are associated with social media affordances, specifically the notions of bandwidth, social presence, anonymity, and ephemerality. Based on the collected sample of Chinese Generation Z (N = 782), the online survey study finds that bandwidth and social presence are positively associated with online prosocial behavior through online social support. On the other hand, anonymity is negatively related to online prosocial behavior through online social support and positively related to online antisocial behavior through online disinhibition. Also, ephemerality is positively associated with online antisocial behavior through the indirect effect of online disinhibition. Interestingly, while online social support positively predicts online prosocial behavior and online disinhibition positively predicts online antisocial behavior, the relationship between online social support and online antisocial behavior is not as simple. The relation is found to be positive for females and emerging adults, negative for adolescents, and insignificant for males. Theoretical implications for social media use and online social behaviors, as well as practical implications for online prosocial and antisocial behavior interventions, are discussed
“I don’t like it and I think it’s useless, people discussing politics on Facebook”: Young Swedes’ understandings of social media use for political discussion
No full textWestern democracies have seen a decrease in political participation, with young people singled out as the most problematic group. But young people are also the most avid users of online media. It has therefore been argued that online media could be used to evoke their interest in politics, and thus contribute to the reinvigoration of democratic citizenship. Using a mixed qualitative methods approach, this article takes a closer look at 26 young Swedes’ experiences and understandings of social media, especially Twitter and Facebook, as used for political discussions. Compared to the average Swedish 17 to 18-year-olds, the participants are relatively interested in civic and political questions. By focusing on this segment, the article mirrors the experiences of an understudied group – young people who are interested in politics but not engaged. The participants were skeptical about social media as used in relation to politics, and expressed doubts about their suitability and usefulness. Four themes were identified, where three have to do with perceived risks: for conflict, misunderstandings and deceit. The participants also expressed the idea of online political activities as being less authentic than their offline equivalents. The idea that young people want and expect something that political organizations cannot live up to is one of the most dominant discourses that characterize the discussion on youth political participation today. However, while some properties of social media fit well into what young people have been found to prefer, for the participants, negative traits seem to outweigh the positive ones, thus discouraging them from participating
Hutterite burial site in Přibice (Brno-venkov district): summary of basic anthropological data from the first phase of research between 2018 and 2024
Get PDFV této studii jsme se pokusili shrnout základní popisné údaje získané při antropologicko-archeologickém výzkumu první výzkumné plochy pohřebiště huteritů na lokalitě Přibice – Mlynářovy (2018–2024). Na zkoumané ploše 15x15 metrů bylo odkryto a vyzvednuto 197 kosterních pozůstatků primárních jedinců spolu se 160 soubory rozrušených kosterních pozůstatků (příměsí) pocházejícími z narušených pohřbů. Mezi primárními jedinci bylo 132 dospělých, z nichž 64 bylo určeno jako ženy, 57 jako muži, 2 jako neurčité a 9 nebylo možné určit. Převažující orientace osy těla byla jihovýchod-severozápad s hlavou k jihovýchodu. V hrobových jamách bylo nalezeno celkem 847 předmětů, z nichž naprostá většina tvořily drobné předměty jako špendlíky, spínadla oděvů (háček, očko) a železné hřebíky, ostatní druhy předmětů byly zcela výjimečné. Spektrum předmětů se statisticky lišilo v ženských a mužských hrobech, v ženských převládala spínadla oděvů, v mužských hřebíky. Stranová orientace hrobů i obsah předmětů v hrobech byly v některých aspektech odlišné od zvyklostí místního katolického obyvatelstva, což jsme demonstrovali také srovnáním s blízkým středověkým až raně novověkým pohřebištěm Pohořelice – Klášterka. Výškou postavy se zde pohřbení dospělí huterité neodlišovali od běžné populace té doby, což znamená, že toto pohřebiště neposkytuje žádný podklad pro místní lidovou představu: „habán = vysoký člověk“. Procentuální zastoupení malých dětí do 3 let věku (vč. příměsí) je zde nízké (3,08 %) a vysvětlení bude záležitostí dalšího výzkumu. Tyto výsledky budou východiskem pro navazující detailní studie jednotlivých aspektů pohřebního ritu, biologických vlastností a demografie, včetně molekulárních analýz aDNA a izotopových analýz stravy a geografického původu.In this study, we attempted to summarize the preliminary descriptive data obtained during research of the first segment of the Hutterite burial grounds at the Přibice – Mlynářovy site between the years of 2018 and 2024. On the surveyed area of 15x15 meters, 197 primary skeletal individuals were uncovered, along with 160 sets of disturbed skeletal remains (or admixtures) originating from disturbed burials. Among the primary individuals, there were 132 adults, of whom 64 were identified as female, 57 as male, 2 as indeterminate, and 9 could not be identified. The predominant direction of body orientation was southeast-northwest with the head to the southeast. A total of 847 objects was found. The vast majority of these were small items such as pins, cloth fastenings, and iron nails; other types of grave goods were nearly unique in their frequency. The distribution statistically differed between subadult, female and male burials, with clothing fasteners predominantly associated with female burials and the remnants of iron nails with the male and subadult burials. The site differed in some aspects from the recorded customs of the local Catholic population; hence a comparison was made with a nearby medieval to early modern burial site of Pohořelice – Klášterka. The Hutterite adults did not differ from the local population of the time in their stature, which means that this burial site does not provide any basis for the local popular notion of “habáns – tall people.” The percentage of children under 3 years of age found at this site is low (3.08%); investigating the reason for this will be a matter for further research. The presented results will serve as a starting point for follow-up specialised studies of individual aspects of funerary practices, biological characteristics, and demographics, including aDNA and isotope analyses of diet and geographical origin
A mediation analysis of the influence of sleep on the relationship between smartphone screen time and youth mental health
No full textResearch using subjective measures suggests that young people spend large amounts of their leisure time using digital media, which may affect their mental health. Of particular concern is that smartphone screen-time may replace health-promoting activities such as sleep and thereby contribute to mental health problems. Considering that previous studies primarily relied on subjective reports of screen-time and its effects on youth mental health, the objective of the current research was to examine whether screen-time objectively measured via mobile sensing was associated with internalizing (e.g., anxiety, depression) and externalizing (e.g., impulsivity, aggression) symptoms and whether this association was mediated by reduced sleep duration. 407 Canadian youths aged 15–25 completed questionnaires about their mental health symptoms and used a mobile sensing app to measure screen-time and sleep for at least 14 days. The association between screen-time and mental health symptoms and the mediation of sleep duration were tested by fitting structural equation models. Results suggested that objectively measured smartphone screen-time was indirectly associated with externalizing symptoms through reduced sleep duration, but showed no significant association with internalizing symptoms. These findings complement previous research that used subjective measures and highlight the need to provide support and resources to youth to promote healthy screen use and healthy sleep habits
Family strains and online gains: Longitudinal relationship between harsh parenting and problematic internet use via relative deprivation and online basic psychological need satisfaction
No full textHarsh parenting has been demonstrated as a risk factor for adolescent problematic internet use (PIU), while its relationships with distinct subtypes of PIU have been scarcely investigated. Aiming to provide evidence that harsh parenting predicts PIU subtypes through divergent mechanisms, the current study draws upon I-PACE model and compensatory satisfaction theory to investigate the longitudinal relationship between harsh parenting and three PIU subtypes via the mediating role of relative deprivation and online basic psychological need satisfaction (OBPNS). A sample of 475 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 15.640, SDage = .640, 57.89% female) participated in a two-wave panel survey with a one-year time lag. Participants completed self-reported measures of harsh parenting and relative deprivation at Wave 1, and the measure of OBPNS at Wave 2. Severity of PIU subtypes was measured across two waves. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that harsh parenting was positively related to PIU via relative deprivation and OBPNS. Furthermore, the model revealed different underlying mechanisms between harsh parenting and three PIU subtypes: problematic gaming was positively predicted by harsh parenting via relative deprivation and online competence satisfaction (β = .025, 95% CI = [.003, .043]), problematic social media use was positively predicted by harsh parenting via relative deprivation and online relatedness satisfaction (β = .016, 95% CI = [.001, .032]). However, relationships between harsh parenting and problematic information consumption were not significant. The current study provides a nuanced understanding of how harsh parenting fosters PIU subtypes through unique socio-cognitive mechanisms. These results underscored the necessity to distinguish subtypes of PIU in research on internet addiction. Clinical interventions should also be tailored in accordance with these divergent mechanisms to adapt to different subtypes