Masaryk University Journals / Časopisy Masarykovy univerzity
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Spinoza's hypothetical place in Heidegger's 'history of being' : a thought experiment
No full textBenedikt de Spinoza se v myšlení Martina Heideggera a zejména v kontextu jeho spekulativních dějin bytí prakticky nevyskytuje. Jediné místo, kde se jím Heidegger zabývá, je přednáška pod názvem Dějiny filosofie od Tomáše Akvinského po Kanta ze zimního semestru 1926/27. V ní Heidegger aplikuje pozdější způsob tematizace z hlediska dějin bytí, takže lze formou myšlenkového experimentu pokusit se o rekonstrukci Spinozova místa v rámci dějin bytí. Mělo by se ukázat, že ač "z hlediska času" by měl spadat do epochy označované pojmem "perceptio", tak "věcně přiměřeně" spadá do "předcházející" epochy označované jako "actualitas".Benedict de Spinoza rarely appears within the context of Martin Heidegger's thinking and is absent from his highly speculative concept of "history of being". There was only one occasion when Heidegger took his time to elucidate Spinoza. It was his 1926/27 lecture History of Philosophy from Thomas Aquinas to Kant. Here, long before he formulates his concept of history of being, Heidegger applies this interpretative approach. It is thus possible in a kind of a thought experiment to try to reconstruct Spinoza's hypothetical place within the history of being. It should be demonstrated that although Spinoza lived and worked in an epoch, which according to the history of being is denoted with the concept of "perception", he is still rooted in the previous epoch bearing the title "actualitas"
Kant's a priori form and it's reflection in the neuroscience of space
No full textČlánek si klade za cíl rozhodnout, jestli se neurovědecká teorie kognitivní mapy podobá Kantově apriorní formě prostoru, jak tvrdí John O'Keefe a Nobelovský výbor. S tímto záměrem zkoumám teoretické základy obou teorií, odhaluji jejich společné kategorie a srovnávám, jestli v nich skutečně souhlasí. O'Keefe spatřuje podobnost především ve vztahu ke smyslové zkušenosti, které podle něj předcházejí oba prostorové aparáty. Způsoby, jak prostorové aparáty zkušenosti předcházejí, jsou ovšem v teoriích odlišné, navíc kognitivní mapa postrádá kategorii nutnosti, která je pro apriorní formu klíčová. Tyto teorie tedy nelze v rozhodujících bodech považovat za podobné.The paper aims to assess whether the neuroscientific theory of cognitive map resembles Kant's a priori form of space as John O'Keefe and the Nobel Committee claim. With this purpose, I investigate the theoretical foundations of both theories, uncover their common categories and compare how much they truly agree. O'Keefe sees the resemblance primarily in relation to sensory experience, which, according to him, is preceded by spatial apparatuses. The ways in which these apparatuses precede experience are, however, distinct in the theories. Moreover, the cognitive map lacks the category of necessity that is crucial to the a priori form. Thus, one cannot consider these theories similar in decisive points
Los apuntes políticos de José Saramago : el Diário de Notícias entre abril y noviembre de 1975
No full textThis article focuses on the editorial notes written by José Saramago in the Diário de Notícias, of Lisbon, as Deputy Director, that is, from April to November 1975. And it reviews the 95 chronicles published in that medium with the purpose of ascribing to the leadership of Commander Vasco Gonçalves as Prime Minister of the MFA, to give a particular slant to the newspaper's imprint, the socialist orientation that moved the revolution's ammeter; and to defend fiercely the Constituent Convention whose elections had been called for in the month of April. On the other hand, the work also focuses on the variables that prevented the absolute realization of these objectives and the way in which the historical progression triggered the crisis of November 25, 1975, which put an end to the work of the Portuguese author in that media and expelled him from journalism.El presente artículo focaliza en las notas editoriales escritas por José Saramago en el Diário de Notícias, de Lisboa, en calidad de Director Adjunto, esto es, desde abril a noviembre de 1975. Y pasa revista a las 95 crónicas publicadas en ese medio con el objeto de suscribir al liderazgo del comandante Vasco Gonçalves en calidad de Primer Ministro del MFA, darle un sesgo particular a la impronta del diario, la orientación socialista que movía el amperímetro de la revolución; y defender denodadamente la Convención Constituyente a cuyas elecciones se había llamado en el mes de abril. Por otro lado, el trabajo se detiene, también, en las variables que impidieron la concreción absoluta de estos objetivos y el modo a través del cual, la progresión histórica desencadenó la crisis del 25 de noviembre de 1975 que puso punto final a la labor del autor portugués en ese medio y lo expulsó del periodismo
Sonhos de uma noite de revolução : a peça A noite à luz das experiências de Saramago no DL e DN
No full textIdentifying the genetic bases in the characterization of the settings and characters in José Saramago's play The Night is a path that would effectively add to the almost non-existent studies on this play that focus on the fictional transposition of the experiences and many accounts of journalists who lived through the tension of April 25, 1974 within newspaper offices. However, we will see in this article that, despite the high degree of use of biographical and journalistic material in the making of this 1979 drama, which is sensitive to various structures of mimesis, Saramago points to a dramaturgical project that is not fully mimetic-realistic, especially as it promotes literary connections based on his own experiences, as well as those of other journalists who lived through the ideological clashes that took place in the fictitious newspaper offices represented in the play.Identificar as bases genéticas na caracterização dos cenários e dos personagens da peça A noite, de José Saramago, é um percurso que agregará aos quase inexistentes estudos sobre esse drama saramaguiano que se atentam à transposição ficcional das experiências do autor e dos muitos relatos de jornalistas que viveram a tensão do 25 de Abril de 1974 dentro das redações de jornais. No entanto, veremos, neste artigo, que, apesar do alto grau de aproveitamento da matéria biográfica e jornalística para a feitura desse drama de 1979, aspecto sensível em diversas estruturas de sua mimese, Saramago aponta para um projeto dramatúrgico que se pretende não plenamente mimético-realista por prezar as conexões literárias advindas de suas experiências, bem como da experiência de outros jornalistas que viveram os mesmos embates ideológicos que se passaram na fictícia redação de jornal representada na peça
Hacia una interpretación última de la obra de Antonio Machado desde su afinidad electiva con el Cante hondo
No full textAt this point, the influence that flamenco art and, therefore, Andalusian folklore had on the work of Antonio Machado is well known. The poet, who had known how to recognize the permanent universality of the human background of flamenco, formed a kind of neopopularism of his own motivated by aspiration of composing poetry related to a "deep palpitation of the spirit". Without losing sight of all the previous bibliographical wealth, the following article will attempt to analyse the causes that motivated him to assimilate this influence and the forms it subsequently acquired. It proposes an interpretation of his poetic trajectory which, beyond being a final reading, argues that his distinguished existential depth was reinforced by his understanding of the Jondo art.A estas alturas, la influencia que ejerció el arte flamenco y, por ende, el folclore andaluz en la obra de Antonio Machado es de sobra conocida. El poeta, que había sabido reconocer la universalidad permanente del trasfondo humano del flamenco, conformó una suerte de neopopularismo propio motivado por la aspiración de componer una poesía emparentada con una "honda palpitación del espíritu". Sin perder de vista todo el caudal bibliográfico anterior, el siguiente artículo tratará de analizar las causas que le motivaron a asimilar dicha influencia y las formas que adquirió posteriormente. Se propone una interpretación de su trayectoria poética que, más allá de conformarse como una lectura última, viene a razonar que su distinguida profundidad existencial quedó reforzada por su comprensión del arte jondo
Testing dialects with simulations : the status of pseudo-partitives in US English
No full textThis paper presents experimental evidence of direct pseudo-partitives being preferred with measure readings rather than container readings. While direct pseudo-partitives (e.g. two cups water) have been called register specific (i.e. cooking contexts), recent evidence has shown that they not only occur more broadly albeit relatively infrequently when compared to indirect pseudo-partitives (e.g. two cups of water), but also that they do not seem to occur with container readings (i.e. two distinct cups, each containing water), as opposed to measure readings (i.e. water to the amount of two cups), or being ambiguous. The results of the present experiment are such that participants rate direct pseudo-partitives with nonce quantity words (e.g. two dakes water) as more natural in sentences with measure readings than when in sentences with container readings. This evidence is taken to support theories of pseudo-partitive syntax in which measure and container readings are derived, not only with different semantics, but different syntax as well, rather than theories which argue for different semantics but relatively uniform syntax across measure and container readings. Moreover, this data suggests that, while direct pseudo-partitives are most commonly found in cooking contexts in US English they are not-necessarily a register-specific form, given the measure reading is demonstrably preferable to the container reading even in non-cooking contexts
Training activities carried out during the induction of pre-school novice teachers to the practice of kindergartens
No full textPřechod studenta učitelství do praxe s sebou nese řadu obtíží spojených jednak s kvalitou přípravného vzdělávání a osobnostními charakteristikami jedince, jednak s kvalitou podpory, která je mu v začátcích po nástupu do praxe poskytnuta. Naším cílem proto bylo identifikovat zaškolovací aktivity, které jsou začínajícím učitelům v mateřských školách poskytovány, a zjistit, co je vedoucími pracovníky a začínajícími učiteli považováno v adaptačním období za efektivní. Zvolily jsme metodu dotazníkového šetření, které obsahovalo jak otevřené, tak uzavřené otázky. Dotazník byl určen začínajícím učitelům a ředitelům mateřských škol. Výsledky ukázaly rozmanité formy zaškolovacích aktivit, které byly v mateřských školách realizovány. Naznačují však, že obě skupiny respondentů mají odlišné názory na to, co lze považovat při nástupu do praxe za efektivní a podporující. V diskuzi jsme zasadily poznatky do kontextu mezinárodního šetření TALIS, přičemž se ukázalo, že některé zaškolovací aktivity se v prostředí českých mateřských škol neobjevují.The transition of a student teacher to practice entails a number of difficulties connected with the quality of pre-service education, the personal characteristics of the individual, but also with the quality of the support that is provided to the student teacher in the early stages after entering practice. Our goal, therefore, was to gain an insight into the training activities that are provided to beginning kindergarten teachers and to find out what is considered effective by headmasters and beginning teachers during the induction period. We chose the questionnaire survey method, which contained both open and closed questions. The questionnaire was intended for novice teachers and headmasters of kindergartens. The results showed various forms of induction training activities being implemented in kindergartens. However, they indicate that both groups of respondents have different views on what can be considered effective and supportive when entering practice. In the discussion, we set the findings in the context of the international TALIS survey, and it became clear that some training activities do not appear in the Czech kindergarten environment