Masaryk University Journals / Časopisy Masarykovy univerzity
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Rābi'a al-'Adawiyya : love of God as path and goal
No full textRābi'a al-'Adawiyya al-Qaysiyya (ca. 716 – 801 AD) was a famous Arab Muslim saint, one of the earliest Sufi mystics and an influential religious figure. Her name appears in many classical Sufi 'encyclopaedias', which usually include the hagiographies of great masters (tabaqāt), explanations of Sufi terminology (istilāhāt) and elaborations of the spiritual path to God, its various stages and key concepts related to its psychological and ethical dimensions. Despite her importance, she does not have her own chapter in many of them. This also includes the famous Letter on Sufism (al-Risāla al-Qushayriyya), which is generally regarded as the most popular summary of classical Sufi teachings and the first volume of the Czech annotated translation of which has recently appeared on our book market. The collection of Rābi'a's statements and episodes is intended to pay this debt to the Czech reader
Мода в языке в свете метаязыковых оценок (на материале Национального корпуса русского языка)
No full textThe aim of the article is to study the composition and parameters of fashionable and unfashionable words in the Russian language. This class of units is formed using the metalinguistic search tool proposed by A. Mustayoki and I. T. Vepreva [MUSTAYOKI, VEPREVA 2015]. The research material is more than 100 units recorded in the National Corpus of the Russian Language. The main parameters of fashionable words are modernity, popularity, innovation, usage, axiological assessment, prestige of the 'user' of the unit etc. A fashionable word spreads 'from top to bottom': 'performers' imitate the leaders of a social group, regional media imitate the central ones. There are three main groups of units in the composition of fashionable words: foreign-language borrowings, slang vocabulary and semantic neologisms not recorded in explanatory dictionaries. There are commonly used fashionable words and fashionable words of limited use. The latter, for example, include words common in the speech of officials, Russian-speaking Internet users, 'in grocery stores' etc. Active use of fashionable words creates new word-formation paradigms (khaip, khaipovo, khaipanut' ). The composition of fashionable words is very flexible. Some fashionable words have entered explanatory dictionaries and are not currently recognised as fashionable. Native speakers perceive words that have ceased to be 'key words of the era' (Ye. A. Zemskaya) and have lost their importance for society at the moment as unfashionable. Among these, there are often words denoting 'eternal' values (love, honour, chastity, brotherhood etc.)
"Глюк" Людмилы Петрушевской - (художественное) зеркало наркотизма
No full textLiterary descriptions of the manifestations of substance addiction can be found in the works of many world's authors. The first part of the article points out on the intersection between the literature studies and literary texts. The second part of this interdisciplinary study (psychology/addictology vs. literary criticism) analyses the novel by Russian writer, novelist and playwright L. Petrushevskaya — The Glitch (1999). The short story is studied from the perspective of the manifestations of substance addiction in a literary text from the point of view of contemporary psychiatry and psychology (partly social pathology). The aim of the study is to identify, analyse, interpret and summarize the results of the analysis of the story The Glitch on the base of the current professional addiction literature. The purpose of the work is to draw attention to Petrushevkaya — writer as psychologist, to her ability of artistic and psychological depiction of the external symptoms of addiction her literary heroes. This goal is achieved by identifying specific symptoms of mental disorders (addiction) of the characters and comparative analysis of scientific psychological material and literary text
Мемы как часть современной фразеологии
No full textMemes, as a form of modern cultural expression, have become an integral part of both online and offline communication. This article investigates the parallels between verbal memes and traditional phraseological units, focusing on their linguistic characteristics, structural stability, and communicative functions. A comparative analysis of the functions of memes and phraseological units is conducted to demonstrate that verbal memes (or some of them) may be considered part of modern Russian phraseology. The research explores how verbal memes often mirror the properties of classical phraseological expressions by forming fixed, reproducible patterns that carry specific cultural meanings. Additionally, the paper discusses the temporary nature of memes, comparing their lifespan and impact to that of more established phraseological units. Examples from the Russian language illustrate the ability of memes to convey complex social commentary while maintaining humorous or ironic undertones. The study aims to evaluate whether verbal memes can be considered part of an emerging, dynamic phraseology in modern communication
Fear of foreigners in the earliest literature of medieval Rus'
No full textThis study is focused on the fear of foreigners in the oldest East Slavic chronicles and hagiography. Among texts written in different settings, at different times, and in different genres, there are deep differences in how they viewed contact with foreigners. In general, however, the existence and actions of foreign ethnic groups were not inherently important to the authors of the earliest East Slavic literature. They were only considered worthy of recording if they were directly related to the history of Rus'. The image of fearsome foreigners thus served primarily as a counterpoint to the construction of the collective identity of the inhabitants of medieval Rus'
Третий Рим и Новый Иерусалим - два полюса политического богословия русского Средневековья
No full textThe article is devoted to a comparative analysis of two Russian medieval "ideas of heritage" – the Byzantine, which found its fullest expression in the theory of "Moscow, the Third Rome", and the Old Testament, embodied in a number of synonymous concepts: New Israel, New Jerusalem, Holy Russia and others. According to the author, the main problem in the interpretation of these ideas is a simplistic view of their relationship: the differences between them are either underestimated or, on the contrary, absolutised. The author proves that both currents of Russian medieval thought express the key tendencies of its development, being both genetically related and polar opposite: while the idea of New Israel is based on the concept of absolute predestination, the theological basis of the theory of the Third Rome is the doctrine of synergism – the interaction of Providence and free human will
Czech soldiers during the First World War (1914-1918) : several thoughts
No full textThe goal of this article is to objectively assess the conduct of Czech soldiers during the First World War. In the past, this issue was, for various ideological reasons, greatly oversimplified. German national propaganda portrayed Czech soldiers fighting in the uniforms of the Austro-Hungarian Army in the years 1914-1918 as a very unreliable element, owing to their Slavic sentiments. However, after 1918 the Czechoslovak Republic also adopted a very critical position toward these soldiers, as it ascribed the main credit for the founding of the independent state to the so-called legionnaires; i.e., to soldiers who fought on the side of the Allied states. In this article the author reflects upon the Czech historiographic production on the First World War from the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries and attempts to present a balanced (non-national) perspective on the subject