Masaryk University Journals / Časopisy Masarykovy univerzity
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(Non)conclusion of an Arbitration Agreement as a Prerequisite for Set-off
Get PDFZapočtení je jev hmotného práva spočívající v zániku vzájemně orientovaných pohledávek dvou věřitelů. Dovolá-li se účastník řízení započtení jako procesní obrany, bude pro posouzení důvodnosti této námitky zapotřebí zkoumat existenci a vlastnosti obou započítávaných pohledávek. To je problematické v případě, že pohledávka, již účastník započítává, nepodléhá pravomoci orgánu, který rozhoduje o pohledávce, na niž se zápočet činí. Podle české judikatury má soud pravomoc přihlédnout k započtení pohledávky, o které byla uzavřena rozhodčí smlouva, a rozhodce je oprávněn zohlednit kompenzaci pohledávky, jež rozhodčí smlouvě nepodléhá. V tomto článku argumentujeme ve prospěch jiného řešení, podle něhož soud nemůže reflektovat započtení pohledávky, která by měla být uplatňována v rozhodčím řízení, a rozhodce není oprávněn přihlédnout k započtení pohledávky, která byla ponechána v pravomoci soudů. Takové procesně nepřípustné započtení však podle námi preferované koncepce nevyvolává hmotněprávní zánik započítávané pohledávky, a proto účastníku umožňuje, aby svou pohledávku uplatnil samostatnou žalobou u k tomu příslušného orgánu a po jejím pravomocném přiznání zápočet případně opakoval, nyní již se zamýšlenými procesními účinky.Set-off is a phenomenon of substantive law consisting in the extinction of mutually oriented claims of two creditors. If a party to a proceedings invokes set-off as a procedural defence, the existence and characteristics of both claims to be set off must be examined in order to assess the validity of this objection. This is problematic where the claim which the party sets off is not subject to the jurisdiction of the authority which decides on the claim against which the set-off is made. According to Czech case law, the court has jurisdiction to take into account the set-off of a claim that is subject to an arbitration agreement and the arbitrator is entitled to take into account the set-off of a claim that is not subject to an arbitration agreement. In this article, we argue in favour of a different solution, according to which the court cannot take into account the set-off of a claim that should be pursued in the arbitration proceedings, and the arbitrator is not entitled to take into account the set-off of a claim that has been left to the jurisdiction of the courts. However, under the approach proposed here, such a procedurally impermissible set-off does not result in the substantive extinction of the claim that is being set off, and therefore allows the party to pursue its claim in a separate action before the competent authority and, following a final award, to repeat the set-off, now with the intended procedural effects
Profesor Josef Vacek (1875–1930)
Get PDFPodobně jako u Jaromíra Sedláčka si v tomto roce připomínáme dvojí okrouhlé výročí i u dalšího z profesorů, kteří stáli u počátků naší fakulty, Josefa Vacka. V listopadu uplyne sto padesát let od jeho narození (11. listopadu 1875 v Kolíně) a na květen připadlo devadesáté páté výročí jeho úmrtí (24. května 1930 v Praze, kam se uchýlil, když u něj propukla vážná nemoc). J. Vacek dokonce patřil spolu s Bohumilem Baxou, Karlem Englišem, Jaroslavem Kallabem a Františkem Weyrem k pětici prvních řádných profesorů jmenovaných na brněnskou fakultu už v roce 1919, přesněji vlastně k šestici, protože s nimi byl z Prahy do Brna jmenován také profesor občanského práva Heřman Šikl (narozen 1859), který však dřív, než stihl nastoupit, ze zdravotních důvodů rezignoval, a ještě v roce 1919 zemřel
Beyond algorithm aversion: How users trade off decisional agency and optimal outcomes when choosing between algorithms and human decision-makers
No full textBy definition, algorithmic decision-making (ADM) transfers human agency (i.e., decisional control) to the machine in exchange for optimal outcomes. Whereas algorithmic aversion literature suggests a default hesitance to use machine decisions, these conclusions have recently been disputed. This study examines the conditions under which individuals choose to delegate decisions to algorithms versus human agents, focusing on how trade-offs between agency and ADM benefits influence comparative evaluations. In three experiments (Ntotal = 841) in financial and romantic contexts, participants made a joint evaluation of algorithmic and human agents manipulated to offer varying levels of decisional agency and benefits. Contrary to prior research, we find limited evidence for algorithmic aversion as a default phenomenon. Instead, 1) both agency and benefits play critical roles in shaping ADM acceptance, and 2) individuals weigh these factors differently depending on the context. The findings highlight the complex context-dependent trade-offs between control and benefits shaping delegating preferences, and call for a more nuanced understanding beyond generalized algorithmic aversion
The power of stance: Linguistic strategies in Donald Trump’s election campaign
Get PDFLanguage is the primary tool for shaping public discourse and driving political engagement. This research investigates how Donald Trump, as a Republican candidate, manipulates power dynamics and persuades audiences by strategically employing stance features as language resources in his election speeches. The analysis relies on the transcripts from rev.com and applies Hyland’s (2005) stance framework. The study utilizes a mixed-method approach to analyze the frequency, function, and linguistic realization of specific linguistic features in Trump’s speeches. The balanced use of stance markers suggests a deliberate effort to project confidence, express emotions, and cultivate a particular image. The article concludes that Trump’s straightforward, emotional, and personal language style effectively communicates his ideas with clarity and conviction
The locust theology of Ernst Ludwig Rathlef
No full textThe article discusses Rathlef's locust theology as delineated in his two-volume work, Akridotheologie. The work is part of the physico-theological movement which flourished in the 18th century in Western Europe. With historical and biological information about the locusts that plagued Europe, Rathlef wanted to show the providential care of God in addressing people's physical needs and spiritual deficiencies
"Er wußte so niederträchtig höflich zu bitten!" : realistic connectedness and vulnerability in Jakob Julius David's Aus der Wiener Hofbibliothek
No full textJakob Julius David's prose sketch From the Vienna Court Library (around 1890) turns the imperial library into a miniature model of late Habsburg society. Princes, students, 'bluestockings' and impoverished copyists coexist and show how poetic-realistic storytelling can unite social diversity and at the same time reveal its fragility. Through typifying details, an ironic heterodiegetic voice and an elegiac ending, David shows that cultural institutions create solidarity but abandon the precarious. This essay argues that this tension makes David's realist poetics a 'language of connectedness' for a modern, multilingual empire
Frühlingserwachen by Isabelle Lehn : the power and powerlessness of the author in an autofictional text
No full textThis article examines authorship models in autobiographical writing through the lens of Isabelle Lehn's autofictional work Frühlingserwachen (2019). Within the broader context of the evolution of autobiographical literature, it explores how the representation of authorship in autofiction differs from more traditional forms of life writing and how these shifts reflect changing perceptions of the autobiographical subject and its autonomy. A central theme in Frühlingserwachen is the tension between the apparent freedom offered to the autobiographical subject by autofiction and the persistent structural constraints – namely, the deep entanglement of consciousness with biological processes and embodied experience, and the social, cultural and narrative frameworks that mediate individual recollection. By reflecting on and making visible the paradox wherein personal life narrative is shaped by external influences, imitation and intertextuality, the autobiographical narrator simultaneously seeks a mode of storytelling that adequately captures this complexity
L'elogio di Giovanni Mario Filelfo per Isotta Nogarola
No full textTwo years after she passed away in 1466, Isotta Nogarola was praised in a long eulogy by the famous humanist Giovanni Mario Filelfo (1426–1480). Filelfo, who was at the time in Verona, dedicated to Isotta's brother Ludovico Nogarola a eulogy related to her life, portraying her as a poet and as a marvellous woman who refused to be married and embraced the humanist studies. The article explores the eulogy's content and the significance of its words by proposing a translation of the Latin text and by adding a commentary to certain lyrics of it. Filelfo managed to describe Isotta's life and advancement in the literary world in a vivid way, drawing inspiration on her private correspondence and the fame that was following her name. Filelfo's dedicatory work consists of a poem written in hexameters and of two sonnets written in the Italian of the time where he also praises Isotta's virtues.Due anni dopo la sua morte, avvenuta nel 1466, Isotta Nogarola fu elogiata in un lungo elogio dal famoso umanista Giovanni Mario Filelfo (1426–1480). Filelfo, che in quel periodo si trovava a Verona, dedicò al fratello Ludovico Nogarola un elogio sulla vita di Isotta, scritto con motivi celebrativi, raffigurandola come una poetessa e una donna meravigliosa che rifiutò il matrimonio e abbracciò gli studi umanistici. L'articolo esplora il significato del contenuto dell'elogio presentando una proposta di traduzione del testo latino e aggiungendo alcuni commenti a qualche suoi versi. Filelfo riuscì a descrivere la vita e l'avanzamento di Isotta nel mondo letterario in modo vivido, ispirandosi alla sua corrispondenza privata e alla fama che accompagnava il suo nome. L'opera dedicatoria di Filelfo è costituita da una poesia scritta in esametri e da due sonetti scritti nell'italiano dell'epoca in cui elogia di nuovo le virtù di Isotta
Del horror de lo imposible al horror de lo social : dimensiones ideológicas en la narrativa fantástica de Santiago Eximeno
No full textSpanish research on the fantastic has not always shown interest in delving into the ideological aspects of the works under study. This attitude has changed significantly in recent times, due to the increasingly evident and militant presence of socio-political concerns in the works belonging to the different unrealistic or non-mimetic genres. In this study we focus on the fiction by Santiago Eximeno, one of the most imaginative authors of the current narrative scene, concerned, at the same time, to contemporary issues. Specifically, we analyze the story "Desahuciada", focused — at least in principle — on the drama of the evictions as a consequence of the economic crisis that began in 2008. As we will see, its writing hides a most original and effective twist.La crítica española de lo fantástico no siempre ha demostrado interés por ahondar en los aspectos ideológicos de las piezas objeto de estudio. Esta disposición ha cambiado significativamente en fechas recientes, al calor de la presencia, cada vez más evidente y militante, de preocupaciones sociopolíticas en las obras adscritas a las diferentes modalidades de lo insólito o no mimético. En este trabajo atendemos a la creación de Santiago Eximeno, uno de los autores más imaginativos del panorama narrativo actual y, a la vez, comprometido con los problemas de la contemporaneidad. En concreto, analizamos el cuento "Desahuciada", centrado — al menos en principio — en el drama de los desalojos consecuencia de la crisis económica iniciada en 2008. Como veremos, su redacción oculta una vuelta de tuerca de lo más original y efectiva