Masaryk University Journals / Časopisy Masarykovy univerzity
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Why does the Sun shine and warm? Bernard de Fontenelle: A liquid substance of a fiery nature
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The Allegretti and Lorbach embassy in Moscow : a little-known chapter in the history of Habsburg-Russian relations in the 1650s
No full textThe anti-Polish urprising of Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1948–1954 set the whole of Eastern Europe in motion. The weakened Polish-Lithuanian state was gradually attacked by Russia, Sweden and other countries. The Polish king and Senators akad the emperor to mediate between Poland and Russia. Allegretto Allegretti and Johann Lorbach were the first imperial envoys to the tsarist court in several decades. Their milion marked the beginning of the restoration of proper diplomatic relations between the two European powers, Austria and Russia
The Changing Role of the Faculty of Military Leadership in Czech Military Education (2004–2018)
Get PDFEducational mission of the Faculty of Military Leadership (until 2014 as Faculty of Economics and Management) of the University of Defence (Brno, Czech Republic) underwent since its origin in 2004 to 2018 number of changes. By analysing the structure of study programmes and the number of employees and students, the goal of this article is to identify the main periods in the development of the faculty as well as its role in the educational system. The results are as follows.The first period was a reaction to a process of professionalization of army, i.e., the replacement the conscript army by professionals that led into decrease of number of military students and parallel orientation towards civilian study programmes in national security. The second stage was influenced by the financial crisis of 2007–2008; that is why a gradual reduction of military study took place as well as serious considerations about the dissolution of the faculty and university, respectively. The third, final, period began in 2013–2014. Its main element was the change of characteristics of study programmes and their connection to the “militarization” of the faculty; reorganization of the structure of the faculty in 2014; the gradual increase of the number of military students at the expense of civilian students; and, finally, the cancelation of civilian study programmes. Year 2018, when personal changes in management of faculty took place together with a consideration about principles of a new study programme, could be regarded as the beginning of a qualitative new period in history of Faculty of Military Leadership that lasts until present day – and as such is out of focus of this study
Ukrainian Pupils in Czech Schools and History Lessons – Teaching Materials, Knowledge, Testing and Assessment
Get PDFThe study presents the results of a questionnaire survey on the involvement of Ukrainian students (who arrived as a result of the war conflict) in the teaching of history at Czech elementary schools. It is part of a broader research, and this study focuses on the results related to the availability of teaching materials, the knowledge of Ukrainian students, their testing, and evaluation. The results indicate that in the spring of 2023, teachers did not agree on the state of availability of history teaching materials for Ukrainian students. If anything was lacking, it was most commonly worksheets and textbooks. They also often lack assistants for Ukrainian students. An interesting aspect is the effort of Czech teachers to incorporate Ukrainian history into Czech history education. Most respondents cannot assess the historical knowledge of Czech and Ukrainian students. Those who compare them mostly state that the knowledge of Ukrainian students is inferior, citing the different thematic placement of history classes in Ukraine as the main cause. It is positive that Czech teachers generally observe improvements in the history skills of Ukrainian students. They attribute this improvement primarily to the enhancement of their language skills. In the case of testing Ukrainian students in history, teachers most often choose a combination of written and oral exams, usually in the Czech language. Ukrainian students can frequently use an online translator, especially during written tests. Only a minority of Ukrainian students have an assistant available. During the research period (spring 2023), they were mostly tested on a reduced curriculum. Evaluation is usually done using grades, but a common approach is a combined form where the evaluation is supplemented with verbal feedback. Ukrainian students are generally assessed less strictly than Czech students. The results are compared and contextualized with the findings of other research
Professional Development Activities from the Perspective of Lower Secondary School Teachers: A Secondary Analysis of TALIS Data
No full textUčitelé jsou heterogenní skupinou nejen z hlediska věku a délky praxe, ale i z hlediska vzdělávacích potřeb a aktuální profesní úrovně. Předkládaná výzkumná studie se věnuje vybraným aspektům profesního rozvoje českých učitelů druhého stupně základních škol v jednotlivých fázích jejich profesní kariéry. Pro sekundární analýzy jsme využili data z mezinárodního výzkumu TALIS z let 2013 a 2018 a data Národního institutu pro další vzdělávání (NIDV) z roku 2015. Zajímalo nás, jak vybraní učitelé hodnotí vliv aktivit profesního rozvoje, obdržené zpětné vazby vůči vybraným aspektům své výuky, jak často spolupracují se svými kolegy a v jaké míře vnímají bariéry pro svou účast na profesním rozvoji. A to vše s ohledem na věk a délku pedagogické praxe. Z výsledků vyplývá, že čím starší a zkušenější učitelé jsou, tím pozitivněji hodnotí vliv aktivit profesního rozvoje na svůj styl výuky. Zároveň čím mladší a méně zkušení učitelé jsou, tím více překážek vnímají pro svou účast na těchto aktivitách. Učitelé oceňující přínos aktivit profesního rozvoje také mají tendenci více spolupracovat se svými kolegy. V závěru textu formulujeme doporučení pro další výzkum a zodpovědné řízení profesního rozvoje učitelů na různých úrovních – na úrovni ředitelů škol a úrovni vzdělávací politiky.Teachers are a heterogeneous group in terms of age and length of practice and also in terms of educational needs and current professional level. This study focuses on selected aspects of professional development among Czech lower secondary school teachers at various stages of their careers. For the secondary analyses, we used data from the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) from 2013 and 2018 and data from the National Institute for Further Education survey from 2015. We were interested in how selected teachers evaluated the impact of professional development activities and received feedback on particular aspects of their teaching, in how often they collaborated with their colleagues, and to what extent they perceived barriers to their participation in professional development. All this relates to their age and the length of their teaching experience. Our findings showed that older and more experienced teachers more positively rated the influence of professional development activities on their teaching style. At the same time, younger and less experienced teachers perceived more obstacles to their participation in these activities. Teachers appreciating the benefits of professional development activities also tended to collaborate more with their colleagues. We formulate recommendations for further research and responsible management of the professional development of teachers at different levels – at the levels of school headteachers and educational policies
Legal and Regulatory Compliance Challenges for Equity Token Secondary Market Operators in the European Union
Get PDFAs equity tokenization using blockchain-based distributed ledgers and tokens is trying to gain traction in multiple jurisdictions, the need for compliant, reliable and scalable secondary markets has become urgent. Forming a vital component of the overall venture financing value chain exchanges and other secondary market trading facilities are necessary to provide adequate levels of liquidity, investor confidence and market access to make the tokenization value proposition viable. In contrast to cryptocurrencies and utility tokens used for Initial Coin Offering (ICO) fundraising equity tokens are classified legally in the European Union broadly as financial instruments and specifically as securities invoking extensive compliance requirements not only for the issuer of the equity token and/or primary market issuance platform, but in particular for secondary market operators. The objective of this article is to identify key legal and compliance challenges impacting operation of these secondary markets and their ability to support a viable tokenization value chain. While research questions are analyzed from a European Union-level perspective, specific examples from the jurisdictions of Luxembourg, Germany, Liechtenstein, Estonia and Poland are investigated in order to identify root causes of deficiencies and potential observations and recommendations for future European developments in this highly competitive and globalized industry. Quantitative overview of key relevant market players is also attempted with the objective of substantiation of qualitative observations and conclusions
Transparency in the Selection of Judges of the Supreme Administrative Court: How Much Do We Really See of the Process?
Get PDFČlánek se zabývá otázkou transparentnosti procesu výběru soudců Nejvyššího správního soudu (NSS). Nejprve je vysvětlen pojem transparentnosti a její význam při výběru soudců. Následující kapitola pak přibližuje a vysvětluje proces výběru soudců NSS teoreticky, tedy jsou popsány dvě cesty, které aktuálně na tento soud vedou. Třetí kapitola se zabývá už konkrétně otázkou transparentnosti výběru soudců NSS. Ten je pro přehlednost rozdělen do pěti stádií (vzorem je pět stádií, na která teorie rozděluje výběr soudců okresních a krajských soudů) a v rámci každého z těchto stádií je zkoumáno, do jaké míry je v daný okamžik do procesu výběru soudců NSS tzv. z vnějšku vidět, tedy do jaké míry je transparentní. Ve čtvrté kapitole jsou pak shrnuty mezery, které se, pokud jde o transparentnost, v procesu výběru soudců NSS v jednotlivých stádiích objevují, nastíněny problémy, ke kterými tyto mezery mohou vést, a potenciální změny, které lze ve výběru soudců NSS provést.The article examines the issue of transparency in the process of selecting judges for the Supreme Administrative Court of the Czech Republic (SAC). It first explains the concept of transparency and its significance in the judicial selection process. In following section it provides a theoretical overview and explanation of how judges are currently appointed to the SAC, describing the two existing pathways to this court. The third section focuses specifically on the transparency of the SAC judicial selection process. For clarity, the process is divided into five stages – following the model used in the theoretical framework for selecting judges of district and regional courts – and the degree to which each stage is open to external observation, that is, the extent of its transparency, is examined. The fourth section summarizes the gaps identified in the transparency of the SAC selection process at various stages, outlines the problems these gaps may lead to, and suggests potential changes that could improve the selection procedure