The Economics of Science (E-Journal) / Экономика науки
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Применение показателей уровня готовности технологий при планировании комплексных научно-технологических проектов в авиастроении
Get PDFArticle describes the approach to selection of technology development directions during planning of complex science and technology programs in aviation. The approach involves identifying (1) product requirements, (2) alternative product concepts to meet the requirements and (3) technology portfolios and their comparison by risks, costs and time required to reach implementation readiness status. The results of testing the approach are presented in respect to the TRL-based ranking of alternative concepts of future general aviation aircraft by relative level of technical risks.Изложен подход к выбору направлений развития технологий, включаемых в комплексные научно-технологические проекты организаций авиационной науки. Подход подразумевает выявление соответствующих перспективных требованиям альтернативных вариантов технических концепций продукции и соответствующих им портфелей технологий с последующим их сравнением по степени риска, стоимости и времени доведения до готовности к внедрению. Описан процесс и представлены результаты апробации подхода в части формирования и ранжирования альтернативных портфелей технологий самолетов местных линий по относительному уровню технических рисков их реализации, оцениваемому на основе показателей уровня готовности технологий
Коммерциализация инноваций в практике зарубежных университетов
Get PDFIt is shown that the vast majority of foreign researchers consider university structures to be an important and economically sustainable mechanism for the transfer of new industrial technologies, that these structures accelerate the economic development of territories by creating new knowledge-intensive (high-tech) jobs, and increase tax revenues to local budgets. Thanks to government funding and public support, university research structures demonstrate higher survival rates compared to firms affiliated to corporate organizations. The structures affiliated to universities are very active in using state aid programs, remain residents of business incubators for longer, and are beneficiaries of funds supporting research and development. Private venture funds are more likely to finance them. University-affiliated structures are more innovative than firms associated with corporate organizations. These structures have a greater number of patented inventions, demonstrate a higher survival rate and a higher liquidity rating, but have lower profitability. University-related structures are innovative firms and can commercialize both specific inventions and more implicit knowledge obtained as a result of scientific research. It is noted that the biggest challenge for such a firm is the transformation of technological assets into marketable offers
Применение подхода уровней готовности для различных предметных направлений в бережливом НИОКР
Get PDFThe further development of the TPRL methodology as a tool for the commercialization of innovations is proposed. Descriptions of readiness metrics for lean R&D are presented. The expediency of subsequent decomposition of the readiness level criteria into the subject level and project levels for various technological / subject areas / complex systems is shown. Description of the initial scientific readiness levels SciRL are proposed for use in research dedicated to generating knowledge.Предложено дальнейшее развитие методологии TPRL как инструмента коммерциализации инноваций. Представлены формулировки метрик уровней готовности для бережливого НИОКР. Показана целесообразность декомпозиции описания уровней готовности на предметный и проектный уровни для различных технологических/предметных направлений, а также для сложных систем. Предложены формулировки начальных уровней шкалы научной готовности SciRL для использования в исследованиях по получению новых знаний
Проблемы формально-механистического подхода к выявлению плагиата в научных работах
Get PDFThe effectiveness of research teams and scientists is largely estimated by their publication activity. One indicator of the quality of scientific work is the absence of plagiarism. The purpose of this paper was to consider the problems that arise with the formal-mechanistic approach to the detection of plagiarism in scientific papers. The questions of the correlation of meaning and plagiarism; quoting your own work; quoting and inaccurate quoting; the use of generally accepted expressions, laws, definitions; the need to refine anti-plagiarism systems are considered. It is shown that due to the fact that anti-plagiarism systems do not analyze the meaning of the text, “overdiagnosis” occurs. As a result of an uncritical approach to the conclusions of such systems, the writing of scientific papers becomes more complicated. The necessity of developing more accurate criteria for determining what is plagiarized in scientific papers is noted. Some suggestions were made to reduce the shortcomings of the formal approach.Оценка результативности научных коллективов и ученых в значительной мере осуществляется по их публикационной активности. Одним из показателей качества научных работ является отсутствие в них плагиата. Целью настоящей статьи являлось рассмотрение проблем, возникающих при формально-механистическом подходе к выявлению плагиата в научных работах. Рассмотрены вопросы соотношения смысла и плагиата; цитирования собственных работ; цитирования и неточного цитирования; использования общепринятых выражений, законов, закономерностей, определений; необходимости доработки систем антиплагиата. Показано, что в связи с тем, что системы антиплагиата не анализируют смысл текста, происходит «гипердиагностика». В результате некритичного подхода к выводам таких систем существенно усложняется написание научных работ. Отмечена необходимость выработки чётких критериев для определения того, что является плагиатом в научных работах. Высказаны некоторые предложения по снижению недостатков формального подхода
Развитие единого рынка услуг научноисследовательских работ в Евразийском экономическом союзе
Get PDFBased on the analysis of existing regulatory legal acts in the field of regulating the research activities of the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), a conclusion was made about their similarity and the possibility of starting the operation of the single market of services (SMS) of research without adopting additional legal acts. A comparison of the sources of financing of science of the EAEU member countries with the average and best indicators in the world has been made. The average costs for the EAEU member country amounted to 0,43% of the gross domestic product (GDP) were 1,7% in the world (4 times more). In the EAEU, more research is carried out by public sector scientific organizations (31,8% in EAEU, 12,8% in the world), and less research is performed by the business sector. Proposals for the development of the EAEU SMS for the research, including the creation of the Science Fund and the Innovation Fund, the creation of an information resource on the websites of national regulators in the field of scientific activity, etc., have been made.На основе анализа действующих нормативно-правовых актов в области регулирования НИР стран-членов Евразийского экономического союза (ЕАЭС) сделан вывод об их сходстве и возможности начала функционирования единого рынка услуг (ЕРУ) НИР без принятия дополнительных правовых актов. Проведено сравнение источников финансирования науки стран-членов ЕАЭС со средними и лучшими показателями в мире. Затраты на ВЗИР в среднем по стране-члену ЕАЭС составляли 0,43% валового внутреннего продукта (ВВП), в мире – 1,7% (больше в 4 раза). В ЕАЭС больше исследований выполняется научными организациями государственного сектора (ЕАЭС – 31,8%, в мире – 12,8%), меньше – в предпринимательском (бизнес) секторе. Разработаны предложения по развитию ЕРУ НИР ЕАЭС, включающие в себя создание Фонда науки и Фонда инноваций, создание информационного ресурса на сайтах национальных регуляторов в сфере научной деятельности и др
Методология регионального анализа российского рынка экономических исследований
Get PDFAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the transition to a market economy model in Russia, there has been observed a rapid growth for market economic studies challenge in ranking of its three segments, such as the economists market, scientific economic journals market, research training of economists market. The purpose of the study is to aggregate quantitative indicators of economic market segments for economic studies in the Russian regions. The initial data calculations are done on quantitative indicators from the TOP-500 gold ranking of economist E. V. Balatsky for 2016, the list of “vakovsky” economic journals from 07.06.2017 and the ranking of 2016 economic dissertation councils across the Russian regions. The aggregation of the above indicators is done according to the arithmetic average formula for their normalized values. A cross-correlation matrix has been constructed for the above indicators and an integral indicator with all linear paired regression equations in which the values of the coefficient of determination R2 varied in the range from 0,93 to 0.99. A practically analytical multiple regression equation (R2 = 1.0) has been obtained between the values of the above three indicators of the market for economic studies and an integral indicator on the other hand. In the article, it is also shown that the effect of the number of economic councils on the integral indicator is three times greater than the effect of the number of economists and the number of economic councils each separately. The best convergence to the Pareto distribution has been shown by the distribution of the values of the integral indicator of the state of the regional economic research market. On the basis of an integral indicator, the clusterization of regional markets for economic studies in Russia has been done using the method of natural borders
О рисках «медикализации» научной специальности «Общественное здоровье и здравоохранение»
Get PDFWithin the framework of the priority national project «Science», as well as «Strategy of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation», the country’s leadership has set tasks for medical science and health care that require the provision of preventive orientation of medical activity, the transition from disease treatment technologies to health-saving technologies. The solution of these tasks will require a paradigm shift in the field of public health, ensuring the attitude to health as an individual value of public importance, strengthening the corps of heads of health authorities and organizations, highly qualified personnel trained using the system of state scientific certification.The purpose of the article is to show that there is a problem of displacement of knowledge and technologies related to health and its conservation from the scientific specialty «Public health and health care». Analysis of 277 dissertations with a time lag of 20 years showed that in fact there was a shift in the research interest of applicants «organizational» academic degree to the boundaries of their existing clinical specialty. The most frequent subject of dissertations in this specialty is the disease and diagnostic and treatment technologies. This problem can be described as «medicalization» of the managerial scientific specialty, which in the future may lead to a shortage of qualified managerial personnel capable of achieving the goals currently implemented in Russia’s state programs and strategies
Проблемы управления правами на результаты интеллектуальной деятельности, созданными с использованием бюджетных средств
Get PDFThe article analyzes the problems arising from the commercialization of scientific results obtained using budgetary funds, due to the unresolved number of fundamental issues of managing the rights to such results of intellectual activity. The legal uncertainty of the agreement on the provision of subsidies for budget financing of research and the lack of a unified methodology for managing the rights of the Russian Federation to the obtained scientific and technical results are revealed. The authors showed that significant budgetary funds allocated for research in the framework of full life cycle projects, in the absence of a codified set of rules for creating intellectual property, cause serious problems in terms of the country’s successful scientific and technological development. As real measures to overcome the causes that are the source of risks for the implementation of ambitious plans for the scientific and technological development of the economy, the authors propose to develop and adopt uniform rules defining principles and measures for managing rights to the results of intellectual activity, ranging from the formation of an order, conditions and grounds for the distribution of rights to results of intellectual activity, as well as giving the Federal Agency full of powers and responsibility in the system of state policy. The proposed approach is necessary in justifying commitments to bring the development to the stage of industrial application and sale of finished products, as well as commitments to monitor the use of intellectual property and make decisions about the reasonableness of maintaining their legal protection
Методология управления когнитивными факторами производства высокотехнологичных предприятий
Get PDFThe purpose of the article is to outline the main provisions of the methodology for managing cognitive factors of production. It is shown that the processes of industrial re-industrialization, known as Industry 4.0, have led to the emergence of a new type of production resources – cognitive factors of production. The essence of the concept of “cognitive factors of production” is determined, a structural diagram of the methodology of managing cognitive factors of production is presented. Based on the methods of system analysis, an organizational and economic management model is developed and a mechanism for integration into the general control loop of an industrial enterprise is proposed. In conclusion, conclusions are drawn about the possibility of applying the methodology of managing cognitive factors of production in a knowledge-based economy.Целью статьи является изложение основных положений методологии управления когнитивными факторами производства. Показано, что процессы реиндустриализации промышленности, известные как Индустрия 4.0, обусловили появление нового вида производственных ресурсов – когнитивных факторов производства. Определена сущность понятия «когнитивные факторы производства», представлена структурная схема методологии управления когнитивными факторами производства. На основе методов системного анализа разработана организационно-экономическая модель управления и предложен механизм интеграции в общий контур управления промышленного предприятия. В заключение сделаны выводы о возможности применения методологии управления когнитивными факторами производства в условиях наукоемкой экономики