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Geological Approach In Order to Distinguish the Preference Source of the Raw Material from the Megalithic Tombs in East Sumba, Indonesia
Get PDFPulau Sumba sudah lama dikenal dengan tradisi makam megalitiknya yang dijumpai tersebar hampir di semua area di Sumba. Makam megalitik ini dibangun dari potongan-potongan batuan berukuran besar. Berdasarkan aspek geologi, penelitian ini mencoba untuk mencari tahu asal batuan bahan pembuat makam megalitik dan apa yang menjadi alasan untuk memilih suatu batuan untuk bahan makam megalitik. Metode yang digunakan meliputi beberapa tahap. Tahap pertama merupakan pendeskripsian sampel di lapangan. Tahap kedua, analisis geologi digunakan untuk memetakan titik-titik observasi dan singkapan batuan di lapangan. Tahap ketiga, variabel hasil pengamatan kemudian dianalisa menggunakan metode Principle Components Analysis (PCA). Empat variabel digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu: variabel jarak dari sumber, variabel litologi, variabel tekstur dan variabel tingkat kekerasan. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa tekstur batuan merupakan pertimbangan utama dalam memilih jenis batuan untuk bahan makam megalitik. Jarak dan tingat kekerasan batuannya juga menjadi alasan penting lainnya dalam mengambil bahan material untuk makam megalitik terlepas apapun jenis batunya. Secara geologi bahan batuan berasal dari batugamping Formasi Kaliangga dan batupasir Formasi Kananggar. Sumba is well known for its megalithic tradition, surviving evidence for which can be observed throughout the island in the form of tombs built from enormous stone slabs. The current study is aimed at identifying the sources of the raw material used to manufacture megalithic tombs and factors underlying the choice of raw material based on geological properties. We report the results of our field observations and geological analysis, including mapping of megalithic tomb sites and geological outcrops. Concerning the latter, field-datasets were analyzed using a Principle Components Analysis (PCA). Based on a sample of 11 megalithic tombs from several different locations, four variables were employed to distinguish the preferred source of the raw material used in tomb construction: 1) distance from the source; 2) lithology; 3) rock texture; and 4) rock hardness. Analytical results indicate that raw material texture was the key factor in the construction of megalithic tombs, followed by distance from source and hardness of the stone selected for making this structures. Finally, we establish that raw materials used for constructing sampled megalithic tomb sites on Sumba included Kaliangga Formation limestone and Kananggar Formation sandstone
MOTIF HIAS PADA ARSITEKTUR BANGUNAN PENINGGALAN ZENDING DI PULAU ROON DAN WASIOR, KABUPATEN TELUK WONDAMA, PROVINSI PAPUA BARAT
Get PDFAbstrak. Misionaris yang bergabung dalam perkumpulan Zending Ultrecht untuk Misi Kristen Protestan (UZV) melakukan pengenalan agama Kristen Protestan di daerah Mansinam dan daerah sekitar unik yang diaplikasikan pada bagian tertentu pada bangunan yang ada. Tulisan ini bertujuan mengekplorasi dan mengetahui makna dari arsitektur bangunan, dalam hal ini motif hias yang diterapkan pada bangunan yang didirikan oleh zending dalam misi kristiani yang dilakukan di daerah Roon dan Wasior. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dengan menggunakan data etnografi yang diperoleh melalui studi pustaka. Hasil yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa bangunan peninggalan yang ada di kedua daerah ini menggunakan bahan yang sesuai dengan iklim setempat, sedangkan motif yang diterapkan sangat kuat dipengaruhi oleh budaya adat Saireri. Adopsi budaya lokal pada motif bangunan dimotivasi oleh nilai luhur yang terkandung dalam motif tersebut yang selanjutnya diaplikasikan pada bangunan sebagai pengingat untuk tetap dipedomani oleh masyarakat pada masa lalu.Kata Kunci: Zending, Motif hias, Pekabaran Injil, Roon dan Wasior Abstract. Ultrecht Protestant Mission Union (UZV), also known as Zending Ultrecht, is group of missionaries of Dutch government who did evangelism in Mansinam and its surrounding areas in Cenderawasih Bay. Architectures built for the mission can be found in this area, including in Roon and Wasior. This paper aims to explore the history of Christianity in Roon and Wasior areas reflected in materials used for the construction as well as the architecture ornaments. The descriptive method and literature-based ethnography study were applied in this study to explain the meaning of the ornaments and the influence of local cultures to the colonial legacy. The results shows that the local culture, Saireri, strongly influenced the variety of ornaments used in the architectures. Another factor is adaptation with local climate that can be seen from its building materials. The use of local culture was to serve as life guidance by the community.Keywords: Zending, decorative ornaments, Christianity, Roon and Wasio
BANGUNAN PERKEBUNAN TEH ZAMAN BELANDA DI JAWA BARAT: KAJIAN ARKEOLOGI PUBLIK
Get PDF Abstract. Old plantation building which is considered as a cultural heritage building and archaeological resource, belongs to the public and ought to be preserved. These old buildings are vulnerable to constant vandalism and destruction. The introduction and socialization about the importance of these old buildings have been continuously done that will lead to protection efforts. This article aims to learn about the implementation of public archeology on the industrial plantation buildings of Dutch heritage in West Java. A desk research method is used by analysing on research reports, books, journal articles, and other similar literatures. The result of the discussion gives four introduction strategies as the first step of protection and conservation efforts: (1) museum and nature laboratory, (2) agro tourism and tourism destination, (3) publication and socialization of archeology researches. These introduction strategies have been implemented and provided benefits to the community, which subesequently lead to the protection and preservation efforts of the cultural heritage buildings. Keywords: Plantation industry building, public archeology Abstrak. Bangunan industri perkebunan diduga sebagai bangunan cagar budaya (BCB) dan merupakan sumber daya arkeologi yang menjadi milik publik dan perlu dilestarikan. Pada kenyataannya, bangunan lama tersebut rentan terhadap perusakan dan penghancuran secara terus menerus. Bagaimana mengatasi masalah tersebut? Salah satu cara yang dapat ditempuh adalah melakukan upaya pengenalan yang berlanjut ke upaya pelindungan. Tulisan ini bertujuan mengkaji arkeologi publik terhadap bangunan industri perkebunan warisan zaman Belanda di Jawa Barat. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode penelitian desk research terhadap laporan hasil penelitian, buku, artikel jurnal, dan lain sebagainya. Hasil pembahasan melahirkan tiga strategi pengenalan benda cagar budaya sebagai langkah awal upaya pelindungan dan pelestariannya, yaitu (1) museum dan laboratorium alam, (2) agrowisata dan destinasi wisata, (3) publikasi dan sosialisasi hasil penelitian arkeologi. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh adalah seluruh strategi pengenalan tersebut sudah terlaksana dan memberi manfaat bagi masyarakat luas, sekaligus dapat mewujudkan upaya pelindungan dan pelestarian. Kata kunci: Bangunan industri perkebunan, arkeologi publi
MIGRASI AUSTRONESIA DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN BUDAYA DI KEPULAUAN INDONESIA
Get PDFAbstrak. Pada saat masyarakat penutur bahasa Austronesia datang di Kepulauan Indonesia, kawasanini bukanlah suatu daerah kosong tidak berpenghuni. Beberapa pulau di Kepulauan Indonesia telahdihuni oleh populasi lain. Akibat adanya kontak antar-komunitas tersebut mengakibatkan prosesadaptasi, inovasi, dan interaksi budaya yang khas sebagaimana tercermin pada perkembanganteknologi alat kerang, teknologi pelayaran dan domestikasi hewan yang dikuasai masyarakat penuturbahasa Austronesia. Tahapan proses migrasi masyarakat penutur bahasa Austronesia di KepulauanIndonesia dapat dirangkum sebagai berikut: terjadi intrusi budaya baru di Kepulauan Indonesia yangdibawa oleh Austronesia. Akibat dari peristiwa tersebut, terjadi perkembangan budaya Neolitik diKepulauan Indonesia, disebabkan oleh adaptasi, evolusi dan interaksi antara masyarakat pendatangAustronesia dengan komunitas Non-Austronesia yang telah menghuni kawasan ini sejak masasebelumnya. Interaksi antar-budaya yang intensif menyebabkan integrasi budaya Austronesia danNon-Austronesia di Kepulauan Indonesia. Abstract. Austronesian Migration and Its Implication on Cultural Development in IndonesianArchipelago. When Austronesian language speakers came to Indonesian Archipelago, this regionis not an empty place but had already inhabited by other population. The unique processes ofadaptation, innovation, and culture interaction of Austronesian people in this new region arereflected on the development of shell tool technology, navigation technology, plant cultivation andanimal domestication. In summary, the stages of Austronesian migration in Indonesian Archipelagoare as follows: Intrusion of a new culture that was brought to the Indonesian Archipelago by theAustronesian people, which caused innovation of Neolithic culture in Indonesian Archipelago due tocultural adaptation, evolution, and interaction between the Austronesian speakers (the newcomers)with the indigenous Non-Austronesian communities. Intensive inter-cultural interactions havecreated a cultural integration between the Austronesians and Non-Austronesians in the IndonesianArchipelago
The Settlement Pattern of Rubber Plantation Areas from the Dutch-Indie’s Period in Bogor.
Get PDFAbstrak. Tulisan ini dilatarbelakangi oleh pemikiran, bahwa Bogor merupakan sebuah daerah yang kaya akan potensi perkebunan masa Hindia Belanda. Meskipun demikian belum ada tulisanyang membahas seperti apa dan bagaimanakah pemukiman di kawasan perkebunan karet masa Hindia Belanda di Bogor. Dilatarbelakangi oleh pemikiran tersebut maka tulisan ini bertujuan menampilkan kembali gambaran pola pemukiman di kawasan perkebunan karet melalui jejak-jejak yang ditinggalkan. Tulisan ini disusun melalui tahap penelusuran literatur, survei arkeologi danlingkungan di lokasi penelitian, analisis, sintesa antara data arkeologi dan data sejarah. Gambaran pola pemukiman di kawasan perkebunan karet di Bogor dapat dibuktikan secara fisik melalui tinggalan-tinggalan arkeologi. Bangunan-bangunan yang berfungsi sebagai rumah tempat tinggal pemilik kebun,bangunan kantor perkebunan, pengolahan getah karet, dan mausoleum, serta artefak genteng lamadan botol Eropa merupakan petunjuk keberadaan pemukiman di perkebunan karet Hindia Belanda diBogor. Pola pemukiman perkebunan tersusun atas bangunan tempat tinggal pemilik kebun misalnya landhuis atau kantor perkebunan yang dikelilingi oleh tempat tinggal pegawai dan pekerjanya, tempat pengolahan karet. Adapun mausoleum ditempatkan berjauhan dari pusat pemukiman. Abstract. The Settlement Pattern of Rubber Plantation Areas from the Dutch-Indie’s Period in Bogor.This article is based on a notion that Bogor is an area rich in potency of plantations during the Dutch-Indie’s Period. However, there has not been an article that discusses what were the settlements in the rubber plantations in Bogor during the Dutch-Indie’s period like and how were life there at that time. Based on such thought, this article will reconstruct the settlement patterns in the rubber plantations through their remains, by conducting literature study, archaeological and environmental surveys in the research area, analyses, and synthesis between archaeological and historical data. The depiction of the settlement patterns in rubber plantations in Bogor can be physically proven through their archaeological remains. Buildings that were functioned as residences of plantation owners, administration building (plantation office), rubber-latex processing building, and mausoleum, as well as artefacts in forms of old roof tiles and European bottles are indications of the presence of settlements in Dutch Indie’s rubber plantations in Bogor. The settlement pattern consists of residence of plantation owner, known as landhuis, plantation office surrounded by residences of plantation workers, and rubber-latex processing building. Mausoleum is located far from the centre of settlement
Agama Dan Pendidikan Agama Pada Masa Majapahit
Get PDFReligion and Religious Teaching During the Majapahit Period. During the Majapahitperiod religious teaching played an important role. The teaching could be done individually or in acentre for religious teaching called “Mandala” or “Kadewaguruan”. A Kadewaguruan was usually located far from habitation places (cities), such as quiet forest, on top of a hill, mountain slope, or by the sea shore. A Kadewaguruan is led by a mahāresi (high priest), who is also known as śiddharesi or dewaguru; hence the education centre is called Kadewaguruan. In his daily activities, a dewaguru was assisted by his senior disciples named ubwan, female priests, and manguyu or male priests. New disciples were called kaki, tapaswi (male ones) and endang or tapi, kili (female ones). The teachings were taught in phases. During the first phase (supportive teachings), ceremony procedures (dīksāwidhi-widhāna) were taught, and in the next phases were taught the main teachings about the concept of the Utmost Reality and the attempt to unite oneself (kalěpasan, moksa) with Bhattara (god). The summary of the dewaguru teachings can be found in religious manuscripts named Tutur
Younger Toba Tephra 74 Kya: Impact On Regional Climate, Terrestial Ecosystem, And Prehistoric Human Population
Get PDFOne of the largest volcanic activity which predicted was caused terrible volcanic winterin Quaternary period is the Toba eruption in 74 ka, Northern Sumatra, Indonesia. According to the Toba catastrophe theory by some scholars, it had a global consequence of killing most humans who alive and creating of a population bottleneck that affected the genetic inheritance of all living humans today. This paper will discuss about Toba eruption and also its impact for vegetal, animal, and human environmental change based on previous research
Awai Kolonisasi Austronesia di Tenggara Pulau Jawa: Perspektif Situs Kendenglembu
No full textEarly Colonization of the Austonesia the Southeast Part of Java: The Perspective of Kedenglembu Site. Until recently, the most widely accepted explanation for the case of Austronesian migration and colonization is Bellwood-Blust model, which are collaboration between archaeological data and historical linguistics. Based on linguistic evidence, Robert Blust(1985) proposed hypothesis about sub-group of Javanese language which comes from a community in the southern part of Borneo, around the estua,y of Barito River. Based on those linguistic analysis results can be seen that the fonnation process of proto-language of Javanese, Balinese, Sasak and West Sumbawa occurred about 2 5 00 BP Th is papenvi/1 discuss some data from recent research at the Kendenglembu Site, Banyuwangi and its implications for hypothesis of the initial Austronesian colonization in the southeastern part of Java. Archaeological data from Kendenglembu Site indicating the Austronesian colonization of Java Island derived from the West Sulawesi. Meanwhile, AMS dating analysis results from Kendenglembu Site produce more young chronology, compared with linguistic dating by glotocronology method
