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She Always Forgot That the Earth Is Damp: Louise Bourgeois’ Subjectivity, City and Language
No full textFrench artist Louise Bourgeois (1911- 2010) moved to New York, where she would reside the rest of her life, immediately after her marriage, in 1938. As a newcomer, a new wife, and a new mother, Bourgeois spent the first few years of her American life trying to balance domesticity and artistic practice. She resorted to producing prints, which afforded her certain flexibility compared to other medium. In 1947, Bourgeois created a small, printed booklet of illustrated parables, He disappeared into complete silence. This project, originally conceived as a way of inserting herself into the creative fabric of the city, proved to be a pivotal point for the artist. In it, Bourgeois presents a cast of anthropomorphised buildings, revealing a relationship between architecture and pathos. Bourgeois’ architectural characters have been well-studied. This essay, though, wants to emphasise the way architectural and personal affect are explored in Bourgeois’ texts for the booklet, and the way the artist juxtaposes visual and textual language
Changes in the way we live and value urban spaces
Get PDFTrends have been continuing for the majority of the world’s population to live and work in urban areas. Despite numerous change factors, like climate, and gradual changes in the form and layout of urban spaces, towards for example, more use of nature in cities, urban areas continue to follow the form set inthe past in industrialised countries, with little green space. In this Millennium, new financial models have been developed to value nature to ensure it is appropriately accounted for in the neoliberal economy. The links between welfare of residents and visitors
to cities that are greener are now clear and understood to bring massive economic value. However, responses to the Covid-19 pandemic have changed the relationship between citizens and urban areas. Potentially fewer people will live and work in inner city areas, therefore the financial value of new green spaces in inner cities is likely to reduce. This paper considers the potential implications of the various change trends in how nature-based spaces can be financially valued in a post-Covid 19 world.
Two case examples show how: (i) better value may possibly be obtained by restoring a brownfield site in Sweden to natural forest, rather than building new housing; (ii) the financial value of greening London to manage stormwater may reduce due to people preferring to live in suburbia rather than the centre. Overall, the importance of carrying out a ‘futures’ assessment using scenario planning or an equivalent process when valuing the greening of urban spaces is emphasised in the light of the ongoing challenges
Redactioneel
No full textThe cover of this issue of DASH shows a home interior that was exhibited in Berlin in 1952, at the exhibition ‘Wir bauen ein besseres Leben’ / ‘We’re Building a Better Life’. In this model interior, which was designed like a brilliant white laboratory, American actors showed the audience that had flocked to Berlin how you were supposed to live in this kind of house. An expert in a white coat, who towered above the drab audience, was on hand to explain the house, and what the actors were doing.
Like no other picture, this photograph shows how the housing interior has been seized upon in the modern era as a tool in emancipatory and political processes (from both the outside in and from the inside out) that have dramatically changed the dwelling landscape. With the rise of mass housing in the previous century, dwelling undeniably became an architectural task, and the interior has played an important role in this process.
Yet one can also ask whether the home interior can indeed be seen as an architectural project. After all, within the four walls of one’s own house, the resident will go his own way, unseen and undisturbed, with the walls separating the private from the public. The house is furnished and customized to one’s own needs, and is decorated with the paraphernalia of everyday life and the memories of the past. Despite this personal dimension, history has shown that the home interior has also always been linked to representation, and that makes it by definition an architectural assignment: just think of the interiors of large houses and noble palaces. The rise of mass housing over the past 100 years concentrated on dwelling as an architectural task, and that created the space for the home interior to also be an architectural assignment, one that has since overtaken the noble elite and the decorative. Nowadays it seems that every interior is considered an ‘architectural’ project, or better yet a ‘design’ project: just take a look at any magazine kiosk to see how dwelling consumers are inundated with information on the latest trends. The interior seems more than ever to have become an instrument by which an individual presents himself to the world, much in the way that fashion is also such an instrument.
For DASH, this focus on the home interior is interesting because (in)explicitly formulated ideas about the interior always play a role, and always have done, in the design of homes; this is true not only in the design of private houses, but also of mass housing. The transfer of these ideas primarily took place, and still takes place, through the interiors themselves, which are publicized by the media (books, magazines, newspapers, television, films, exhibitions, department stores, catalogues, home design blogs). Some of these interiors are specially made to express a specific view about dwelling and architecture. In this issue of DASH, we explicitly focus on these exhibited home interiors, which we call ‘interiors on display’. We examined 15 of these rooms from the last century: interiors that were never inhabited, but that were exhibited at exhibitions and fairs. In most cases, the interiors were broken down, and only live on in the form of drawings and/or photographs. Leading up to this documentation, five essays and an interview offer different perspectives on the idea of the interior as an architectural assignment, as a commercial object and as a tool in creating artistic, avant-garde and cultural reflections on society. This issue of DASH thus presents a small cross section of more than 100 years of dwelling, in the context of the rapidly changing (Western) society, and shows how these developments have been architecturally projected onto the interior.De omslag van DASH nr. 11 toont een woninginterieur dat in 1952 tentoongesteld werd in Berlijn op de tentoonstelling ‘Wir bauen ein besseres Leben’ / ‘We’re Building a Better Life’. In dit modelinterieur, vormgegeven als een stralend wit laboratorium, deden Amerikaanse acteurs aan het toegestroomde Berlijnse publiek voor hoe er gewoond moest worden in een dergelijk huis. Een deskundige in witte jas, die boven het grauwe publiek uittorende, voorzag het huis en de handelingen van de acteurs van uitleg.
Als geen ander beeld toont deze foto hoe het woninginterieur in de moderne tijd is aangegrepen als instrument in emancipatoire en politieke processen, van buiten af én van binnen uit, die het wonen drastisch hebben veranderd. Met de opkomst van de massawoningbouw in de vorige eeuw is het wonen onmiskenbaar een architectonische opgave geworden en het interieur speelt daarbij een belangrijke rol. Men kan zich echter afvragen of het woninginterieur wel een architectonische opgave kan zijn. Binnen de vier muren van het eigen huis gaat de bewoner immers zijn gang, ongezien en ongestoord, waarbij de muren het private van het publieke scheiden. Het huis wordt ingericht en aangepast naar eigen wensen, gedecoreerd met de parafernalia van het dagelijks leven en de herinneringen aan het verleden. Dit persoonlijke ten spijt, laat de geschiedenis zien dat het wooninterieur ook altijd aan representatie verbonden is en daarmee per definitie een architectonische opgave: denk alleen al aan de interieurs van grote woonhuizen en adellijke paleizen. De opkomst van de massawoningbouw in de laatste 100 jaar heeft het wonen als architectonische opgave centraal gesteld en daarmee ook aan het woninginterieur de ruimte gegeven om een opgave te worden, die de adellijke elite en het decoratieve voorbij is gestreefd.
Tegenwoordig lijkt ieder interieur gezien te worden als ‘architectonisch’, of beter nog, ‘design’-project: men hoeft slechts in een willekeurige kiosk rond te kijken om te zien hoe de woonconsument overspoeld wordt met informatie over de laatste trends. Het interieur lijkt meer dan ooit een middel geworden waarmee een individu zichzelf aan de wereld presenteert, zoals de mode dat ook doet.
Voor DASH is deze aandacht voor het woninginterieur interessant, omdat al dan niet expliciet geformuleerde ideeën over het interieur altijd een rol spelen (en gespeeld hebben) bij het ontwerpen van woningen, niet alleen bij het ontwerp van privé woonhuizen, maar ook binnen de massawoningbouw. De overdracht van deze ideeën vond (en vindt) voornamelijk plaats via de interieurs zelf, die door de media (boeken, tijdschriften, kranten, televisie, films, tentoonstellingen, warenhuizen, catalogi, woon-blogs) publiek gemaakt worden. Een deel van deze interieurs is speciaal gemaakt om een specifieke opvatting over wonen en architectuur uit te drukken. Op deze tentoongestelde woninginterieurs, die we hier ‘stijlkamers’ noemen, richten we ons in dit nummer van DASH.
Voor dit nummer hebben we 15 stijlkamers onderzocht uit de afgelopen eeuw, interieurs die nooit zijn bewoond, maar wel getoond op tentoonstellingen en beurzen. In de meeste gevallen zijn de interieurs weer afgebroken en restten alleen tekeningen en/of foto’s. Voorafgaand aan deze documentatie bieden vijf essays en een interview verschillende perspectieven op het interieur als architectonische opgave, als commercieel object, en als instrument in kunstzinnige, avant-gardistische en culturele reflecties op de maatschappij. DASH biedt daarmee een kleine dwarsdoorsnede over 100 jaar wonen in de context van de sterk veranderende (westerse) samenleving en laat zien op welke manier dit architectonisch geprojecteerd is in het interieur
Urban Renewal Decision - Making in China: Stakeholders, Process, and System Improvement
Get PDFTo meet the growing rigid demand of urban housing, urban renewal has played a significant role, which significantly promotes the urban prosperity in China. However, at the same time, many problems occurred through large-scale urban renewal projects. To avoid unintended consequences that occurred in urban renewal, how these decisions were made can be one key focus. To better achieve the goal of sustainability, this research aims to deepen the understanding of urban renewal decision-making in China and contribute to recommend strategies to improve the system. Based on the participatory decision-making theory and the characteristics of urban renewal, a conceptual framework is built to achieve the aim of this research. According to the research framework, this research firstly conducted an empirical study of stakeholders’ expectations in urban renewal projects. Eighteen factors are identified and compared among the main stakeholder groups. Secondly, this research explores the stakeholders and their participation in the decision-making of urban renewal in China. Stakeholder Analysis and Social Network Analysis are complemented as the research methodology. In the third step, transaction costs theory is adopted to improve the understanding of urban renewal decision-making process in China. Based on the results of the above three steps, the last step of this research systematically determines a set of strategies for improving urban renewal decision-making in China by adopting the Analytic Network Process. The findings of this research add new knowledge on the exploration of the decision-making of public projects and can be directly adopted by the authority in practice
Variances in Residential Heating Consumption: Importance of Building Characteristics and Occupants Analysed by Movers and Stayers
Get PDFIt is commonly accepted that occupants have a significant influence on the variation in residential heating consumption. However, the scale of that influence lacks empirical investigation. The aim of this study was to distinguish which part of the variance in actual residential heating consumption can be attributed to the occupants, and which part to the building itself. This was achieved by applying and extending a method suggested by Sonderegger in 1978, using updated and significantly improved data from two different countries: the Netherlands and Denmark. These data contain different types of heating supply systems (district heating and natural gas) and different housing forms (multi and single-family social housing, and private detached single-family houses). For the studied databases, the results indicate that approximately 50% of the variance in heating consumption between houses can be explained by differences related to occupants. The other 50% can be explained by the characteristics of the building itself and other physical parameters, which are often not taken into account in simulation models of heat transmission within buildings. Additional analyses indicate that the relative influence of occupants on heating consumption differs depending on the building characteristics of the dwelling. For example, the influence of occupants is larger when the building is more energy efficient. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that it is unrealistic to aim for a building simulation model that perfectly projects residential heating consumption for individual cases. However, creating building simulation models and occupant consumption profiles that accurately represent average residential heating consumption should be possible
Visibility of Turkish amenities: Immigrant integration and social cohesion in Amsterdam
Get PDFThis chapter examines social and spatial characteristics immigrants’ commercial and communal amenities to understand the dynamics of their visibility on the street. It defines visibility as the observable physical features of immigrant amenities such as signs and practices, important for the integration of immigrant groups to the mainstream society. The research focuses on the visibility of Turkish immigrants in Amsterdam. For the social characteristics, it studies public and parochial realms that are established and maintained by these amenities. For spatial characteristics it examines these amenities at city level in terms of their location and at neighbourhood level in terms of their personalisation, permeability and robustness. The findings of this study indicate that visibility can be an operational concept to improve the amenities for the goals of integration
Selection of biogas, solar, and wind power plants’ locations: An MCDA approach
Get PDFThis study discusses a multi-criteria approach to locating biogas, solar and wind power plants that significantly addresses the challenge of global warming caused by power generation. Because the utility of locations to build renewable energy power plants depends on economic, social and environmental dimensions, after reviewing literature, the sustainable frameworks of criteria affecting the location of biogas, solar and wind power plants were examined in this paper. The offered frameworks are applied to determining the site of biogas, solar, and wind power plants in Iran. The provinces of Iran are assessed as alternatives in this paper. To compute the weight of criteria in the offered framework, data from a sample of experts in Iran are used via an online survey form designed based on the best-worst method (BWM). Using the results of the BWM and the performance data, the overall score are calculated for the various provinces of Iran. The results of this study indicate that energy saving, effect on resources and natural reserves and wind flow, respectively, are the most effective factors for determining the place of biogas, solar and wind power plants, and South Khorasan, Khuzestan, and Khuzestan show the best result for establishing biogas, solar, and wind power plants in Iran respectively
Post-Disaster Reconstruction of Road Infrastructure: Decision making processes in an Australian context
Get PDFThe rehabilitation and reconstruction of damaged road infrastructure plays a vital role in the recovery of disaster affected regions. The methods and processes adopted by road-asset owners during the reconstruction phase influence the longer term effects in disaster hit communities. While the decision making processes are intended to reduce impacts, mistakes at the decision making stage can lead to an increase in social and economic impacts in the longer term. It is thus imperative to understand how decision making takes place with regard to post-disaster reconstruction of road infrastructure. The objective of this paper is to understand how road asset owners assess and prioritise post-disaster reconstruction projects in order to identify how decision making could be improved in Australia and similar regions. The results of in-depth interviews conducted with road infrastructure practitioners in disaster affected regions are presented. The findings showed that there is a gap between the research community and practitioners in the use of systematic methods to aid prioritisation and decision making. The interviews also showed that the consideration of only a limited set of engineering and financial elements can lead to unintended consequences that impede resilience. A causal loop diagram was developed to illustrate the interrelationship between factors and showed that active intervention based on a systems thinking approach will benefit post-disaster decision making. These findings suggest that the development of more localised decision making tools can increase their adoption among practitioners. 
Impact of a New Metro Line in Amsterdam on Ridership, Travel Times, Reliability and Societal Costs and Benefits
Get PDFThe north-south metro line in Amsterdam became operational in summer 2018, accompanied by changes to the existing bus, metro, and tram network in the city. In this paper we undertake an ex-post analysis of the transportation impacts of the network change. Using two sets of smart card transactions, of 5-6 weeks each, and corresponding Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) data, a before-after comparison is made, concerning ridership, travel times, number of transfers, and travel time reliability. The results show a 4% increase in network wide working day ridership and a strong shift from tram and bus to metro. On an average working day, more than 6,000 hours of travel time is saved. 21% of travellers have more than 1 minute shorter travel time and 13% of travellers have more than 1 minute travel time increase. Furthermore, slightly fewer transfers are made, and the aggregated effect on travel time reliability is marginally positive. For an average working day (7am to 7pm), the resulting daily societal benefits of the new public transport network are approximately €54,200. On a yearly basis the transport related societal benefits are approximately 22 million euros. Doing an ex-post analysis is not common in the literature and in practice, and therefore in a lot of cases the realized benefits of large infrastructural investments remain unknown. This study provides an example of scientific methodology development using multiple data sources, that enables such ex-post evaluations, leading to improvements in public transport assessment and planning
Towards agent-based travel demand simulation across all mobility choices – the role of balancing preferences and constraints
Get PDFThis article presents an agent-based travel demand model, where agents react to transport supply across all mobility choices. Long-term choices include mobility tool ownership and work locations. Daily travel patterns are simulated at the individual level by sequentially combining activity frequency, activity durations and destinations as well as a rule-based time-of-day scheduling. A key to success in this novel approach is balancing individual preferences of travelers with system constraints. The model incorporates two types of constraints: 1) capacity constraints of the transport infrastructure. 2) natural time and space constraints during the execution of individual 24-hour day plans. Model results are validated against empirical observations of travel demand in Switzerland. The article concludes with a perspective for further research and development in the field of applied agent-based modeling
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