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Choosing Suitable Indicators for the Assessment of Urban Air Mobility: A Case Study of Upper Bavaria, Germany
Get PDFTechnological advances are disrupting mobility patterns and transport technologies, both on the ground and in the air. The latter has been recently observed in the research community of urban air mobility (UAM). Research in this area has studied several areas of its implementation, such as vehicle concepts, infrastructure, transport modeling, or operational constraints. Few studies however have focused on evaluating this service as an alternative among existing transportation systems. This research presents an approach for the selection of indicators for a multi-criteria analysis for the assessment of UAM, in a case study of Upper Bavaria, Germany. A 5-stage approach is showcased including an expert assessment for the relevance and feasibility of indicators, based on two rating scales. A threshold for selection is presented, applied and validated for both scales. The results included a list of indicators for assessing the potentials of UAM integration to existing public transportation systems; the chosen indicators were then compared against existing ones for sustainable urban mobility. A high match between resulting indicators and previous ones further validate the results, and suggest that there is a need for an iterative approach in the assessment of disruptive transport technologies
Subsidized ridesourcing for the first/last mile: how valuable for whom?
Get PDFThe first/last mile is a long known deterrent to public transportation use, yet difficult to solve with fixed route transit. Many transit agencies are exploring partnerships with ridesourcing companies to offer subsidized feeder services. Ridership, however, has been surprisingly low. We explore two conceptual explanations. First, ridesourcing fares are found to exceed travel time savings for all distances below 1 mile and annual household incomes below USD 30,000 (i.e., the majority of US bus-using households). Subsidies are thus necessary, yet common schemes (flat fees, flat value or percentage discounts) are inequitable as they particularly benefit high-income households (thus miss their main target group). Second, the disutility of the additional transfer (‘transfer penalty’) and wait times exceed travel time savings assuming modest values for all distances below 0.45 miles. Subsidized ridesourcing for the first/last mile is thus not the panacea often portrayed, particularly not for short first/last miles. Where first/last miles are longer, investments in first/last mile services only might miss their purpose as the private car often remains the faster, more convenient and cheaper option. A much more holistic set of policy changes is hence required. Where transit agencies decide to proceed with first/last mile subsidies, they are advised to integrate them into existing fares (offering first/last mile rides for free) as this is the most equitable approach
Modelling cellphone trace travel mode with neural networks using transit smartcard and home interview survey data
Get PDFThis study proposes a framework to impute travel mode for trips identified from cellphone traces by developing a deep neural network model. In our framework, we use the trips from a home interview survey and transit smartcard data, for which the travel mode is known, to create a set of artificial pseudo-cellphone traces. The generated artificial pseudo-cellphone traces with known mode are then used to train a deep neural network classifier. We further apply the trained model to infer travel modes for the cellphone traces from cellular network data. The empirical case study region is Montevideo, Uruguay, where high-quality data are available for all three types of data used in the analysis: a large dataset of cellphone traces, a large dataset of public transit smartcard transactions, and a small household travel survey. The results can be used to create an enhanced representation of origin-destination trip-making in the region by time of day and travel mode
Delta Urbanism, Premises: Editorial
No full textThe title of this journal is the offspring of Han Meyer who started the interdisciplinary research movement Delta Urbanism about 25 years ago. The two words describe the concept that brings focus on an integrative and interdisciplinary approach in the planning, designing and engineering of urbanised deltas –fragile and highly dynamic landscapes at sea, in deltas, and in estuaries– facing extreme challenges from competing claims and interests. As discourse, it investigates the possibilities to combine flood resilience, soil regeneration and water management strategies with urban design, landscape architecture and spatial planning. Finally, as practice, it has the objective to improve spatial form, function, and performance and innovate urban systems in urban and metropolitan delta and coastal regions.
The urgency for this novel approach is seen in the quest for a new dynamic equilibrium between urban growth, port- development, agriculture, environmental and ecological qualities, flood-defence systems and fresh-water supply. Delta Urbanism, as a field of interest and action, positions itself in this search of a new modernity: planning, designing and engineering the co-existence and equity between different forms of life and inhabitation and their reciprocity within the natural environment as a whole
119 Avenue de Wagram Parijs/Paris Auguste & Gustave Perret
Get PDFAuguste Perret (1874-1954) did not shun contradictions, neither in his finished work nor in his writings. Twin concepts such as frame and infill, order and chaos, and permanent and transient play an important role in both his theoretical treatises and his building practice. Perhaps this love of polar opposites explains why the brilliant student Perret suddenly left the École des Beaux-Arts to start work at his father’s construction company.
During this period he created a building that in some respects exemplifies the rest of his career and oeuvre. The nine-storey apartment building on the Avenue de Wagram in Paris, which was completed in 1902, is a synthesis of Louis Quinze and Art Nouveau and a model of modern architecture. The building’s symmetrical façade features five bays, of which the outer two overhang the pavement.
The sixth storey is accentuated by a colonnade, which also marks the end of the plant motifs that decorate the building from the ground floor up. The sixth floor is crowned by a floor with a cornice, which in turn is topped by the mansard roof.Zowel in zijn gebouwde werk als in zijn geschriften schuwde Auguste Perret (1874-1954) tegenstellingen niet. Begrippenparen als skelet en invulling, orde en wanorde en duurzaam en tijdelijk spelen een belangrijke rol in zowel zijn theoretische verhandelingen als zijn bouwpraktijk. Misschien verklaart die voorliefde voor polariteiten ook het plotselinge vertrek van de briljante student Perret van de École des Beaux-Arts om bij het bouwbedrijf van zijn vader te gaan werken.
In deze periode komt een gebouw tot stand dat in bepaalde opzichten bepalend is voor zijn verdere loopbaan en oeuvre. Het negen verdiepingen hoge appartementencomplex aan de Avenue de Wagram in Parijs, voltooid in 1902, is zowel een synthese van Louis Quinze en Art Nouveau als een proeve van moderne architectuur.
De symmetrische gevel van het gebouw telt vijf traveeën, waarvan de buitenste twee uitkragen over het trottoir. De zesde bouwlaag is geaccentueerd door een colonnade. Deze markeert tevens de beëindiging van de op de gevel aangebrachte plantenmotieven die het gebouw vanaf de begane grond sieren. Boven de zesde bouwlaag ligt nog een verdieping met een kroonlijst, daarboven ontspringt de mansardekap
Redactioneel
Get PDFThe concepts ‘standard’ and ‘ideal’ are inextricably associated in housing design. Efforts by various architects in the twentieth century to create standardized and affordable dwellings produced an endlessly varied series of ideal homes, some of which were built, others not. While large-scale housing is based to a high degree on optimization and repetition, residential floor plans have nevertheless proven to be the subject of continuous development. Roughly speaking, two approaches can be distinguished: on the one hand, the search for new typologies familiar to us from modern architecture, and on the other, the search for typological invention, which takes the conventions of existing house building practice as its starting point.
The recent collapse of our economic growth model has given renewed relevance to the call to reformulate housing ideals. With less money available and companies, government agencies and consumers avoiding major risks, the most obvious prediction seems that we are on the threshold of a new austerity. The question arises, however, whether it is actually advisable in these circumstances to fall back on existing standards. Now is perhaps the moment to develop new standards for the residential floor plan. At any rate, the present crisis will certainly compel architects to undertake a new search for better fitting solutions.
In this fourth edition of DASH we explore a possible direction in which these solutions might be found. Using classic and lesser known projects from inside and outside the Netherlands we study the oscillating movement of the residential floor plan, and the topical question of how to relate individual solutions and large-scale stacked housing developments. Although mass customization has for some time been the magic charm for banishing the spectre of twentiethcentury mass production, ‘standard’ solutions are still common in day-to-day building practice. This begs the question of how and to what extent differences can be usefully incorporated in mass housing.In het ontwerp van woningen zijn de begrippen standaard en ideaal onlosmakelijk met elkaar verbonden. De zoektochten van verschillende architecten naar de gestandaardiseerde en betaalbare woning heeft in de afgelopen eeuw een eindeloos gevarieerde reeks van al dan niet gerealiseerde ideaalwoningen opgeleverd. Hoewel grootschalige woningbouw in hoge mate gebaseerd is op optimalisatie en repetitie, blijkt de woningplattegrond toch onophoudelijk onderwerp van ontwikkeling. Er zijn grofweg twee benaderingen te onderscheiden: enerzijds de zoektocht naar nieuwe typologieën zoals we die kennen van de moderne architectuur, en anderzijds een streven naar optimalisatie dat juist vertrekt vanuit de conventies van de bestaande woningbouwpraktijk.
De recente ineenstorting van ons economische groeimodel maakt de roep, om idealen met betrekking tot de woning te herformuleren, opnieuw actueel. Omdat er minder geld beschikbaar is en bedrijven, overheden en consumenten grote risico’s mijden, lijkt de meest voor de handliggende voorspelling dat we ons op de drempel van een periode van nieuwe soberheid bevinden. Maar het is de vraag of het wel zo zinvol is om terug te grijpen op bestaande standaarden. Misschien is dit wel het moment om nieuwe standaards voor de woningplattegrond ontwikkelen? Vast staat in ieder geval dat de huidige crisis architecten dwingt opnieuw op zoek te gaan naar beter passende antwoorden.
Een mogelijke richting waarin die antwoorden gevonden kunnen worden, exploreren we in deze vierde uitgave van DASH. Aan de hand van klassieke en minder bekende projecten uit binnen- en buitenland bestuderen we de oscillerende beweging van de woningplattegrond, en de actuele vraag hoe individuele antwoorden en grootschalige gestapelde woningbouw met elkaar in relatie te brengen zijn. Want hoewel mass customization alweer enige tijd het toverwoord is, waarmee afscheid wordt genomen van de massaproductie van de twintigste eeuw, zijn in de dagelijkse bouwpraktijk ‘standaard’ oplossingen nog altijd talrijk. De vraag dringt zich daarmee op hoe en tot op welke hoogte verschillen op een zinvolle wijze in de massawoningbouw kunnen worden geïncorporeerd
Fidelity and Freedom in the Theory of Adaptive Reuse: Thinking with T.S. Eliot and Walter Benjamin
No full textThis essay contributes to the emerging theory of adaptive reuse of architectural sites by borrowing vocabulary that relates to the transposition between architecture and translation. Three aspects seem relevant in both disciplines: (1) carrying over meaning with respect for (2) tradition and (3) craftsmanship. In the process of adaptive reuse, buildings often receive a new program entailing shifts of meaning; hence the analogy with the art of translation. In addition to this negotiation of meaning, an attitude to tradition is also a valuable lens to approach this transposition between architecture and translation. In particular the dialectic process between fidelity and freedom. Walter Benjamin’s essay The Task of the Translator (1921) and T.S. Eliot’s Tradition and the Individual Talent (1919) offers richness and accuracy to the growing vocabulary on adaptive reuse. The essay illustrates this argument by looking at the remodeling of a 1859 prison into a Faculty of Law of the University of Hasselt in Flanders. The case study wants to illustrate this process of making both the original and the translation recognizable as fragments of a greater language. The enclosed typology of the prison was changed into an open, urban-oriented faculty of law. It shows us how memory can be both a generous database as well as a selective process. How memory and oblivion are two essential conditions for architecture to negotiate with heritage
On Atmosphere, Water and Soil
No full textThe present investigation portrays an experimental line of design and relational thinking aimed at establishing critical design premises in relation with the present state of change and crisis (Goddard et al., 2015 and Maxmen 2018). The description of abiotic and biotic shifts within the different realms -atmosphere, water and soil- inform the making of the urban / territorial project so it can contribute to the operationalization and management of the new conditions of life:
Atmosphere talks about the importance of reading the new biophysical conditions of life through the establishment of a land use system of performances for carbon drawdown and new suitability analysis. Water casts light in the regeneration of ecosystems at watershed level through vegetation density strategies -such as aforestation- to reverse desertification and enhance the water cycle via the Biotic Pump (Makarieva & Gorshkov, 2007). Both Water and Atmosphere describe shifting conditions that land on the Soil, the interface allowing for the interaction of systems, where abiotic conditions are translated and de-codified into biotic conditions that the urban project can design with. Therefore, Soil identifies the ground as the element of design, the sustaining infrastructure of all living systems and proposes the transition from current mono-functional land use systems to regenerative systems through vegetation diversity strategies.
The design of the territory of the new modernity, as an inter - multi - disciplinary process, must comprehend and project across the whole gradient of urbanization with the mission to regenerate urban landscapes, that is to say: to regulate atmospheric conditions, manage water patterns, sustain soil health and reconnect stronger culture and nature relations
Plandocumentatie Woningbouwtentoonstellingen
Get PDFThe planning documentation for this ninth issue of DASH contains ten exhibition projects that give an overview of the different approaches to, and motivations behind, housing exhibitions during the past 100 years. All of the documented examples featured homes exhibited on a 1:1 scale. With the exception of the exhibition ‘Die Wohnung unserer Zeit’, which was meant to be temporary, the homes in the other nine projects remained even after the exhibition period was finished, and have since been permanently inhabited. Each of these ten exhibitions forms a mirror of the prevailing Zeitgeist. They call for change, expose shortcomings, form a platform for experimentation, offer a stage for political propaganda, or attempt to initiate urban renewal.In de plandocumentatie van deze negende DASH staan tien tentoonstellingsprojecten die een overzicht bieden van de verschillende benaderingen bij woningbouwtentoonstellingen gedurende de afgelopen 100 jaar. In alle voorbeelden was (en is) sprake van het tentoonstellen van woningen schaal 1:1. Met uitzondering van de als tijdelijk opgezette tentoonstelling ‘Die Wohnung unserer Zeit’ zijn de woningen na de tentoonstellingperiode behouden en permanent bewoond. De tien tentoonstellingen vormen stuk voor stuk een spiegel van de heersende tijdgeest. Ze roepen op tot verandering, stellen misstanden aan de kaak, vormen een platform voor experiment of politieke propaganda en zijn initiator van stedelijke vernieuwingsprocessen
Introduction
Get PDFEnergy-efficient office renovation is obviously required for the reasons mentioned in the previous section, and there is a great growth of energy renovation projects in practice. However, does a high energy performance office provide a comfortable working environment to its users? One of the reasons of office existence is to provide comfortable and healthy indoor environments (Ornetzeder et al., 2016). According to Klepeis et al. (2001), people spend over 80% of their time in enclosed spaces. Moreover, good indoor environments can lead to an increase of occupants’ productivity (Al-Horr et al., 2016). For these reasons, planning healthy and comfortable work environment can be as important as reducing energy use. The question is, how can we design healthy and comfortable work environments, with which the users are satisfied? The starting point to answer this question is to include building users’ requirements and satisfaction in workspaces in energy renovation schemes. A concern is that conventional renovation principles are mainly physical- and technical-oriented, whereas it does not focus on enhancing user satisfaction in the work environment. Moreover, as long as the renovated building does not offer sufficient quality or satisfaction, there will be less demand for renovated office buildings. When energy efficiency is considered as the only advantage of office renovation, it is difficult to convince developers, building owners, and investors that renovation is useful. From a managerial perspective, achieving better employee’s satisfaction should be a focal point to strengthen the market values of renovated offices, thereby achieving a higher demand from the market, preventing environmental degradation or vacancy of existing buildings. Therefore, office renovation also has to provide a high-level of comfortable work environment for the users’ well-being and satisfaction beside maximising energy reduction goals. Therefore, there is a significant need to investigate how to define the users’ satisfaction to contribute to better office renovations.
The relationship between indoor climate and users’ physical health has been explored in extensive research (Al Horr et al., 2016; Bluyssen et al., 2016; Leder et al., 2016; Mandin et al., 2017). Followed by these studies, the framework of international green building rating systems such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) include a category of social sustainability as a means of providing a healthy and comfortable environment to users for both new and renovated buildings (Sarkis et al., 2012; Zuo & Zhao, 2014). Although international green building rating systems address the significance of including user perspectives, there is a lack of guidelines and information that focus on user satisfaction in building renovation. Especially, the relationship between design factors and user satisfaction has rarely been investigated due to several reasons; user satisfaction is a subjective topic; design factors are closely related to energy efficiency and aesthetic aspects rather than user satisfaction. Therefore, the main problem is that in spite of the development of various renovation techniques, there is still a lack of renovation design principles considering user preferences and user satisfaction due to the indirect relationship with energy use.
In any renovation project, the initiative is the most significant phase to ensure proper decisions and to optimise overall renovation values and results, that should be considered in the early renovation design stage. Jensen and Maslesa (2015) stated that the main barriers include lack of standard principles and a lacking overview of potential values in the initiative phase. To summarise all these aspects, it is required to develop an overview of potential values and standard design principles that not only focus on energy efficiency but also on the building users for office renovations
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