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Decentralised Traffic Management for Constrained Urban Airspace: Dynamically Generating and Acting Upon Aggregate Flow Data
Full text linkThere are several efforts to explore employing drones to replace ground transportation in cities. However, this would mean that the expected traffic densities would be significantly higher than existing air traffic management. A decentralised system for traffic management may be necessary in this future because (1) not all airspace actors will want to freely share data, (2) the uncertainty of missions due to wind or other factors could make a previous plan inoperable, and (3) the ad hoc nature of urban missions makes them difficult to plan in advance. This work focuses on the challenges of drone operations within constrained urban airspace. We define constrained airspace as a virtual network overlaid on the physical environment, where tall buildings and urban infrastructure dictate the allowed routes. Drones are restricted to flying within this virtual network, either above the existing street network or along other predetermined segments. A dynamic and decentralised traffic management method is presented. The method uses current aggregate flow data to identify and alter the cost of travelling through high-density clusters. The goal is to reduce local traffic density and complexity by encouraging alternate routes. Three different clustering strategies are presented that look at the current position of aircraft and recent safety events. The dynamic traffic management method is first illustrated with two simple example scenarios. Then an experiment is conducted with different traffic demand levels within the city of Rotterdam. It was observed that when using traffic complexity indicators, the method is able to reduce safety events by 30 percent while only increasing the distance travelled by 6 percent.
A Postphenomenological Guide to AI Regulation
Full text linkThe rise of AI has led many regulators around the world to realize that they need to intervene and safeguard their citizens from the potential harms of this technology. The “posterchild” of the regulatory efforts is the EU’s AI Act, with the first draft published in April 2021. The Act employs a risk-based approach, listing specific AI applications and ranking them according to their potential harm. The fast adoption of ChatGPT signaled to the legislators that generative AI should not be left outside the Act. The changes that were introduced to the 2021 draft consumed intensive negotiations ending only in December 2023. A new risk arises, namely that the regulation will become outdated even before the relevant law is enacted, as newer forms of AI are likely to require additions and amendments to the AI Act. This is the challenge to be addressed by this article. The aim is to suggest a map of AI risks to be answered by future AI regulation to ensure it can handle new risks, potential and actual alike. The proposed mapping of AI risks is based on the postphenomenological relations originally developed by Ihde and their variations as developed in the context of AI. The variation assumes that the intentionality arrow, usually pointing from the experiencing “I”, is likely to be reversed in the presence of AI. Each AI-oriented relation is discussed via an ethical-political analysis in light of the works of Robert Rosenberger and Peter-Paul Verbeek. The result is recommendations for new legislation on AI
How metropolis impact the Tourism-Residence Relationship of its suburb: A case study of Naka-Uji area, Uji City, Kyoto Prefecture
Full text linkMetropolis can influence populations, industries, physical space, living environment, and more of its suburbs. Suburbs serve as a buffer space between urban and towns, carrying a series of problems in urban development. Kyoto is one of the metropolises in Japan which is famous for its long history. Uji, located on the outskirts of Kyoto, has also prospered in tourism because of its long history and the World Heritage Byodoin Temple. Through historical data, ancient map surveys, and statistics, this research concludes that metropolis plays a decisive role in the tourism development of their surrounding suburbs and that their policies about the tourism development will affect the tourism activities in its suburban and then impact on the number, layout, use of buildings and living environment in the suburbs
From Perahus to Cars: Sectoral Planning and the Transformation of Fishing Villages in Kuching, Sarawak
Full text linkAs Kuching, Sarawak expanded in the 20th century, Malay fishing villages on the edge of Kuching\u27s rivers faced challenges due to congested waters and disruptions caused by sectoral planning policies. The villages\u27 growth trajectories were determined by economic activities in their vicinity, such as industrial estates, trading ports, educational institutions, or eco-tourism in rainforest parks. Situated in various locations, they have undergone significant changes that are directly linked to the expansion of Kuching and the emergence of new infrastructure. The replacement of rivers with roads has gradually severed their historic connection to the river, leading to a fundamental reshaping of their built environment, livelihoods, and sense of community. This study examines the transformation of four Kuching fishing villages from the 20th century to the present day. Drawing on in-depth semi-structured interviews with villagers, preliminary fieldwork, studies of settlement morphology, and analysis of planning documents, this research uncovers the often-overlooked human costs of sectoral planning and offers valuable lessons for planners facing similar challenges in Southeast Asia and beyond. Through the lens of four fishing villages in Kuching, we reveal the complex interplay between infrastructure growth, social resilience, and economic viability in the face of rapid development and call for a nuanced approach to planning that prioritises the well-being of peripheral rural communities
The development of the port of Nagoya as the timber complex hub and the formation of its waterfront zone: Focusing on the oversea shipping routes
Full text linkThe purpose of this study is to clarify how the Port of Nagoya waterfront zone was formed focusing on the relationship between the connection of global trading networks and the formation of waterfront zone by timber industry. In the process of the Japanese modernization, the timber market expanded due to demand for the construction of industrial infrastructure. The area around Nagoya has had a thriving timber industry since the early modern period, and timber was transported from mountains through rivers by rafts until the 1910s. However, Once the first stage of modern port construction completed, large volumes of timber began to be imported from East Asia and North America. It led to the rapid construction of lumberyards until 1920s, and simultaneously oversea shipping routes have increased. Some timber merchants established land development companies to operate huge marine lumberyards and develop lands around there as an offshoot of the major spatial changes in waterfront zone. After all, the general form of the Port of Nagoya and principles for the use of the port area were defined by the timber transportation. Capturing these relationships gives an exogenous perspective to explain the formation process of the Port of Nagoya
Garden City as a Techno-Spatial Assemblage under Wartime Urban Regime: A Case of Jhongsing New Village, Taiwan
Full text linkBased on the 1950s-history of East Asian Cold War geopolitics, this paper illustrates how the idea of Western Garden City was techno-spatially reassembled by the Republic of China (R.O.C.) Government exiled to Taiwan to assist its wartime urban regime for enforcing air defence-evacuation strategy. We use Jhongsing New Village (JNV) – the seating of Taiwan Provincial Government – as a case owing to its status as not only the earliest detail new town plan in postwar Taiwan, but also a specific local (re)assemblage of hybrid planning legacies, new planning technology, and martial spatial politics – the Britian Garden City utopia, air raid experience and revanchist deployment of the Nationalist technocrats, and Japanese planning legacy in Taiwan – to shape a regional warfare evacuation town. JNV provided a place for experimenting cold war city through spatial components with variegated modernity threads, planning culture genealogies, and national contexts. Integrating the 1950s-historical materials of Taiwan’s spatial planning with the viewpoints of urban policy transfer and regime theory, we propose the concept of “wartime urban regime” (WUR) to scrutinize the influence of the Martial Law on Taiwan’s municipal governance. Connecting the Japanese colonial planning legacy and modernity imagination inherited by the planning technocrats, we explore the planning concepts, geo-strategic intentions, and institutional reassembling process of JNV and argue that, as a spatial device projecting WUR, JNV is a remixed product of cold war spatial planning providing a contested lab for multiple planning ideas – fulfilling air defence evacuation, compromising Japanese legacies and technocrat ideals, and learning new planning knowledges
‘Everyone knows what a first-class town should comprise’: Grahame Shaw’s ideal new town, new community milieux
Full text linkAustralian architect-planner Grahame Shaw (1928-1985) is perhaps best remembered in Melbourne as co-author of the notorious ‘Shaw-Davey’ report (1960), which consigned 410 hectares (1000 acres) of inner city housing for demolition purely on the basis of an apparently slapdash ‘windscreen survey’. These buildings were to make way for an intensive program of high rise tower blocks constructed by the state to house both extant locals and new migrants. However, even while he was working as Chief Architect for the Housing Commission of Victoria (HCV), Shaw was much more than a mere bean counter in the thrall of modernist planning. This paper examines Shaw’s involvement in two important early 1960s projects for the HCV: the rollout of the new industrial town of Churchill, 160km east of Melbourne, and the creation of the new high-rise Hotham Gardens housing estate, 3km from Melbourne’s centre. In both projects Shaw was interested in creating social spaces for new communities and eager to synthesise a global best-practice environment for community building. He brought a strong interest in high-rise housing (using London models such as Radiation House in Neasden and the proposals for a new town at Hook) to his HCV work, but also aspired to temper these with a ‘human touch’. The 1960s projects are contrasted with a later design from his private practice: the briefly notorious ‘Island City’, planned for construction adjacent to Port Melbourne. This paper is therefore an examination of international influence on, and the political and economic context for, Australian urban design in the early 1960s. It is also a study of Shaw’s particular approach. Additionally, it looks at the legacy of the Churchill and North Melbourne examples now in their seventh decade, with commentary on the future of these spaces in the 2020s
No room for culture? A brief review of cultural and urban planning in Hong Kong since the late 20th century
Full text linkA cultural city is represented by its iconic cultural architecture, often attributed to the capacity for urban transformation vis-à-vis the legacy of Bilbao. However, cultural landmarks were conceived in urban development plans long before emerging on the architect’s drawing board. Meanwhile, advocacy in cultural support argues for the intrinsic value of culture, which has a greater social impact that cannot be measured by economic utility alone. This paper will discuss the planning of cultural facilities within the context of Hong Kong’s pronounced urban planning for economic growth, to unpack the sometimes-conflicting objectives between urban and cultural development. It will be done by mapping out key cultural projects since the post-war period and its intricate relationship with the major urban development plan. Although Hong Kong has never had a well-defined cultural policy, the piecemeal development of both landmark and district cultural facilities over the past decades has nonetheless constructed a rich depository of cultural resources. The establishment of the Culture, Sports, and Tourism Bureau (CSTB) in 2022 provides a timely occasion to review the trajectory of Hong Kong’s cultural development, from which this paper proposes to reconsider future cultural planning other than the mega-project developmental approach
Towards the "Democratization of Urban Planning": The Realities of Social and Urban Planning Change in Japan\u27s Post-W.W. II Reconstruction Period
No full textUrban reconstruction after W.W. II was a common experience for war-torn European and Asian cities. However, as a defeated country, Japan\u27s urban planning had to do more than just physically rebuild its cities; it had to update the character of urban planning for postwar society. The central idea behind the transformation of Japan\u27s postwar society was "democratization”. This paper aims to clarify what the "democratization of urban planning" was in Japan\u27s postwar reconstruction period. First, mainly based on articles in the magazine Fukkō Jōhō, published by the War Damage Reconstruction Agency, it is confirmed that the main issues of "democratization of urban planning" were criticism of bureaucratic self- righteousness in prewar urban planning and private sector participation in urban planning. The practice of "democratization of urban planning" in the Tokyo Metropolitan Government\u27s war reconstruction plan is summarized. Finally, the content and reality of the Urban Reconstruction Exhibition, which was toured major cities nationwide is mentioned. In the conclusion, however, it is pointed out that while these attempts were made, there was no institutionalization of citizen participation, no mechanism for utilizing private sector urban planning proposals, and in general, the "democratization of urban planning" remained an ideology
The Historical Change of the Perception of Greater Colonial Seoul (1920-1935)
Full text linkA century ago, Colonial Seoul\u27s (Keijo in Japanese) population surpassed 250,000, resulting in rapid urbanization exceeding 5,000 people per square kilometers. This led to challenges related to housing, hygiene, and traffic congestion. This study examines how Colonial Seoul residents\u27 perception of the city\u27s extent changed in the 1920s-30s and how authorities responded through urban planning based on newspaper articles and official urban planning documents. Through this investigation, the following implications can be derived: First, just a decade after Japan\u27s annexation, colonial Seoul\u27s expansion was accepted by residents as an imminent future, corroborated by the Keijo Urban Planning Research Group\u27s activities, although led mainly by Japanese capitalists and bureaucrats with limited Korean input. This transformation to Greater Keijo provided an opportunity to address not only the positive metropolis vision but also urban problems like poverty, insufficient utilities, and transportation. Secondly, through chronological analysis, the purpose and underlying demands supporting expansion gradually changed. Discussions until around 1930 aimed to resolve urban problems and promote growth. But after 1931\u27s Manchurian Incident, the emphasis shifted to strengthening the war effort and enabling better functioning within the Japanese economic bloc