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Long term transformation of building locations in 8 villages along the Sanriku coast, tsunami-prone area
Full text linkThe Sanriku coastal region of Iwate Prefecture was severely damaged by the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011. The area has been repeatedly hit by tsunamis since the 1896 Meiji Sanriku Tsunami, the 1933 Showa Sanriku Tsunami, and the 1960 Chile Earthquake Tsunami, and is therefore called a "tsunami prone area" in prior research. However, this discourse has not been verified. In this study, we quantitatively analysed spatial changes in representative 8 villages along the Sanriku coast from the 1960s to 2022. Firstly, we traced aerial photographs taken since the 1960s on GIS, and created data on infrastructure such as roads and the location of all buildings in the villages. Secondly, all residential areas in the villages were categorized into 10 types according to their formation process and whether or not they were inundated by the Great East Japan Earthquake, and the number of buildings, building density, distance to fishing ports, and elevation were calculated to reveal spatial transformations. As a result, it became clear the eight villages can be roughly classified into two groups: those absorbed the increase in the number of buildings in the district from the 60s to the 00s through gentle slope sprawl and planned residential development, and those suffered significant damage from the Great East Japan Earthquake as residential areas spread within past flooded areas. On the other hand, even within the latter, changes contributed to the reduction of damage were identified, such as the concentration around stations and along national roads, and the relocation to higher ground was planned after the Showa Sanriku tsunami. These results support the discourse tsunami prone areas have been learning from past tsunamis. The study also succeeded in extracting a desirable change, sprawl on gentle slopes during the inter-disaster period, which had not been clearly visualized previously
From Company Towns to ‘Technopolis’: Understanding the Evolution of Industry-Driven Urban Development in Hong Kong
Full text linkThe concept of the company town, once a key driver of urban development and vehicle for progressive town planning ideas, has been studied for its utopian and dystopian outcomes, and economic and social vulnerabilities. Given its dense population and post-colonial background, Hong Kong has a legacy of company town development that spurred its initial economic growth as a manufacturing hub, followed by property developer-driven urbanization in later stages. Presently, the city is actively striving to diversify its economy and develop its technology industry and is planning several new industry-driven New Town developments. In this context, it is helpful to re-examine the company town model and explore sustainable employment-driven urban planning for future Hong Kong. This research study has begun with categorizing and classifying historic company towns’ operational models and types through a critical literature review. It then analysed the development of the company town in Hong Kong through three cases that represent different historical periods. It examined land use, urban morphology, and live-work patterns at the district scale. By investigating the historical context and challenges of company town development, the study contributes to understanding the role of industry-based urban planning in shaping Hong Kong. It offers valuable insights for the design and planning of future Hong Kong, particularly in creating balanced living-working environments and promoting sustainable development
Location, Function, Boundaries: Tracking the History of Urban Expansion in Hanoi, 1960-2020
Full text linkUrban expansion planning plays a pivotal role in orchestrating the potential development of urban spaces while accommodating the increasing population demands and fostering sustainable urban development. This paper focuses on Hanoi’s urban expansion planning practice from 1960-2020, dividing into three different stages with seven proposals: 1) the first stage(1960-1975), the planner uses a monocentric urban model in the Finger Plan; 2) the second stage(1975-1986) reflects two different planning approaches, one was inspired by planning techniques employed in the Soviet Union to develop a new center which located 30-50km away from the existing city, the other was inherited proposals from the 1960s; 3) the third stage(1986-2020) evolves a comprehensive model which combined polycentric urban model with green belts and new towns. The paper particularly analyzes the location, function, and boundaries of urban expansion areas of Hanoi by using primary and secondary materials from the Vietnam Institute for Urban and Rural Planning, the Ministry of Construction,etc. It reveals that urban expansion proposals in Hanoi are politically driven, and lack science due to relying on inaccurate population and economic forecasts
Urban Expressways: Analysing the Legacy of the Hershey Conference
Full text linkIn June 1962, Hershey, Pennsylvania hosted the conference "Freeways in the Urban Setting." The gathering occurred only six years after the enactment of the 1956 Federal-Aid Highway Act, which laid the financial groundwork for the Interstate Highway System. Amidst mounting public discontent and a series of contentious debates, the conference convened with a singular aim: to address the challenges posed by urban expressways in isolation from the broader highway network. Central to the conference\u27s discourse were two primary objectives: the strategic design and placement of urban expressways within city landscapes. These deliberations were underpinned by three critical factors shaping urban evolution: land use patterns, aesthetic considerations, and the integration of multimodal transportation networks. The Hershey Conference was not merely a gathering; it served as a harbinger of change. It served as the hopeful prelude of a new Federal-Aid Highway Act, signed into law by President John F. Kennedy on October 23rd of the same year. This legislative milestone marked the climax of a tumultuous period characterized by widespread protests, accusations of corruption, and entrenched bureaucratic resistance, which had eroded the initial public consensus in favor of the expressway projects. This paper aims to delve into the substance of the Hershey Conference within the broader context of urban planning history. Specifically, it will analyze the conference proceedings against the backdrop of two pivotal events, the 1959 45-49 Resolution in San Francisco and the implementation of the 3C Planning Process, an executive procedure stemming from the 1962 legislation signed by President Kennedy. By contextualizing the Hershey Conference within the larger narrative of urban planning evolution in American cities, this study seeks to shed light on its legacy and contribute to the broader discourse on urban development strategies
Urban planning as political experimentation: A study of Special Economic Zones in China
Full text linkChina\u27s economic rise has engendered fresh inquiries about new possible development models. The Reform and Opening policy, initiated in 1978, has allowed China to explore market strategies that align with its socialist planned economy. This exploration has primarily occurred within designated areas known as Special Economic Zones (SEZs), which serve as experimental grounds for innovative policies. These SEZs are not only seen as urban endeavours but also as the vanguard of a political agenda geared towards modernising and innovating institutions. The concept of SEZs has arisen from the common interests of local, national, and international stakeholders, all aiming for mutually advantageous outcomes. This political endeavour has empowered China to address not only political conflicts with resistant regions and post-Cold War Western powers but also to cultivate a competitive political landscape that consistently enhances its institutions. As a result, the experimental urban developments incorporated by SEZs have evolved into a unique and efficient territorial development model. For nations in the Global South, China\u27s SEZ provides valuable insights into an alternative route towards collaborative and integrated development. This investigation seeks to delineate the fundamental economic and political insights gleaned from China\u27s SEZ initiative
The Perspective of Integrated Protection of Industrial Heritage: A Case Study of Shuanggou Historical Town Protection Planning
Full text linkThis article will emphasis on a special kind of industrial heritage, the alcohol-drink industry heritage. Currently, there are 163 sites of the Chinese industrial heritage, most of them are established after 1900s. however, the liquor industry heritages are different with most of industrial heritage that this kind of heritage inherited long history of brewing traditional industry. Meanwhile, the liquor producing mode was transited from manual workshop to modern industry during the modernization upgrades after the founding of New China, and continuing to this day. therefore, the alcohol-drink industry heritage is a witness for development of traditional Chinese industries and represent the characteristics of living heritage. Additionally, due to geographical constraints on alcohol-drink producing, there is used to a close relationship between distilleries and the towns they are located in. This relationship demonstrates how towns promote the clustering of the alcohol industry, and how the distilleries influence on the economic and spatial development of these towns. However, currently, the protection practices of industrial heritage mainly focus on the conservation and utilization of the core items of the heritage, and lack of attention on the relationship between industrial heritage and the surrounding factory towns. In December 2023, the Jiangsu provincial government announced Yanghe town and Shuanggou town as Jiangsu Historical Towns. It shows a perspective of industrial heritage protection extent towards the urban-rural relationships on which these heritages based on, and a discission to protect that kind relationship. Therefore, this article based on the application work for the Jiangsu Historical Town of Shuanggou, and it revaluates the value of the Shuanggou alcohol-drink industry for the development of the town from the perspectives of geographical factors, industrial development transition and distiller-town relationships. And the framework for town protection was constructed by the value
Garden Travelogues: Narrating the Past and Re-sharing the Future of the Nicosian Garden
Full text linkIn this article I introduce the alien view of the traveller, the view from outside, as presented in a number of travel narratives describing the type of the domestic enclosed garden in Nicosia. I focus on three books published between the fourteenth and twentieth century, and do a comparative analysis of the narratives based on the information they provide about Nicosian gardens. I investigate how this knowledge can be used to develop design strategies for gardens as a typology in architectural and urban design. As a demonstration, I discuss the project ‘Nicosian Garden Network’, which uses the historically iconic element of the garden and its narrated spatial qualities as an answer to the problem of urban fragmentation and the presence of a large number of unused plots in the city of Nicosia. The project incorporates unused sites of different sizes into a network of shared semi-public urban spaces that could reconnect the landscape, create conditions of sharing by the different communities on a daily basis, and regain its iconic presence in the contemporary city. The article aims to contribute to the discussion about ways in which travelogues, guides and other forms of travel literature can construct a field of knowledge about vernacular architecture and implement contemporary approaches to architectural design
On Science Fiction, Heritage Architecture and Other Demons: In Conversation with Moira Crone
Full text linkThis conversation with Moira Crone was inspired by her science fiction novel The Not Yet. The interview opens with a question regarding the capacity of architectural heritage to carry past and present values, as well as our stories, and help us make sense of the world. With an emphasis on the historic French quarter in New Orleans, Crone explains why the preservation of the city’s most famous neighborhood was necessary for the plot and how in reality this preservation takes place. She discusses the difficult and cruel history of plantation homes in Louisiana, as well as moments in which the strict racial hierarchies broke down, creating possibilities for different ways of co-existence among its inhabitants. Crone unpacks her ideas about archetypical architectural spaces like the theater, and the subversive role it can play in contemporary or imaginative societies. The interview concludes with a discussion about science fiction’s connections to architectural thinking and the author’s creative process
Living Walls: Octavia E. Butler and Xenoarchitecture as an Interspecies Mediator
Full text linkIn her acclaimed science fiction trilogy Xenogenesis, Octavia E. Butler presents a narrative of interspecies coexistence involving humans and the alien Oankali. This coexistence is facilitated by living entities known as Lo, which serve as dynamic architectures mediating positive, mutualistic interactions between the two species. These entities offer a valuable framework for analysing architectures that seek to integrate the other. In this article, we propose to extend existing debates on interspecies co-design practices and link them to the concept of xenoarchitecture. Furthermore, we propose the Interspecies Interaction Protocols (IIP) to regulate human/other-than-human interactions in built environments. To demonstrate that xenoarchitecture’s interspecies mediating vision can be applied to non-fictional real-world architecture, we project ideas from Butler’s onto three unusual examples of buildings that achieve this human/other-than-human mediation: the library at the National Palace of Mafra and Coimbra University’s Joanina Library, both located in Portugal, and the Karni Mata temple, located in Rajasthan, India. These case studies illustrate positive IIPs that facilitate mutualistic coexistence between humans and two other species, bats and rats
Understanding a Future Yet to Take Shape: The Worlds of Butler, Le Guin and Atwood as Prism for Building (in) Society
Full text linkAn issue on narrating shared futures (‘How will we live together?’) implies being able to conceive of a mutual and shared experience. The history of shared heritages often contains other figures in the margins: those who were not seen as part of the dominant cultural narrative, or whose contribution to its heritage went unacknowledged. The holistic view of the 2018 Davos declaration on Baukultur embraces a more integral view of the built environment and society. In order to explore some of the cultural narratives that shape our past and envision a shared future, this article takes a closer look at three science fiction authors and how their stories draw lessons from the past into a narration of possible futures. Ursula K. Le Guin, Octavia Butler and Margaret Atwood have each envisioned futures that draw from contemporary developments and expand them to an overarching logic as the setting of their tales. Rather than directly examining (un)built heritages, this article examines the underlying cultural logic of building on the past. If architecture provides a foundation for a shared (and inclusive) future, the stories constructed by these authors show how the built environment resonates with societal principles, aiding or hindering particular collective values