Romanian Journal of History and International Studies (RJHIS)
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Impact of Colonial Rule on Inter-group Relations Between the Benin and the Esan Peoples of Nigeria
Get PDFThis paper examines the impact of British Colonial rule on intergroup relations between Benin and Esan communities. British contact with most Nigerian states, kingdoms and empires in the twentieth century had far reaching effect on inter-group relations. However, the extent to which colonial rule impacted on inter-group relations amongst the peoples of Nigeria has not been given its proper place in the existing literature. With the use of primary and secondary sources, the paper discusses the conquest and imposition of colonial rule on Benin and Esan and how these impacted on the social, political and economic relations among the people. Benin and Esan had hitherto enjoyed varied degrees of relations - from cordial to hostile – especially in the pre-colonial period. However, the emergence of colonial rule and the socio-political and economic policies initiated by the colonial authorities further added new dimensions to the relationship between Benin and Esan as both gravitated from independent to dependent status
Attlee and Bevin’s Perspectives on the Formation of the United Nations in 1945
No full textThe Labour Party came to power in July 1945. Atlee, the Prime Minister, well-known for his internationalist outlook within the Labour Party in the interwar years, considered that it was timely to make the United Nations more powerful in international politics if peace and security were to be preserved. He was committed to the internationalist view that the presence of world government was necessary in the management of the new international order between states in peacetime. Thus, he had no hesitation in committing Britain to this new direction in its foreign policy. To Atlee, all states, including the world power, were not only base their policy on the United Nations, but also to subordinate themselves to the United Nations as the world’s highest authority. Nevertheless, his Foreign Secretary, Ernest Bevin, shared none of these assumptions. He instead, shared the political view that Britain should pursue and uphold its standing as a Great Power. He continued to hold his nationalist and imperialist views in peacetime, even though it was in conflict with the internationalist view of his own Prime Minister
The The Precarious Nature of Romanian Identity and Nationality: The Intellectuals’ National Identification Process through Youth, Peasants, and Jews in the Interwar Period. (Part I)
No full textThe first part of a two part series, this article explores the confluence of Romanian intellectual culture in the interwar period, with a distinct concentration on the particularity of Romanian identity and its transformation amid the changing rhetoric of plurinationality. Ultimately the process by which a concrete Romanian identity was formed within the rhetoric of intellectuals was the result of elements of differing views of nationality, the Romanian peasantry, and Christian Orthodoxy all of which were salient elements of Romanian society during the rise of extremists groups such as the Iron Guard. This article explores the way numerous Romanian intellectuals understood and defined their own and the nation‟s identity by projecting certain elements upon the Jewry through their own work, thus adding a new layer of complexity to the way that we understand the rise of right-wing extremism in Romania in the 1920s and 1930s
The Malaysian Federation in 1963 and the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation: An Analysis of the Bipolar International System
Get PDFThis paper discusses the formation of the Federation of Malaysia and the Indonesian objection to it from the perspective of the bipolar international system. The confrontation policy launched by Indonesia in September 1963 ended in April 1967 when Suharto became president. Why did the policy and bilateral relation change after the fall of Sukarno? We assess that the systemic factor strongly influenced the Indonesian policy towards Malaysia. The bilateral relations between the two countries shifted after April 1967 as a result of the changes that took place in Indonesian domestic politics. Western powers, especially the United States, had supported Suharto’s ascension to power, with the purpose of avoiding the formation of a communist state in the region. This paper demonstrates that the systemic structure has strongly influenced the Indonesian policy towards Malaysia. The changes in the domestic politics of Indonesia could be considered a part of the United States’ strategy of blocking communism from spreading in Southeast Asia
Britain’s Role in the Security Construct for the Persian Gulf
Get PDFThe British withdrawal of 1968 is seen as the end of British influence and involvement in the Persian Gulf. Seeing how their presence in the Gulf was vital to the security and stability of the region, one is left with questions to why the region continued to remain stable after the withdrawal. Literature brings into discussion a transition from British to American influence in the region. However, it can be argued that this answer is somewhat unsatisfactory. Thus, this study investigates the role played by Her Majesty’s Government in the conception and maintenance of a security construct for the Persian Gulf, based on the ‘Pax Britannica’ model, which filed the British void between 1968 and 1980
The Wars’ Legality and Legitimacy
Get PDFWar was and still is a much disputed subject on the global landscape, especially when it is fought for humanitarian reasons. International experience shows us this phenomenon is increasing, as well as the interference in the domestic affairs of states, when serious violations of human rights in a given territory (for example genocide, mass murder, abuse etc.) are committed. It is important that all these events develop under a legal framework, so that all the supposed interventions acquire legitimacy. Nowadays, there is an intense debate about the possibility of a war to be morally and legally fought
Kosovo in the First Balkan War
Get PDFOctober 1912 brought dramatic developments in the Balkans, as Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria and Greece created an alliance with the intent to occupy territories of the Ottoman Empire. Offering a documented point of view, based on archives and other historical documents, this paper addresses some of the political and military developments of Balkans War, specifically in the Vilayet area of Kosovo, an autonomous territory within Ottoman Empire. Further on we address the Serbian military operations in Kosovo and Macedonia, where the majority of population was ethnic Albanian. In spring of 1912, the Albanian population of Kosovo started an overall uprising for liberation from the Ottoman Empire. Notwithstanding their will to fight together with other Balkan nations against the Ottomans, Albanians were not accepted within the alliance. This article addresses the crimes committed by Balkan armies, specifically Serbian army against Albanian civil population
The Abyssinian War and the League of Nations: Debates in the Council
Get PDFThe study will analyze how the Council of the League of Nations acted as a forum for discussions during the Abyssinian war (1935-1936). Most studies focused on the war underline the powerless of the League and of its Council. Moreover, the Council’s role as a forum for discussions during the dispute is generally overlooked. However, the Council offered the parties involved or with interest in the conflict the opportunity to express their position and test the world opinion. The paper will study this issue by examining the minutes of the Council’s meetings, published in the League of Nations Official Journal. Other sources used are the Italian media, and memoires and journals of Italian, French and British representatives
An appraisal of democratization and rule of law in local government administration in Nigeria
Get PDFLocal government in Nigeria is bedevilled with a lot of inherent problems which almost completely defeat the essence of its creation and subsequent reformation in the first place. Ironically, its unfortunate position is foisted on it by the very document which birthed it – the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, by fating its subsistence on the will of the various states. This makes its naissance a stillbirth. This paper adopts theoretical research methodology to address the problems associated with Nigerian local government system whose functioning is willed by state governments, through withholding of local government funds, indiscriminate removal of democratically elected local government chairmen, systematic delays in the conduct of local government elections, etc. The work suggests that an autonomous local government will be better positioned to realize the aspirations captured under Section 1 of the Fourth Schedule of the 1999 Constitution (as amended)
Ideology and Demography in Romanian urban centres (1945-1989)
Get PDFOur research among urban development and society in the communist period begins at the reality of actual Romanian cities. The idea of living in apartment blocks was not new at the beginning of communism. It began in western, industrial developed countries, but socialism included some ideological patterns to it. Socialists say that the ”new man” should live in the city, where his workplace is. Also, everybody should live in the same conditions, even if they were, in some cases, poor and claustrophobic. In this paper we proposed a short analysis on how socialism influenced shaping cities in Romania. The ideological pattern is general, as seen in every socialist country, like the Soviet Union, but we also managed to give some local examples, as identified in political speech. Also, statistics show how investments in housing increased in these years and how Transylvanian cities transformed because of the Romanian migratory