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Lipid-lowering therapy in patients with hypercholesterolemia in terms of the POLSCORE and SCORE2 scales. A single-center retrospective analysis
No full textBackground: The global mortality rates due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are still alarmingly high, highlighting the need for accurate assessment of the risk of severe cardiovascular (CV) events. To address this, the Pol-SCORE and SCORE2 scales have been developed. Methods: We conducted an observational and retrospective analysis of 450 patients with LDL ≥ 100 mg/dL admitted to the Clinical Hospital of the Medical University of Warsaw between 2019 and 2020. The objective of our study was to assess the treatment in patients with high levels of LDL cholesterol, without pre-existing CVD, by estimating their CV risk using the Pol-SCORE and SCORE2 scales. Result: We enrolled a total of 150 patients in the study: 86 women (57.3%) and 64 men (42.7%), with an average age of 55.1 years. The high-risk category in the SCORE2 scale included patients with low, moderate, high, and very high risk estimated in the Pol-SCORE scale. It was statistically significant (p < 0.0001) in the distribution of risk assessment results between groups of CV risk. Conclusions: According to research, the Pol-SCORE scale has been found to potentially underestimate the likelihood of CV events occurring when compared to the SCORE2 scale, which has a more cautious and restrictive approach. Patients with high and very high risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD are not receiving appropriate treatment. To identify and implement proper recommendations and treatments for patients with elevated risk, the SCORE2 scale should be utilized to estimate CV risk events
Beyond BRCA1 and BRCA2 — a germline PALB2 deletion and CHEK2 substitution in a woman with breast cancer and family history of cancer
No full textGenes that encode proteins involved in DNA repair have been extensively studied in relation to tumorigenesis and cancer treatment. Many germline variants that significantly increase the risk of cancer development have been identified, with PALB2 and CHEK2 being among those genes of interest, as they influence the likelihood of cancer occurrence, such as breast and prostate cancer. This study presents a family with multiple cancer cases carrying germline variants in PALB2 (c.172_175del, p.Gln60Argfs) and CHEK2 (c.470T>C, p.Ile157Thr). In the individual in whom the variants were first discovered, early-onset breast cancer occurred. While one variant is considered pathogenic, the other remains questionable. This paper aims to describe the family’s characteristics and discuss the genetic alterations that contribute to tumor development among its members
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in supportive treatment in oncology and hematology
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Opis przypadku przepukliny Amyanda
No full textIn the paper a rare case of an inflamed appendix found in an inguinal hernia is presented. Although this type of hernia was first described years ago, there is still a lack of evidence and clear guidelines on imaging methods and proceedings. Herein we would like to share our experience with this case.W pracy przedstawiono rzadki przypadek zapalenia wyrostka robaczkowego znajdującego się w przepukliniepachwinowej (przepuklina Amyanda). Chociaż ten typ przepukliny został opisany wiele lat temu, wciążbrakuje wystarczających danych i jednoznacznych wytycznych dotyczących metod obrazowania oraz postępowania.Niniejszym chcielibyśmy podzielić się naszym doświadczeniem związanym z tym przypadkiem
Public perceptions of futile therapy: a nationwide survey in Poland
No full textBackground: Futile therapy, defined as the maintenance of organ functions without patient benefit, has been the focus of growing ethical and medical debate. Recent initiatives in Poland, including new protocols and the 2025 amendment to the Code of Medical Ethics, highlight the issue’s relevance. Previous studies have primarily addressed healthcare professionals and end-of-life care, leaving the perspectives of the general population insufficiently studied. This study aimed to examine public attitudes toward futile therapy in Poland.
Methods: An anonymous survey was conducted in Poland between March and September 2025. A total of 1,041 questionnaires were collected, of which 1,019 (97.9%) were complete and included in the final analysis. Eligibility was restricted to respondents aged 18 years or older. The mean age of participants was 31 years, 60% were female, and 47.3% lived in towns of 50,000–500,000 inhabitants. Most respondents had higher education (62.1%), and 54% were employed full-time.
Results: While 84.2% of respondents identified futile therapy as the prolongation of vital functions without therapeutic benefit, detailed awareness of patients’ rights and existing legal regulations was limited. One-fifth equated discontinuation of futile therapy with euthanasia. The majority (73.8%) agreed that futile therapy should not be applied if it prolongs suffering, and 58.4% supported family involvement in decision-making, while two-thirds disagreed that the decision should rest solely with physicians. Patient condition, prognosis, and will were cited as the most important factors in withdrawal decisions. The Internet and social media were the predominant sources of knowledge. Significant differences in attitudes were observed across gender, religiosity, political orientation, education, age, and place of residence.
Conclusions: Public awareness of the futile therapy issue in Poland remains limited, underscoring the need for educational initiatives
Use of albutrepenonacog alfa in the treatment of hemophilia B
No full textHemophilia B is an inherited coagulation disorder caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of factor IX, for which prophylactic replacement therapy remains the standard of care. The introduction of extended half-life (EHL) coagulation factor IX (FIX) concentrates, such as Idelvion® [albutrepenonacog alfa (recombinant factor IX-FP {rFIX-FP})], has enabled a substantial reduction in dosing frequency and improved pharmacokinetic stability, resulting in enhanced hemostatic control and improved quality of life for patients. Evidence from clinical trials and real-world data consistently demonstrates the effectiveness of rFIX-FP in maintaining low annual bleeding rates. It supports individualizing prophylactic regimens based on bleeding phenotype and patient lifestyle. This article presents clinical experience with Idelvion® in the preventive management of severe hemophilia B in routine practice
Practical approach to the management of diabetic cardiomyopathy: From molecular pathways to treatment strategies
No full textDiabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) has emerged as a major health challenge, further intensified by the rising global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It plays a key role in the morbidity and mortality linked to diabetes, mainly through myocardial dysfunction that develops independently of coronary artery disease or hypertensive heart disease, and it is a major contributor to heart failure. Despite the significance of DCM, there is no gold standard diagnostic test; rather, a multimodal approach is required that includes clinical evaluation (risk factors, and symptoms and signs), cardiac imaging techniques, and biomarkers. The integration of all evaluations may ultimately allow for earlier identification and improved outcomes through timely intervention. In addition, there is scarce evidence on treatment of DCM. The conventional treatment approach is primarily focused on achieving glycemic control, managing cardiac dysfunction, and reducing cardiovascular events using therapies extrapolated from diabetes and heart failure guidelines, rather than targeting the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. On the other hand, beyond pharmacological approaches, lifestyle modifications, particularly exercise and dietary interventions, could play an important role in the management of DCM due to the associated cardiometabolic benefits in patients with diabetes. In this review, due to the urgent need of clarification for the specific management of DCM and the lack of consistent evidence, we provide a practical updated overview from the pathophysiology to current and future treatment strategies. By integrating this knowledge, we aim to summarize the diagnosis and therapeutic approach that could effectively mitigate or prevent the progression of DCM
Szczepienia przeciwko grypie jako element profilaktyki incydentów sercowo-naczyniowych u pacjentów kardiologicznych. Stanowisko ekspertów wsparte przez Sekcję Farmakoterapii Sercowej oraz Sekcję Prewencji i Epidemiologii Polskiego Towarzystwa Kardiologicznego
No full textGrypa zwiększa ryzyko wystąpienia incydentów sercowo-naczyniowych, hospitalizacji z powodu niewydolności serca, zawału serca, udaru mózgu i zgonu z przyczyn sercowo-naczyniowych. Coroczne szczepienia przeciw grypie są dobrze znaną, bezpieczną i skuteczną metodą zmniejszania ryzyka zakażenia ogólnie, a przede wszystkim zmniejszania ryzyka ciężkiego przebiegu choroby. Profilaktyczne działanie corocznych szczepień jest szczególnie ważne w grupach zagrożonych ciężkim przebiegiem zakażenia i rozwojem powikłań — w tym pacjentów kardiologicznych. W tej grupie szczególnie ważne są również dodatkowe korzyści wynikające ze szczepień — zmniejszenie ryzyka incydentów sercowo-naczyniowych i zgonów. Jednak wskaźnik wyszczepienia w Polsce nadal utrzymuje się na zaskakująco niskim poziomie. Niniejszy dokument ma na celu popularyzację szczepień przeciw grypie jako jednego z kluczowych elementów profilaktyki ogólnej i sercowo-naczyniowej.Grypa zwiększa ryzyko wystąpienia incydentów sercowo-naczyniowych, hospitalizacji z powodu niewydolności serca, zawału serca, udaru mózgu i zgonu z przyczyn sercowo-naczyniowych. Coroczne szczepienia przeciw grypie są dobrze znaną, bezpieczną i skuteczną metodą zmniejszania ryzyka zakażenia ogólnie, a przede wszystkim zmniejszania ryzyka ciężkiego przebiegu choroby. Profilaktyczne działanie corocznych szczepień jest szczególnie ważne w grupach zagrożonych ciężkim przebiegiem zakażenia i rozwojem powikłań — w tym pacjentów kardiologicznych. W tej grupie szczególnie ważne są również dodatkowe korzyści wynikające ze szczepień — zmniejszenie ryzyka incydentów sercowo-naczyniowych i zgonów. Jednak wskaźnik wyszczepienia w Polsce nadal utrzymuje się na zaskakująco niskim poziomie. Niniejszy dokument ma na celu popularyzację szczepień przeciw grypie jako jednego z kluczowych elementów profilaktyki ogólnej i sercowo-naczyniowej
