Tema. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment (University of Naples)
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Housing Policy. A Critical Analysis on the Brazilian Experience
No full textThe last decade has revealed significant advancements on social housing in Brazil. Along with the implementation of the National Housing Policy (2004), the National Housing System (2005), and the National Housing Plan (2008), a consistent model to face the Brazilian housing deficiency was created. The prime period of the actions and resources taken by the various government levels and private agents took place during the implementation of Minha Casa Minha Vida [My Home My Life] program (PMCMV), whose goal was to build a million houses. Based on the outlined context, this paper seeks to evaluate the relationship between National Housing Policy and PMCMV, discussing its implications on housing outlook in the country. A bibliographical and documentary research showed theoretical and conceptual unbalance between these two policies, allowing speculation on the prevalence of the economic component over the social one.The last decade has revealed significant advancements on social housing in Brazil. Along with the implementation of the National Housing Policy (2004), the National Housing System (2005), and the National Housing Plan (2008), a consistent model to face the Brazilian housing deficiency was created. The prime period of the actions and resources taken by the various government levels and private agents took place during the implementation of Minha Casa Minha Vida [My Home My Life] program (PMCMV), whose goal was to build a million houses. Based on the outlined context, this paper seeks to evaluate the relationship between National Housing Policy and PMCMV, discussing its implications on housing outlook in the country. A bibliographical and documentary research showed theoretical and conceptual unbalance between these two policies, allowing speculation on the prevalence of the economic component over the social one
Il territorio come infrastruttura: il caso della Provincia di Roma.
No full textEven for the evident "similarities" with the results of scientific and technological evolution of the "network society", during the 90s the network metaphor has established itself as a dominant "image", to which link the understanding/interpretation (project) of the contemporary complexity (city/territory/society). This resulted in new descriptions/interpretations (projects) of the city and of the territory that move from the "material" and "immaterial" organization of the network itself.However, not always the "reduction" operated within planning was able to highlight limitations and contradictions inherent in the network metaphor as an interpretative key.In reality, the planning “speech” seems to focus primarily on "technical" issues – which certainly are not irrelevant – as congestion of flows, inadequacy of logistics platforms and, more generally, as regards the Italian case, on the serious and continuing infrastructure deficit: all factors that determine an undeniable impact on efficiency and competitiveness, on accessibility to services and on the timing of city use.But what, however, seems to be necessary is the overcoming of the still too sectoral approach towards a truly integrated planning pattern.This difficulty can be traced to some issues/problems of a structural nature that, historically, characterized the political-cultural and disciplinary Italian context. For example, despite the obvious consequences, measures regarding infrastructures tend to be made separately from the planning system. This is derived from the organization in different sectors that historically characterized public administration in general. In addition, we have particularistic logic of both vertical and horizontal type, that is the division of powers between administrative bodies of different levels or between structures of the same sector.This limits related to the issue of segmentation are more noticeable if you switch from ordinary activities to the field of territorial development policies, which are increasingly entrusted to local and regional dimension, in which tend to manifest ideas, proposals and initiatives. On the other hand, as regards the national infrastructure policies, the long absence of comprehensive planning documents, which can provide a reference for local authorities and economic operators, has been mirrored in an episodic and often contradictory action. This situation seems to persist despite the profound changes that, since the 90s, have invested "traditional” planning tools in the direction of greater institutional coordination, and despite the EU territorial policies.Thus, large territorial networks eventually take, at most, the role of (probable) elements of a "scenario" and not that of strategic development factors.An example of these difficulties is given by the recent territorial plan of the Province of Rome.The article suggests the assumption of the European strategic and multi-level (highly experimental) approach, based on the concept of “Territorial Platform”, towards the overcoming of the highlighted problems.La metafora della rete costituisce ormai l’immagine dominante per l’interpretazione del territorio contemporaneo. Tuttavia la sua “riduzione” urbanistica non sembra cogliere appieno le sue potenzialità in termini di sviluppo a causa di alcuni fattori strutturali che storicamente caratterizzano il contesto culturale, politico e disciplinare italiano e che condizionano l’efficacia degli strumenti urbanistici. In questo senso, il caso del recente Piano Territoriale della Provincia di Roma costituisce un esempio significativo.Il concetto di “corridoio infrastrutturale”, presente nelle politiche europee, può costituire un’opportunità per il superamento delle difficoltà evidenziate e per la costruzione di approcci realmente integrati, passando dall’idea dell’infrastrutturazione del territorio alla nozione innovativa del territorio come infrastruttura
Diffusione e dispersione produttiva in Veneto
No full textThe issue of urban sprawl is particularly evident in the Italian North-East and particularly in the Veneto. Within the general settlement sprawl, the spreading and fragmentation of the production system is the result of a distinctive mode of transformations induced by the economical processes. The production facilities sprawl is a process characterized by considerable temporal continuity that has maintained almost intact its antecedents and constituent functional processes with (seemingly simple), continuously adapt to the changing practices of the genius loci. The understanding of this phenomenon is a key element in planning policies. In fact, next to the well-known problems related to sprawl and common to most of the settlements, the case of diffusion of manufacturing activities has resulted settlement in severe conditions of unsustainability in relations to with specific issues such as the supply of raw materials, the accessibility in general, the provision of infrastructure services, the organization of production activities, the consumption of soil, etc.. The Veneto Region has tried to solve the problems arising from this situation through specific legislative instruments and directing regional planning towards these issues. Indeed, the production facilities sprawl has already been dealt with regional laws 80/1980 and 24/1985 that face the problem from the point of view of diffusion in historical town centers and agricultural areas, even before the approval of the Regional Planning Law (Regional law 61/1985). From a planning perspective, Veneto Region with the Law 11/1987 wrote off all the production facilities outside production settlements, however endorsing the diffusion and fragmentation of the production areas. The problem of non-proliferation of sprawl have therefore remained as a key issue in regional coordination plans. These paper wants to further illustrate the proposed methodological approach and the principal results of the working group of the Department of Architecture, Planning and Surveying - University of Padua, in the processing steps of the new Regional Territorial Coordination Plan of the Veneto Region. These reflections, which allowed us to evaluate intervention strategies focused on the recognition of the territory of settlement types specific to refer to.)Il tema della dispersione urbana e territoriale è particolarmente evidente nel Nord-Est italiano e nel Veneto in particolare.All’interno dello sprawl insediativo generale, quello della frammentazione del sistema produttivo, rappresenta una caratterizzazione ancor più evidente e stringente, di indubitabile valenza socio-culturale in quanto alla base della continua sedimentazione storico-insediativa e quindi elemento fortemente radicato. Una continuità storica del processo insediativo che nel tempo ha saputo mantenere quasi intatti i suoi prodromi costitutivi e funzionali, con processi (apparentemente semplici) di continuo adattamento alle diverse esigenze pratiche del tempo in divenire.Si vuole in questa sede illustrare l’approccio metodologico ed alcuni dei risultati ottenuti dal gruppo di lavoro del Dipartimento di Architettura, Urbanistica e Rilevamento – DAUR – Università di Padova, attualmente confluito nel Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile ed Ambientale – DICEA all’interno della fasi di elaborazione del nuovo Piano Territoriale Regionale di Coordinamento - PTRC del Veneto
Densificazione vs dispersione urbana
No full textThe urban sprawl that consumes land and don’t create urban quality is definitely one of the most serious crisis in the territory, historically became from the American model of the CBD (Central Business District) associated with dense and low-density suburbs boundless, achievable through the use of the car, which extended the size of the city - the shape and extension of American cities would be inconceivable without the car. A model that has spread to Europe after World War II, implemented in a very wide range, from the policy of the Grand ensembles in French to the several models of New Towns in Britain.In Italy, municipalities and governments, from different scales, had to do a choice: let advancing evolution spontaneous, sometimes wild, of employment land or prevented a proliferation of the city and to plan the development. After the Second World War, urban development is under the control of the plans (Milan, Rome, Naples).The '80s and '90s have seen the urban planning trend in the dispersion as urbanized countryside and urban sprawl. Even today we witness the phenomenon that the municipalities dramatically urbanized always new agricultural areas to cash related expenses of urbanization (which does not receive if re-building in existent areas).The demolition and rebuild seems less convenient to consume new agricultural land, hardly ever accepted the idea of reusing sites in favor of the environment and quality of life. The same policy of "smart-growth", in the '90s, are systems of rules designed to reduce suburban sprawl.Yet the recovery of degraded areas to build dense and modern buildings seem the only option to go, but unfortunately is not convenient enough.The densification can represent a policy to counter urban sprawl that consumes land and don't create urban quality and that is -no doubt-one of the most serious crisis in the territory. The return of the theme of the density to determine a control of building to ensure better standards of living and thinking on the techniques of urban densification as a tool to combat sprawl, which they form the ecological network, is the basis of new model of urban and social development that is characterizing the recent decisions of metropolitan cities as London or Berlin, but also of many American cities. Return to discuss densification demonstrates a phase of change in the process of urbanization based on the return of the attraction of major global cities, both for the concentration of economic activities that urban life with the intensity of relationships and cultural development. In this article, as well as exploring the concept of urban form dense and continuous, it also raises key issues such as the "city effect", you want through the exploration of the principles of the innovative practice of densification in areas of existing stations and Transit Oriented Development project (TOD), identify the principles behind this innovative practice.La dispersione urbana che consuma il territorio e non crea qualità urbana rappresenta sicuramente uno degli aspetti più gravi della crisi del territorio e che affonda storicamente nel modello americano del C.B.D. (Central Business District) denso e terzializzato associato a sterminate periferie residenziali a bassa densità. Un modello che si è diffuso in Europa solo nel secondo dopoguerra, applicato in maniera assai variegata, dalla politica dei Grand Ensambles francesi fino ad alcuni modelli inglesi di New Towns.Il ritorno del tema della densità per stabilire un metro di controllo dell’edificazione capace di assicurare migliori livelli di vivibilità e il ragionare sulle tecniche di densificazione urbana come strumento per contrastare lo sprawl, salvando dall'asfalto e dal cemento le sue aree permeabili, che ne formano la rete ecologica, rappresenta la base di nuovo modello di sviluppo urbano e sociale che sta caratterizzando le recenti scelte di metropoli come Londra o Berlino ma anche di molte città americane. Ritornare a discutere di densificazione testimonia un cambiamento di fase del processo di urbanizzazione basato sul ritorno dell’attrazione delle grandi metropoli globali, sia per la concentrazione delle attività economiche che per la vita urbana con la sua intensità di relazioni e sviluppo culturale. In quest'articolo, oltre a esplorare il concetto di forma urbana densa e continua, che fa emergere anche questioni centrali come il cosiddetto “effetto città”, si vuole attraverso l'esplorazione dei principi dell’innovativa pratica di densificazione nelle aree delle stazioni esistenti e di progetto denominata TOD Transit Oriented Development, individuare i principi alla base di questa pratica innovativa
La città a bassa densità: problemi e gestione
No full textThe essay explores the phenomenon of low-density city. It is divided into three main parts in which are described the characters, the changes and the forms of the phenomenon in different contexts. In the first part are highlighted character and evolution of the phenomenon in several European and North American contexts, while the second describes the transformation and evolution of a specific context: the territorial system of the central Veneto region. It is a particular example of sprawl occurred in the last forty years that a profound changes in physical, morphological and socio-economic characteristics of the area. In the third part of the essay some examples of policy and planning tools for containing the land consumption and resources in a sustainable way.Il saggio indaga il fenomeno della città a bassa densità. Si articola in tre parti principali nelle quali si declinano i caratteri, le evoluzioni, le forme assunte a seconda dei diversi contesti considerati dai fenomeni di dispersione insediativa ma anche alcune misure di contenimento della crescita dispersa. Nella prima parte vengono messi in evidenza caratteri ed evoluzioni del fenomeno in diversi contesti europei e nord americani; nella seconda viene descritto nella sua trasformazione ed evoluzione un contesto peculiare, il sistema disperso del Veneto centrale: area che ha registrato nell’arco di quarant’anni profonde trasformazioni di carattere fisico, morfologico e socio-economico, che sono alla base del modello territoriale stratificatosi; nella terza si riportano alcuni esempi di politiche ed interventi di pianificazione finalizzati al contenimento della dispersione urbana in un’ottica di contenimento del consumo di suolo e delle risorse e di sostenibilità
Gigantism of infrastructure and urban microsystems The role of the project
No full textSe tra natura e paesaggio esiste una solidarietà intrinseca, non altrettanto rassicurante e scontata e’ la relazione tra paesaggio e infrastrutture, tra paesaggio e territori urbanizzati, troppo spesso basata su ragioni funzionali che non contemplano ne’ il valore naturalistico dei luoghi, ne’ le necessità dei deboli agglomerati urbani. Una realta’ che si colloca in un preciso quadro di diacronici sfalsamenti e che innerva differenti porosità tra le “sovradimensioni” delle infrastrutture e le istanze di sopravvivenza di nuclei abitati sparsi. In questo contesto il progetto trova un campo di sperimentazione complesso e continuamente oscillante. Strategie e tecniche della progettazione si rivolgono a configurare non più soluzioni compiute, univoche, ma a strutturare regole di trasformazione, condizioni di pertinenza orientante a produrre uno sguardo capace di integrare visione d’insieme e micro-dimensioni urbane. Un caso esemplare, dove queste dissonanze emergono con evidente vigore, si registra, nel sistema ambientale dell’alveo del fiume Esino con l’innesto del torrente Sentino (Parco Gola della Rossa) in corrispondenza del tratto compreso tra la frazione di Genga Stazione e il borgo di San Vittore delle Chiuse nella provincia di Ancona. Una complessa commistione tra paesaggio dalla forte presenza e nuclei abitati che subiscono l’intersezione di un poderoso fascio lineare di infrastrutture ferroviarie e stradali. Si tratta di un segmento ricco di intersezioni tra elementi naturali di valore storico-paesaggistico, ed elementi artificiali, di evidente criticità.If there is a solidarity between nature and landscape, not so reassuring is 'the relationship between landscape and infrastructure, or landscape and urbanized areas, too often based on functional reasons that do not provide ' the value of natural places and 'the needs of vulnerable urban areas as well
Spatial Resilience of Outdoor Domestic Space in Mozambique
No full textHistorically, the people of Mozambique have faced oppression and social spatial segregation and responded in a way that has reinforced rather than dismantled their traditional values. Since pre-colonial times, the population’s strategy for escaping from environmental and foreign political disruption has been to reinvent tradition, based on the principles of resilience, resistance and self-reliance. The development of decentralised human settlements, involving the appropriation of land for domestic space and the self-organisation of neighbourhoods, were strategies to protect communities from adversity and secure collective self-reliance. Following Mozambique’s conversion to globalization, the post-colonial ‘cement city’ is now the core of neo-liberalism, as a node of the global economy, where foreign donors and international market economy control national political economy, exacerbating the premise of the negation of self-sufficiency that continues to evolve resiliently at its margins. The adoption of a neo-liberal model of development during the 1990s, completely bypasses the realities of Mozambican society. This paper argues that the strategy of self-production of space regarding the household/Outdoor Domestic Space unit, which existed previously as a resistance strategy, first of all against colonialism and secondly, against the statist definition of socialism, thirdly, has become a successful strategy for survival, as the building block of the decentralised Agrocity, in the face of a global economy which totally neglects both the people and the land. Outdoor Domestic Space is a multifaceted space that refers to the external space surrounding the built house and which, in the case of Mozambique, is where daily life takes place, involving strong social, ecological and productive functions. Under successive periods of political economy oppression and environmental adversity, the Outdoor Domestic Space has been adapted and refined to ensure collective self-reliance. Shaping a green and ruralised urbanisation at the margins of the Mozambican post-colonial dualistic city, which I call the Agrocity, the Outdoor Domestic Space is resilient because it is able to adjust domestic space as a strategy to secure livelihoods, provide urban food, commerce and services, maintain vital kinship relationships and produce a comfortable and clean microclimate across the spontaneous neighbourhoods. This spatial resilience is the feature underlying the self-organisation of neighbourhoods with a new way of overcoming alienation from nature, which suggest the continuance of an innate relationship between society, the human habitat and nature.Historically, the people of Mozambique have faced oppression and social spatial segregation and responded in a way that has reinforced rather than dismantled their traditional values. Since pre-colonial times, the population’s strategy for escaping from environmental and foreign political disruption has been to reinvent tradition, based on the principles of resilience, resistance and self-reliance. The development of decentralised human settlements, involving the appropriation of land for domestic space and the self-organisation of neighbourhoods, were strategies to protect communities from adversity and secure collective self-reliance. Following Mozambique’s conversion to globalization, the post-colonial ‘cement city’ is now the core of neo-liberalism, as a node of the global economy, where foreign donors and international market economy control national political economy, exacerbating the premise of the negation of self-sufficiency that continues to evolve resiliently at its margins. The adoption of a neo-liberal model of development during the 1990s, completely bypasses the realities of Mozambican society. This paper argues that the strategy of self-production of space regarding the household/Outdoor Domestic Space unit, which existed previously as a resistance strategy, first of all against colonialism and secondly, against the statist definition of socialism, thirdly, has become a successful strategy for survival, as the building block of the decentralised Agrocity, in the face of a global economy which totally neglects both the people and the land. Outdoor Domestic Space is a multifaceted space that refers to the external space surrounding the built house and which, in the case of Mozambique, is where daily life takes place, involving strong social, ecological and productive functions. Under successive periods of political economy oppression and environmental adversity, the Outdoor Domestic Space has been adapted and refined to ensure collective self-reliance. Shaping a green and ruralised urbanisation at the margins of the Mozambican post-colonial dualistic city, which I call the Agrocity, the Outdoor Domestic Space is resilient because it is able to adjust domestic space as a strategy to secure livelihoods, provide urban food, commerce and services, maintain vital kinship relationships and produce a comfortable and clean microclimate across the spontaneous neighbourhoods. This spatial resilience is the feature underlying the self-organisation of neighbourhoods with a new way of overcoming alienation from nature, which suggest the continuance of an innate relationship between society, the human habitat and nature