Tema. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment (University of Naples)
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Land Use Conflicts in the Energy Transition: Dutch Dilemmas
No full textThe transition from fossil to renewable energy needs changes in land use. The development of renewable energy sources introduce extra and sometimes new externalities, such as shadows and noise on landscape. There are governments who are experiencing difficulties when developing renewable energy sources especially when existing land owners (and others) start anticipating on those externalities. Therewith, land use conflicts have become a major issue for governments in meeting renewable energy policy objectives. This paper explores the way how three dilemmas: tiers of government dilemma, mode of governance dilemma and norm-setting dilemma are approached by public authorities using policy documents, interviews, literature research and examples of the Dutch energy transition
Limit Condition for the Intermunicipal Emergency
No full textThe traditional urban planning issues, related to the design and city shape, today are faced with those derived from safety and risk. The Emergency Plan (EP) is the result of study about risk for each context, and it allows to identify potential emergency scenarios. The paper illustrates model of analysis of Intermunicipal Emergency Plan (I-EP) through Limit Condition for the Intermunicipal Emergency I-LCE), with the purpose of large-scale assessment and mitigation of the seismic risk. This is an approach that extends the methodological principles of Limit Condition for the Emergency (LCE) to the territory, we consider that the EP, in the same way as urban planning, is not a planning activity that can be concentrated only on urban area but must work on the "territory system", especially for the effect control of natural phenomena such as seismic risk. This not only threatens a significant innovation for the LCE but also for its relationship whit the urban planning its design strategies aimed at reducing territorial fragilities. The proposed methodology is applied in the area of Sele, in the district of Salerno (Southern Italy), territory characterized by high levels of seismic and hydrogeological vulnerability. Through this case study we had the opportunity to discuss the potential of I-LCE and its additional recommended updates to increase its effectiveness and efficiency, in addition the necessary innovations of urban and territorial planning systems
Measuring Urban Resilience to Natural Hazards
No full textNatural disaster is an undeniable fact, and preparing to cope with and respond to it is an essential necessity. A resilient city can survive after a traumatic blow to its physical infrastructure, its economy, or its social fabric. Lahijan City, like other cities, requires resiliency measurement. Research tries to survey the degree of resilience of Lahijan encountering natural hazards. The research method is descriptive-analytic; the descriptive method is used to develop theories and literature, and analytical method for the identification of causal relationships and correlations. The performed analyses arebased on the combination of inferential statistics techniques such as one sample t-test and the Delphi technique. The outcome revealed that Lahijan is totally in the low spectrum in terms of resilience (5 > 2.72 > 1), with theoretical median of three, which itself is the result of climate change, urbanization, and globalization. Support and strengthening of community-based activities, disaster risk reduction, and capacity increase of institutional adaptability can assist Lahijan residents to encounter to the human hazards, natural hazards, and increasing risks resulting from change.Natural disaster is an undeniable fact, and preparing to cope with and respond to it is an essential necessity. A resilient city can survive after a traumatic blow to its physical infrastructure, its economy, or its social fabric. Lahijan City, like other cities, requires resiliency measurement. Research tries to survey the degree of resilience of Lahijan encountering natural hazards. The research method is descriptive-analytic; the descriptive method is used to develop theories and literature, and analytical method for the identification of causal relationships and correlations. The performed analyses arebased on the combination of inferential statistics techniques such as one sample t-test and the Delphi technique. The outcome revealed that Lahijan is totally in the low spectrum in terms of resilience (5 > 2.72 > 1), with theoretical median of three, which itself is the result of climate change, urbanization, and globalization. Support and strengthening of community-based activities, disaster risk reduction, and capacity increase of institutional adaptability can assist Lahijan residents to encounter to the human hazards, natural hazards, and increasing risks resulting from change
Expectation management at the local scale: Legal failure of public participation for large urban planning projects
No full textThe complex nature of large urban planning projects often results in delays or budget overruns. One of the causes is conflicts of interests between stakeholders. Recent planning failures in projects, due to limited public participation, sparked debates to increase citizen participation in formal planning procedures. This paper investigates how planning law supports public participation in large planning projects that cross municipal borders. The juridical analysis of German and Dutch codified law is based on four elements: literal content, institutional positioning, historical context, and teleological meaning of a legal text. The paper furthermore distinguishes four rationales for participation in planning: support,legitimization, improving plan quality, and education. The analysis shows that these rationales cannot be comprehensively regulated by codified law. Law can enhance the legitimate character of participation, but currently lacks the ability to organize support, improvement of planning, and education at the regional planning level.The complex nature of large urban planning projects often results in delays or budget overruns. One of the causes is conflicts of interests between stakeholders. Recent planning failures in projects, due to limited public participation, sparked debates to increase citizen participation in formal planning procedures. This paper investigates how planning law supports public participation in large planning projects that cross municipal borders. The juridical analysis of German and Dutch codified law is based on four elements: literal content, institutional positioning, historical context, and teleological meaning of a legal text. The paper furthermore distinguishes four rationales for participation in planning: support,legitimization, improving plan quality, and education. The analysis shows that these rationales cannot be comprehensively regulated by codified law. Law can enhance the legitimate character of participation, but currently lacks the ability to organize support, improvement of planning, and education at the regional planning level
Review Pages: The Resilience City/The Fragile City. Methods, Tools and Best Practices 1 (2018)
No full textStarting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always remaining in the groove of rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. During the last two years a particular attention has been paid on the Smart Cities theme and on the different meanings that come with it. The last section of the journal is formed by the Review Pages. They have different aims: to inform on the problems, trends and evolutionary processes; to investigate on the paths by highlighting the advanced relationships among apparently distant disciplinary fields; to explore the interaction’s areas, experiences and potential applications; to underline interactions, disciplinary developments but also, if present, defeats and setbacks. Inside the journal the Review Pages have the task of stimulating as much as possible the circulation of ideas and the discovery of new points of view. For this reason the section is founded on a series of basic’s references, required for the identification of new and more advanced interactions. These references are the research, the planning acts, the actions and the applications, analysed and investigated both for their ability to give a systematic response to questions concerning the urban and territorial planning, and for their attention to aspects such as the environmental sustainability and the innovation in the practices. For this purpose the Review Pages are formed by five sections (Web Resources; Books; Laws; Urban Practices; News and Events), each of which examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage of interest for TeMA
Editorial Preface: Urban Travel Behavior in the Middle East and North Africa
No full textThis Special Issue the TeMA. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment focuses on an already researched subject of urban travel behavior and decisions in the less-studied geographical context of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).This Special Issue the TeMA. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment focuses on an already researched subject of urban travel behavior and decisions in the less-studied geographical context of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
A Set of Variables for the Elderly Accessibility in Urban Areas
No full textUntil a few years ago, the elderly were considered as fragile, lonely, marginalized citizens, unable to live independently and had generally been "invisible" in studies and planning instruments that involved the governance of urban transformations. In recent years, a major focus of attention has been paid to the matter in urban development policies too (OECD, 2015), which should be oriented towards the construction of an urban model aimed at reducing the social exclusion of the elderly. For this purpose, this contribution describes a first research segment developed by the University of Naples operating unit concerning the definition of a set of variables to measure accessibility of the elderly segment of the population to the neighbourhood scale. In particular, the paper pursues a twofold objective: cognitive and methodological. Firstly, to outline the cognitive framework on the issue of urban accessibility for the elderly through a review of the main studies on this topic, the plans of sustainable urban mobility, the service plans and the governance tools for urban transformation, as well as of the most recent European best practices. The cognitive framework shall allow identifying the limits to be overcome in the reorganisation of the city. Secondly, this paper is intended to identify the set of significant variables taken from the cognitive framework and quantify its specific weight. The paper also proposes a first parameterization of the variables in the GIS environment, which refer to quantitative geo-localized data rather than collected from sample surveys, such as interviews, widely used in literature
Modeling and Forecasting Car Ownership Based on Socio-Economic and Demographic Indicators in Turkey
No full textSince car ownership is an important determinant to analyze car travel behavior especially in developing countries, this paper deals with modeling and forecasting car ownership in Turkey based on socio-economic and demographic indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, Gasoline Price (GP), car price and number of employees by using multiple nonlinear regression analysis. Although most of the studies on this subject prefer using annual data, we use monthly data for the analysis of car ownership since all explanatory variables and exchange rates used for the modeling are unstable and vary even in a short period in developing countries such as Turkey. Thus, it may be possible to reflect the effects of socio-economic and demographic indicators on car ownership more properly. During the modeling process, exponential and polynomial nonlinear regression models are set up and then tested to investigate their applicability for car ownership forecasting. Based on results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the polynomial models has been selected to forecast car ownership for the year 2035. In order to reveal the possible different trends of the independent variables in future, car ownership is forecasted along the scenarios which are related to the GDP per capita and GP. Results show that Turkey’s car ownership may vary between 230 and 325 per thousand capita in 2035 depending on economic achievements, global oil prices and national taxation policies. The lowest and the highest values of the car ownership may provide insight to car producers and transport planners in Turkey. Another significant result presented in this study is that car ownership rate will be substantially lower in Turkey than that in the European Union countries despite it has an increasing trend in the past two decades.Since car ownership is an important determinant to analyze car travel behavior especially in developing countries, this paper deals with modeling and forecasting car ownership in Turkey based on socio-economic and demographic indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, Gasoline Price (GP), car price and number of employees by using multiple nonlinear regression analysis. Although most of the studies on this subject prefer using annual data, we use monthly data for the analysis of car ownership since all explanatory variables and exchange rates used for the modeling are unstable and vary even in a short period in developing countries such as Turkey. Thus, it may be possible to reflect the effects of socio-economic and demographic indicators on car ownership more properly. During the modeling process, exponential and polynomial nonlinear regression models are set up and then tested to investigate their applicability for car ownership forecasting. Based on results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the polynomial models has been selected to forecast car ownership for the year 2035. In order to reveal the possible different trends of the independent variables in future, car ownership is forecasted along the scenarios which are related to the GDP per capita and GP. Results show that Turkey’s car ownership may vary between 230 and 325 per thousand capita in 2035 depending on economic achievements, global oil prices and national taxation policies. The lowest and the highest values of the car ownership may provide insight to car producers and transport planners in Turkey. Another significant result presented in this study is that car ownership rate will be substantially lower in Turkey than that in the European Union countries despite it has an increasing trend in the past two decades
Travel behaviour variations between urban and rural areas of Pakistan
No full textThis paper examines the 2007 national time use survey to report the degree to which the national travel behaviour varies between urban and rural of Pakistan and how it is shaped by the local socioeconomic and individual characteristics in these areas. At the national level, walking remains the dominant mode of daily mobility across the country. However, the daily trip rate, mode choice and travel durations vary significantly across both geographies. Urban residents are slightly less mobile and exhibits greater use of personal automobile than rural residents. These differences become more pronounced across gender. There exists slight local regional variation across provinces which are closely related to the local social and spatial drivers of mobility. The paper speculates that the rural travel differences are mainly caused by difference in income levels. Urban built environment is more conducive to motorized mobility which results in greater automobile reliance in cities, particularly for women. Social and cultural environment also plays potentially significant and spatially explicit role which remains under addressed and calls for further research. This paper examines the 2007 national time use survey to report the degree to which the national travel behaviour varies between urban and rural of Pakistan and how it is shaped by the local socioeconomic and individual characteristics in these areas. At the national level, walking remains the dominant mode of daily mobility across the country. However, the daily trip rate, mode choice and travel durations vary significantly across both geographies. Urban residents are slightly less mobile and exhibits greater use of personal automobile than rural residents. These differences become more pronounced across gender. There exists slight local regional variation across provinces which are closely related to the local social and spatial drivers of mobility. The paper speculates that the rural travel differences are mainly caused by difference in income levels. Urban built environment is more conducive to motorized mobility which results in greater automobile reliance in cities, particularly for women. Social and cultural environment also plays potentially significant and spatially explicit role which remains under addressed and calls for further research