Jurnal Online Universitas Pertahanan (Indonesian Defense University)
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The Urgency of the Indigenous Peoples Bill: Developing a Legal Framework for the Protection of Environmental Activists in Indonesia
No full textThe research investigates the challenges faced by environmental and indigenous activists in Indonesia, focusing on how legal and institutional frameworks contribute to criminalization and repression. Using a qualitative case study approach, the research analyzed several landmark cases, including those of Daniel Frits Tangkilisan, Jasmin, and others, to identify recurring patterns of legal intimidation, particularly through the misuse of defamation and subversion provisions. These cases were selected based on their representativeness and relevance to broader trends observed in environmental conflicts involving indigenous peoples. The research identified systemic gaps in legal protection for environmental defenders by tracing the legal trajectory and socio-political context surrounding the incidents. These gaps allow industrial interests to suppress dissent and perpetuate ecological damage without adequate accountability. The findings demonstrate the interconnectedness of these patterns, exposing a broader legal and political landscape that fails to adequately safeguard human rights and environmental justice. The research contributes to academic discourse by offering a critical reflection on how existing legal instruments in Indonesia fail to address these issues. It argues that the passage of the Indigenous Peoples Bill could be an important step toward institutional reform by strengthening legal protections, enabling participatory resource governance, and reducing the criminalization of legitimate advocacy efforts. The novelty of this research lies in the analytical link between individual case dynamics and structural legal deficiencies, which provides a framework for policy discussions rooted in empirical evidence and grounded analysis
Synthesize of Sodium Silicate from Coconut Fiber for The Manufacture of Anti-Corrosion
Full text linkIndonesia is second ranks after Brazil in terrestrial biodiversity globally. When combined with its rich marine biodiversity, Indonesia possesses the highest overall biodiversity in the world. This study aimed to synthesize sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃) from coconut fiber and evaluate its characteristics as an anti-corrosion material. Coconut fiber, which has a high silica (SiO₂) content, was used as the primary raw material. The synthesis process involved two main stages: silica isolation from coconut fiber and the reaction of silica with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to produce sodium silicate. The experimental results showed that the synthesized sodium silicate had a bluish-white color with a yield of 10.625%. The compound exhibited a pH of 13, was soluble in water, and insoluble in alcohol. The synthesized sodium silicate has potential applications as an anti-corrosion material in various industries, particularly for protecting metal structures in the defense sector
Comparative Study of Chlorophyll A on Several Rice Genotypes for Food Resilience Against Drought Stress
Full text linkDrought stress is a major challenge in agriculture, especially in rainfed rice, which can reduce rice productivity and affect food security. This study analysed chlorophyll A levels in Inpago rice genotypes to evaluate their tolerance to drought stress. The genotypes tested included Inpago 1, Inpago 7 and Inpago 5. Chlorophyll A levels were measured using a spectrophotometer. The results showed variation in chlorophyll A levels, with Inpago 5 having the highest levels (2.73 mg/g), indicating better tolerance to drought stress. High chlorophyll A levels are associated with photosynthetic efficiency, so plants are better able to survive in dry conditions. This finding supports the importance of selecting resilient rice varieties for future food security. Genotypes with higher chlorophyll A levels, such as Inpago 5, should be prioritised in breeding programmes to improve the resilience of rice to climate change and water stress
Aluminum Material as a Solution to Create Strong and Lightweight Combat Vehicles with Increased Efficiency from Fuel Savings
Full text linkIn the current era, combat vehicles are required for strong defense, extensive expedition, agile or nimble and lethal, with greater ability to conduct special operations. One of the problems in combat vehicles is their weight which makes a significant factor in their ability to achieve endurance with agility and speed. Some research shows that aluminum material is the solution to overcome the weight and durability of combat vehicles. Research shows how the determination of aluminum material in general can greatly save fuel when the mass is reduced from 0-15%. From this research, we hope to open people's minds, that the importance of specifying the material used for military vehicles by improving vehicle functions in terms of speed, strength, and fuel efficiency
Carotenoid Content Test of Drought-Tolerant Inpago Paddy Cultivars to Support National Food Security
Full text linkRice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the staple crops that plays a significant role in national food security in Indonesia. Rice plants require 75% water for growth, however, drought poses a major challenge in the production of cereal crops. Climate change is a contributing factor to drought conditions. Inpago cultivar is an excellent variety suitable for cultivation in dry land in Indonesia. This study examines the carotenoid content in drought-tolerant Inpago rice cultivars to support national food security. The method used was UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 470, 646, and 662 nm wavelengths. The procedures involved sample extraction, separation, measurement, and data analysis. The data obtained showed that the carotenoid content in Inpago 5 was 286.84 mg/g dry weight, Inpago 7 was 131.36 mg/g dry weight, and Inpago 10 was 139.18 mg/g dry weight. It can be concluded that rice with the Inpago 5 genotype represents a new superior variety with high drought tolerance
PENGARUH AKSI TERORISME TERHADAP CITRA PARIWISATA INDONESIA
Full text linkPariwisata merupakan salah satu sektor strategis dalam perekonomian Indonesia, namun sangat rentan terhadap gangguan keamanan, khususnya aksi terorisme. Aksi terorisme tidak hanya menimbulkan kerusakan pada aspek politik dan infrastruktur fisik, tetapi juga berdampak pada penurunan jumlah kunjungan wisatawan, menurunnya rasa aman, serta merusak citra destinasi wisata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh aksi terorisme terhadap citra pariwisata Indonesia serta merumuskan strategi pemulihan citra pasca kejadian teror. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan metode studi dokumentasi. Data dikumpulkan dari berbagai sumber sekunder, termasuk buku, dokumen resmi pemerintah, jurnal ilmiah, artikel, dan sumber daring terpercaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aksi terorisme memberikan pengaruh negatif terhadap citra pariwisata Indonesia, yang tercermin dari menurunnya kunjungan wisatawan dan pendapatan sektor pariwisata. Strategi yang dapat diterapkan dalam upaya pemulihan citra antara lain peningkatan sistem keamanan, penguatan kapasitas intelijen, strategi pemasaran destinasi, serta kerja sama antara pemerintah dan pemangku kepentingan internasional. Selain itu, partisipasi aktif masyarakat dalam menjaga keamanan lingkungan, melaporkan potensi ancaman, serta pelaksanaan evaluasi berkala terhadap kebijakan penanggulangan terorisme menjadi bagian integral dalam memperkuat ketahanan sektor pariwisata nasional
Comparison of Conventional Hydroponic Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) and Smart System Based on Internet of Things (IoT) in the cultivation of Bok Choy (Brassica rapa L.) Variety Nauli F1.
Full text linkDecrease of agricultural land due to increasing population, agricultural land conversion especially in urban communities lead to the use of technology for increasing the efficiency of cultivation practices. Modern agriculture or Smart Farming which utilized the use of automation and Internet of Things (IoT) is considered as one of the solutions for that purpose. This study aims to examine the comparison of Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) hydroponic using conventional and smart systems for the growth and yield of bok choy (Brassica rapa L.). Observations conducted on plant height, leaves number, SPAD, leaf color, plant width and plant weight 2 times a week for 4 weeks. Environmental observations were made on air temperature, water temperature, air humidity, pH and Total Dissolved Solution (TDS) 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Data analysis was carried out using T test. The Autonomus Monitoring and Controlling System (AMCS) was used in this study. The smart system monitored and controlled the pH and TDS, and environmental conditions using Internet of Things. Result showed that the smart system was able to monitor and control bokchoy requirements according to the range of references given. The test results showed that bok choy growth was not significantly different between the two systems. Further studies on biological and environmental aspect of more precise bok choy nutrition and microclimate requirements need to be conducted for better result.
Moderator Optimisation in Core Design of Small Modular – Molten Salt Reactor for Military Submarines
Full text linkThe Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) has the potential to be a 4th generation nuclear reactor design due to its high thermal-electric conversion efficiency, integrated safety features, and online reprocessing capacity. The Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) does not require shutdown during operation because the fuel is reprocessed online, making it suitable for submarine propulsion. In this study, beryllium oxide and graphite are used as moderators to increase neutrons in the reactor. Beryllium oxide and graphite are two types of moderators typically employed in nuclear reactors, one of which is in the MSR. Good moderation properties produce many slow neutrons for nuclear fission reactions. The reactor is powered by LiF-U233F3-ThF4 salt in a virtual one-and-a-half liquid configuration. All reactor core design calculations were performed using the MCNP 6.2 code with ENDF/B-VII.0 neutron cross-section. In the context of neutron analysis, the calculated parameters are the effective multiplication factor and the temperature coefficient of reactivity (TCR). The value of is obtained by using the ratio of Th : U, . TCR values were obtained as for graphite moderator and for the beryllium oxide moderator. These initial values indicate that the MSR can reach the critical level with the existing safety characteristics of its features. Using the MSR design, the submarine can achieve a much better range than diesel–powered submarines.
The Nexus Between GDP and Military Expenditure in Indonesia: Evidence From Time Series Analysis
Full text linkAs one of the key players in the region, Indonesia remains unable to fulfill its full potential in the defense sector. Indonesia's consistently low military expenditure has impeded the country's modernization program intended to be achieved in 2024 and might hinders in achieving the ideal defense posture in 2045. Therefore, analyzing the determinants of military spending and their effect to understand its potential in the face of such a problem is crucial. This study investigates the long-run multiplier (LRM) of a key determinant of military expenditure, namely Gross Domestic Product (GDP), in a dynamic time series model using the Generalized Error Correction Model from 1974 to 2016. Additionally, a novel LRM-bounds testing approach is employed to assess the long-run relationship. The findings reveal that a 1% increase in GDP leads to approximately 0.3% on average increase immediately and a cumulative increase of 0.4% over the next six years. From this result, Indonesia should strive for consistent and strong economic growth. This is because a large increase in GDP has a multiplier effect that will be beneficial for Indonesia's military spending. Therefore, even if defense spending as a share of GDP remains minimal, the problem can be minimized by strong GDP growth. While strong GDP growth might have a beneficial impact on military spending, this article also emphasizes the importance of effectively utilizing defense expenditure by strategically allocating more resources toward arms acquisition, research, and the development of the defense industry. Finally, since social processes rarely rest, policymakers should also consider temporal dynamics when dealing with GDP and military expenditure
Land Defense System Readiness of Indonesia New Capital City
Full text linkThe relocation of Indonesia's capital to East Kalimantan introduces unique security risks distinct from those in Jakarta, including potential vulnerabilities to terrorism, espionage, and internal conflicts due to its remote location. This strategic move aims to address Jakarta’s long-standing issues of traffic congestion, air pollution, flooding, and overpopulation, which have overburdened its infrastructure. However, the development in East Kalimantan also poses environmental challenges, such as threats to tropical forests and endangered species habitats. This study examines the security implications and infrastructure requirements of relocating the capital. Employing a literature study method, it analyzes data from books, academic journals, articles, and other published works to develop a comprehensive foundation for policy formulation. The findings reveal that the relocation requires extensive investments in new defense infrastructure, logistical adjustments, and military operations to ensure national security. Integrating modern defense technology will involve significant investment in infrastructure, research and development, and personnel training. Key priorities include safeguarding radio and satellite communications, constructing a new command center, and incorporating advanced technologies such as drones, radar systems, and cybersecurity measures. Additionally, a data center is essential for big data analysis to enhance intelligence and decision-making capabilities. The relocation also necessitates upgrading military facilities and equipment, conducting comprehensive assessments of existing infrastructure, and ensuring readiness to respond to potential social unrest or conflicts. Despite challenges, relocating the capital provides an opportunity to design a modern and integrated defense system while building sustainable infrastructure. It also strengthens national defense readiness and resilience to address future security threats effectively. This study concludes that careful planning and strategic investments are essential to ensure a smooth transition and secure the new capital, optimizing its strategic advantages while mitigating risks